State policy and legal framework for ensuring security. Principles of state security. Standardization, certification and licensing in scs

No area of ​​life modern society cannot function without a developed information structure. The national information resource is becoming today one of the main foundations of the economic growth of any state. Information, penetrating into all spheres of state activity, acquires specific political, material and cost expressions, determined by a number of factors, including the amount of damage caused by a decrease in its quality, the possibility of loss, damage and accessibility.

Problem information security(from the point of view of state interests) has become very relevant in recent years and is considered as one of the priority state tasks, as an important aspect of national security Kulikov E.M. Spread of rumors as a threat to Russia’s information security // Society and Law. - 2010. - No. 4. - pp. 276-280.. It should be noted that the relevance of this problem is also caused by a number of objective factors that play a significant role in the life of society in our country, which are determined by its transition to a different socio-economic formation - a market economy and, in the future, to an information society . Among these factors, in the author’s opinion, the following should be highlighted:

A steady increase in the role of information in ensuring the functioning of society and the state, implemented in the processes of informatization and information management, due to the fact that the information sector (information, knowledge, information services) of most countries is growing, in general, faster than the economy;

The increasing intensification of informatization processes in various fields of activity due to the fact that information resources, technologies and information infrastructure together form the global information environment of modern society;

A steady trend of organic merging of traditional (paper) and automated (paperless) information processing technologies;

Drastic decentralization of use modern means electronic computer technology (transition to personal use of automated workstations), etc.;

Expansion of the working space of international data exchange networks (Internet and others), in connection with which information from a national resource with the development of telecommunications and information technologies turns into a global resource.

Before the adoption of the Federal Law of December 28, 2010 No. 390-FZ “On Security,” the fundamental regulatory legal act in the field of security was the Law Russian Federation dated 03/05/1992 No. 2446-1 “On Security”. He secured legal basis ensuring the security of people, society and the state, determined the security system, its functions, established the procedure for organizing and financing security agencies, as well as control and supervision of the legality of their activities. The law established a qualitatively new approach to the problem of national security for our country, which meant an end to ignoring the interests of the individual and society. The Law for the first time defined security as “the state of protection of the vital interests of the individual, society and state from internal and external threats.” This approach made it possible to move away from the previous narrow interpretation of security, which meant exclusively state security. In accordance with the formulated concept of security, not all interests are protected, but only vital ones - a set of needs, the satisfaction of which reliably ensures the existence and possibility of progressive development of the individual, society and state. The main objects of security are: the individual - his rights and freedoms; society - its material and spiritual values; the state - its constitutional system, sovereignty and territorial integrity.

All of the listed security objects are enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws, supervision of compliance with which is the main purpose of the prosecutor’s office and the content of its activities.

The 1992 law for the first time divided security, depending on the location of the source of the threat, into two types - internal and external. This division makes it possible to classify conceptual approaches to solving problems of ensuring national security and strengthen terminological certainty in the field of security, which is extremely important from the standpoint of both compliance with legislative technology and individualization of the responsibilities of security subjects. The activities of the prosecutor's office are mainly aimed at protecting national interests from internal threats. However, the Law did not define types of security, especially such fundamental ones as state and public security. This led to the vagueness of the main tasks and functions of government structures.

To ensure the security of security facilities and maintain its required level, the law provided for the development of a system legal norms regulating relations in the field of security, the main directions of activity of the bodies were determined state power and management, formation or transformation of security bodies and a mechanism for control and supervision of their activities.

The law established a model for the division of powers between legislative and executive authorities in the field of security. In accordance with the constitutional provisions of the subject public administration is the state as a whole, the people united by it, and in the state a single internally consistent state apparatus, in which all government bodies are interconnected with each other, as well as with the daily life of people. Therefore, the main subject of security is the state, which exercises its functions in this area through the legislative, executive and judicial authorities. The state ensures the security of every citizen on the territory of the Russian Federation. Citizens of the Russian Federation located outside its borders are guaranteed protection and patronage by the state. Moreover, citizens, public and other organizations and associations are also subjects of security and have the rights and responsibilities to participate in ensuring security.

The law did not fully solve all the assigned tasks. This is due to the fact that it was adopted in 1992 under different political conditions. Therefore, it contained provisions and terms that did not comply with the Constitution of the Russian Federation (1993).

Federal Law No. 390-FZ of December 28, 2010 “On Security” has not become a completely new system-forming federal law on the security of the Russian Federation. He had to define the system of national security agencies and their scope of activity; resolve issues of coordination of activities and interaction of these bodies.

The new Law establishes the legal and political foundations for ensuring security (Articles 4, 5). In particular: security is ensured in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation; national security is ensured by the steady fulfillment of responsibilities in the field of security by government bodies and legal entities, regardless of departmental affiliation and forms of ownership. It was important to define a national goal that would allow all categories to be formulated in normative form: national security, threats, national values, national security system, national security system, etc. In the new Law, it was primarily the security subjects that needed conceptual elaboration. In the structure of subjects, along with such key elements as government bodies, economic entities should be distinguished, regardless of their form of ownership. At the same time, it was important to provide a framework definition of their roles, functions, responsibilities and rights, interconnections, and the equal nature of relationships and interactions. New Law consolidated the provision on a public (non-state) security system, since this established concept had not previously received proper development and regulatory support. Federal Law of December 28, 2010 No. 390-FZ “On Security”..

It is necessary to further improve legislation in the field of ensuring national security through the formation and development of a flexible legal system that adequately responds to ongoing economic and socio-political changes and ensures a sufficient level of national security.

In a broad aspect, the legal framework for ensuring national security should be a set of interrelated, internally consistent fundamental regulatory legal acts containing legal principles and norms and aimed at legal regulation public relations in the sphere of ensuring the national security of Russia with the aim of streamlining, protecting and developing them in accordance with public needs. The Russian prosecutor's office is responsible for this special role as a body supervising the implementation of laws, coordinator of the activities of law enforcement agencies in the fight against crime, which poses one of the main threats internal security countries.

One of these acts was Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated May 12, 2009 No. 537 “On the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020.” He defined national security as “the state of protection of the individual, society and the state from internal and external threats, which makes it possible to ensure constitutional rights, freedoms, a decent quality and standard of living for citizens, sovereignty, territorial integrity and sustainable development of the Russian Federation, defense and security of the state.”

The National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020 is the basic political, legal and organizational document for planning the development of the national security system, including legislation. Russia urgently needed just such a fundamental document of a practical nature. The strategy also has a political and ideological orientation and not only declares a common vision of directions and approaches to ensuring the country’s national security, but also sets the necessary tasks for government bodies and allows direct appeal to the entire Russian society as a whole and to everyone legal entity or to a citizen individually. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the possibility provided for in the strategy itself and the need for its regular updating in order to quickly respond to changes in the external and internal situation, new challenges and threats.

The Strategy replaced the Concept of National Security of the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 17, 1997 No. 1300 (as amended by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of January 10, 2000 No. 24) and also of a basic, general nature.

Other concepts, doctrines and fundamentals (main directions) public policy in relevant areas of ensuring national security and in certain areas of domestic and foreign policy, states are also subject to approval by the head of state, since by their legal nature they are identical to the main, basic document.

These include:

Military doctrine of the Russian Federation (approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated 02/05/2010 No. 146);

Maritime doctrine of the Russian Federation for the period until 2020 (approved by resolution of the President of the Russian Federation of July 27, 2001 No. Pr-1387);

Fundamentals of state policy in the field of ensuring chemical and biological safety of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2010 and beyond (approved by resolution of the President of the Russian Federation of December 4, 2003 No. Pr-2194);

Fundamentals of state policy in the field of ensuring nuclear and radiation safety of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2010 and beyond (approved by resolution of the President of the Russian Federation of December 4, 2003 No. Pr-2196);

Concept of foreign policy of the Russian Federation (approved by resolution of the President of the Russian Federation dated June 28, 2000);

Fundamentals of the policy of the Russian Federation in the field of development of science and technology for the period until 2010 and beyond (approved by resolution of the President of the Russian Federation of March 30, 2002 No. Pr-576);

State Strategy for Economic Security of the Russian Federation (Basic Provisions) (approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of April 29, 1996 No. 608);

Environmental Doctrine of the Russian Federation (approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated August 31, 2002 No. 1225-r);

Fundamentals of the state policy of the Russian Federation in the Arctic for the period until 2020 and beyond (approved by resolution of the President of the Russian Federation of September 18, 2008 No. Pr-1969);

Doctrine of food security of the Russian Federation (approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of January 30, 2010 No. 120);

Basic provisions of regional policy in the Russian Federation (approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of June 3, 1996 No. 803);

State concept national policy Russian Federation (approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of June 15, 1996 No. 909);

Fundamentals of the border policy of the Russian Federation (approved by resolution of the President of the Russian Federation of October 5, 1996);

Doctrine of information security of the Russian Federation (approved by resolution of the President of the Russian Federation dated 09.09.2000 No. Pr-1895);

Strategy for the development of the information society in the Russian Federation (approved by resolution of the President of the Russian Federation dated 02/07/2008 No. Pr-212).

It is easy to see that:

1) the methods for approving these documents differ (a number of them were approved not by decree, but by resolution of the President of the Russian Federation);

2) some of them were put into effect not by the President, but by the Government of the Russian Federation.

In this regard, it seems necessary to note the following.

The acts issued by the President of the Russian Federation are decrees and orders that are binding on the entire territory of the Russian Federation (Article 90 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation). Moreover, in accordance with the order of the President of the Russian Federation dated 02/05/1993 No. 85-rp:

1) decisions of the President of the Russian Federation of a normative nature, designed for permanent or repeated effect, as well as decisions on the appointment and dismissal of heads of central bodies and other structures of the federal system executive branch(on citizenship, granting political asylum, awarding state awards, conferring special titles, class ranks, honorary titles of the Russian Federation, pardon) are formalized by decrees of the President of the Russian Federation;

2) decisions of the President of the Russian Federation on operational, organizational and personnel issues, as well as on issues of the work of the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation, are made in the form of orders. Orders of the President of the Russian Federation should not contain regulations of a regulatory nature.

New trends in development information law and information legislation in the Russian Federation is primarily associated with the adoption in July 2006 of new fundamental federal laws “On Information, Information Technologies and Information Protection” and “On Personal Data”.

Discussions in the assessments of the new, so-called three-chapter law “On Information, Information Technologies and Information Protection” are inevitable, since among specialists in this field there are often polar positions regarding both the legal nature of information - key concept V information sphere, as well as the need to legally consolidate a number of concepts and terms widely used in the information sphere (for example, such as information resources, informatization and others).

At the same time, one cannot but agree that this federal law has certain advantages compared to the previous 1995 law “On Information, Informatization and Information Protection,” which, of course, needed improvement over the past decade. Not only the name of the law was changed, but also the structure, the preamble was excluded, new norms appeared, and the goals and scope of the law were clarified, changes were made to the terminology of the bill (the definitions of the concepts “information technology”, “information holder”, “access to information”, etc.). The provisions on information as an object of legal regulation are formulated differently, but by no means indisputably, and the rights and obligations of the owner of the information are defined.

No less important in the development of information legislation is the ratification by the Russian Federation of the European Convention on the Protection individuals regarding automated processing of personal data and the adoption of the Federal Law “On Personal Data”.

It should be recognized that the formation of the legal foundations of a unified information and telecommunications space in Russia is closely related to international and foreign experience and should be carried out on the basis of the principle of consistency and balance of legal norms, taking into account generally recognized principles and norms of international law.

This trend in the development of information legislation in Russia is especially obvious in connection with the need for legal regulation of a number of issues relating to the use of the Internet for illegal purposes, especially for terrorist and extremist purposes, which is a problem of international scale.

In this regard, it should be noted that the Russian Federation is a party to most international treaties on the fight against terrorism, which contain generally recognized principles and norms of international law in the field of suppressing the propaganda of terrorism and violent extremism related to the use of global information systems.

Indeed, international terrorism, which has moved into the sphere of the information and communication field, knows no boundaries. He has neither national nor religious affiliation. Terrorists and cyberterrorists are criminals who challenge culture, civilization, and society, with whom compromise is impossible and who must be brought to justice.

The issue of ensuring information security as one of the important components of the national security of the state arises especially acutely in the context of the emergence of transnational cross-border computer crime and cyber terrorism Vasenin V.A. Critical facilities and cyber terrorism. Part 2. Aspects of software implementation of countermeasures 2008.

It is necessary to implement into the legislation of the Russian Federation, first of all, legal norms that establish restrictions on harmful content of information, communication and information services on the Internet in accordance with a certain set of criteria. Of undoubted interest are proposals to create an international body at the UN coordinating management of the Internet (the so-called international web), taking into account its cross-border nature.

Although Art. 10 of the Federal Law “On Information, Information Technologies and Information Protection” provides for mandatory identification of the owner of information or its distributor and prohibits the dissemination of information for which administrative and criminal liability, however, the legal mechanism for implementing this legal norm has not been developed.

It is obvious that the information legislation of the Russian Federation does not cover the entire diversity of relations associated with suppressing the activities of illegal Internet sites.

Thus, in order to ensure the security of security facilities and maintain its required level, it is necessary to finalize the existing system of legal norms governing relations in the field of security, to determine the main directions of activity of public authorities and management, the formation or transformation of security bodies and the mechanism for control and supervision of their activities.

STANDARDIZATION, CERTIFICATION AND LICENSING IN SKS

Educational and methodological manual for students

Chapter 1. Ensuring the safety and quality of tourism services.

State policy in the field of ensuring the safety of consumers of tourism services.

Security issues are important for tourism activities.

In Art. 14 of the Law on the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities states that under tourism safety This refers to the personal safety of tourists, the safety of their property and the non-damage to the environment when traveling.

The first and main aspect of ensuring the safety of a tourist is the existence of an agreement for all services provided between the tourism enterprise and the tourist, in which the tourism organization undertakes to organize the client’s vacation efficiently and safely on the basis of its agreements with the carrier, host party, tour operator, hotels, excursion bureaus, food outlets and other tourism industry organizations. In addition, safety in tourism for active types of tourism, such as hiking, cycling, mountain, skiing and all types of amateur tourism is not only the implementation of such an agreement, but also the delivery of complete and reliable information about the services offered, about personal safety measures to everyone client.

The basis of state policy in the field of security is the Law of the Russian Federation “On Security” (as amended on December 25, 1992) dated March 5, 1992 No. 2446-1.

The law establishes the legal basis for ensuring the security of the individual, society, and state, defines the security system and its functions, establishes the procedure for organizing and financing security agencies, as well as control and supervision of the legality of their activities.

In section I " General provisions» includes the following articles:

st . 1. The concept of security and its objects;

Art. 2. Security subjects;

Art. 3. Security threat;

Art. 4. Ensuring safety;

Art. 5. Safety principles;

Art. 6. Legislative framework for ensuring security;

Art. 7. Respect for the rights and freedoms of citizens while ensuring security.

The concept itself safety is defined as a state of protection of the vital interests of the individual, society and state from internal and external threats. Vital interests are understood as a set of needs, the satisfaction of which reliably ensures the existence and opportunities for the progressive development of the individual, society, and state. The legislative acts we are considering further are aimed at their protection.

The main objects of security include: the individual - his rights and freedoms, society - his material and spiritual values, and the state - his constitutional system, sovereignty and territorial integrity as the basis for ensuring the security of the individual and society.

The main subject of security is the state. In accordance with current legislation, it ensures the safety of every citizen on the territory of the Russian Federation. Citizens of the Russian Federation located outside its borders are guaranteed protection and patronage by the state.

The state provides legal and social protection citizens, public and other organizations and associations providing assistance in ensuring security in accordance with the law.

A security threat is understood as a set of conditions and factors that create a danger to the vital interests of the individual, society, state, a real and potential threat. Sources of danger, external or internal, determine the content of activities to ensure internal and external security.

Ensuring security is achieved by implementing a unified state policy, a system of measures of an economic, political and organizational nature.

The basic principles of safety are:

Legality;

Maintaining a balance of vital interests of the individual, society, and state;

Mutual responsibility of the individual, society and state.

Integration with international security systems.

When ensuring security, restriction of the rights and freedoms of citizens is not allowed, except in cases expressly provided for by law.

Citizens have the right to receive explanations regarding their rights and freedoms from security authorities.

All marked points are included in the main document ensuring the client’s safety - the contract for the provided tourist services.

Section II of the Law discusses the main elements and functions of the security system

The main elements of the security system are:

Bodies of legislative, executive and judicial authorities;

State, public and other organizations and associations;

Citizens taking part in ensuring security in accordance with the law;

Legislation regulating relations in the field of security.

The main functions of the security system are:

Identification and forecasting of internal and external threats to the vital interests of security facilities;

Creation and maintenance of security forces and means;

Management of security forces and means in everyday conditions and in emergency situations;

Implementation of a system of measures to restore the normal functioning of security facilities in regions affected by the emergency;

Participation in security activities outside the Russian Federation, in accordance with international treaties and agreements.

Ensuring the security of the individual, society and the state is carried out on the basis of delimitation of powers of legislative, executive and judicial authorities in this area.

At the same time, executive authorities:

Ensure the implementation of laws and other regulations governing relations in the field of security;

Organize the development and implementation of state security programs;

Implement a system of measures to ensure the security of individuals, society and the state within their competence;

In accordance with the law, state security agencies are formed, reorganized and liquidated. Judicial authorities for our part:

Ensure the protection of the constitutional system in the Russian Federation, guided by the Constitution and laws of the Russian Federation;

Carry out justice in cases of crimes encroaching on the security of the individual, society and the state;

Provide legal protection citizens, public and other organizations and associations whose rights were violated in connection with security activities.

General management of state security bodies is exercised by the President of the Russian Federation;

Heads the Security Council of the Russian Federation;

Monitors and coordinates the activities of government security agencies;

Within the limits of competence determined by law, makes operational decisions to ensure security. Government of the Russian Federation:

Within the limits of competence determined by law, provides leadership to state bodies ensuring the security of the Russian Federation;

Organizes and controls the development and implementation of security measures by ministries and state committees of the Russian Federation.

Control over the activities of ministries and departments, enterprises, institutions and organizations for ensuring security is carried out by state authorities and management of the Russian Federation within the limits of their competence. Public and other associations and organizations, citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to receive, in accordance with current legislation, information about the activities of security agencies.

Supervision over the legality of the activities of security agencies is carried out by the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation.

The Law of the Russian Federation “On Security” proclaims general provisions on security in tourism.

Also, issues of ensuring safety in tourism are considered in the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation” dated November 24, 1996. This law defines the principles of state policy aimed at establishing the legal foundations of a single tourism market in the Russian Federation, regulates the mechanism of relations arising in the exercise of the rights of citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons to rest, freedom of movement and other rights when traveling, and also determined the procedure for the rational use of tourism resources of the Russian Federation.

The state, recognizing tourism as one of the priority sectors of the economy of the Russian Federation:

Promotes tourism activities and creates favorable conditions for its development;

Determines and supports priority areas of tourism activity;

Forms an idea of ​​the Russian Federation as a country favorable for tourism;

Provides support and protection to Russian tourists, tour operators, travel agents and their associations.

The main goals of state regulation of tourism activities are:

Ensuring the right of citizens to rest, freedom of movement and other rights when traveling;

Environmental protection;

Development of the tourism industry, meeting the needs of citizens when traveling, creating new jobs, developing international contacts.

The priority areas of state regulation of tourism activities are the support and development of domestic, inbound, social and amateur tourism.

State regulation of tourism activities is carried out by:

Creation of regulatory legal acts regulating relations in the tourism industry;

Assistance in promoting the tourism product in the domestic and global tourism markets;

Protecting the rights and interests of tourists, ensuring their safety;

Licensing, standardization in the tourism industry, certification of tourism products.

Development scientific research in the tourism industry.

To ensure the safety of tourists, the Law imposes on tour operators and travel agents the obligation to:

Provide tourists with comprehensive information about the features of travel, the dangers they may encounter when traveling and ensure the safety of tourists;

Inform executive authorities about emergency incidents with tourists during travel, as well as
about tourists who did not return from travel.

The Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation” also establishes the rights of tourists when preparing for a trip and during its completion:

For necessary and reliable information about the rules of entry into the country of temporary stay and stay there, about the customs of the local population, about religious rituals, shrines, natural monuments, history, culture and other tourist attractions that are under special protection, the state of the natural environment;

Freedom of movement, free access to tourist resources, taking into account the restrictive measures taken in the country of temporary stay;

To ensure personal safety, their consumer rights and the safety of their property, unhindered receipt of emergency medical care;

For damages and compensation for moral damages in the event of failure to comply with the terms of the contract for the retail purchase and sale of a tourist product by a tour operator or travel agent in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation;

To assist the authorities of the country of temporary residence in obtaining legal and other types of emergency assistance;

Unimpeded access to communications.

Tour operators and travel agents, in order to coordinate their business activities, as well as represent and protect common property interests, can create associations in the manner prescribed by Russian legislation.

We can name a number of existing associations: the Russian Association of Travel Agencies, the National Association of Travel Agencies, the Moscow Association of Travel Agencies. Tour operators are also united in the areas of services provided: Chinese Club, Israeli Club, Business Tourism Association. Association of Children and Youth Tourism, etc.

Tourists, in order to exercise the right to rest, freedom of movement and other rights when traveling on the basis of common interests, can create public associations in the manner established by Russian legislation.

In order to protect the rights and interests of tourists, licensing of tour operator and travel agency activities, standardization of tourism industry facilities and certification of tourism products are carried out.

In the most important ways state regulation of the tourism sector are:

a) licensing of tourism activities;

b) standardization of tourism activities and tourism industry facilities;

c) certification of a tourism product.

All these methods are carried out in order to protect the rights and interests of tourists.

1.2 The consumer’s right to a quality and safe service.

Tourism activities are aimed at creating, selling and promoting a tourism product. A tourism product consists of many interrelated components - tourism services. According to GOST 28681, a tourist service is the result of the activities of a travel enterprise to meet the relevant needs of tourists. Therefore, the main thing is the quality of the tourist service.

The consumer’s right to receive high-quality and safe services is ensured by the legislative acts of the Russian Federation. Terms and definitions of concepts in the field of standardization, certification and quality management in the field of services provided to the public are defined by GOST 50646-94 “Services to the public. Terms and definitions."

The terms established by this standard are mandatory for use in all types of documentation included in the scope of standardization work.

The standard defines the following concepts and terms in the field of service provision:

A service is the result of direct interaction between the performer and the consumer. According to their functional purpose, services provided to the population are divided into material and socio-cultural;

Material service - a service to satisfy the material and everyday needs of the consumer of services

Social and cultural service is a service to satisfy spiritual, intellectual needs and maintain the normal functioning of the consumer. Social and cultural services may include medical services, cultural services, tourism, education, etc.;

The public service sector is a set of enterprises, organizations and individuals providing services to the public;

Service - the activity of the performer in direct contact with the consumer of the service;

Contractor - an enterprise, organization or entrepreneur providing services to the consumer;

Consumer - a citizen who receives, orders or intends to receive or order services for personal needs;

Providing a service is the activity of the service provider necessary to ensure the fulfillment of the service. The provision of services can be divided into separate stages (provision of necessary resources, technological process of execution, control, testing, acceptance, evaluation, service process);

Process service execution - the main part of the service provision process associated with a change in the state of the service object;

An order for a service is an agreement between the consumer and the service provider, defining the legal, economic and technical relations of the parties;

Service time - the period of time during which the consumer interacts with the service provider;

Service execution time - the established time standard for service execution;

Service Rules - a document containing requirements and standards governing the procedure and conditions of service;

Conditions of service - a set of factors affecting the consumer of the service during the service process;

The object of standardization is a service, the process of providing a service, the result of a service that is subject to standardization;

A group of homogeneous services is a set of services characterized by a common target or functional purpose;

Service standard - a standard that sets out the requirements that a service must satisfy in order to ensure that it is fit for purpose;

A technical document for a service is a document establishing the technical and other characteristics of the service. Technical documents include technical conditions, technical descriptions, instructions, etc.

Separate sections define terms and concepts related to service certification and the field of service quality management, such as:

Service certification system is a system that has its own rules of procedure and management for certification of service conformity;

Certification system of a group of homogeneous services - a certification system related to services for which the same specific standards and rules and the same procedure apply;

Service certification body - a body that carries out certification of services;

Accreditation of a service certification body is a procedure by which an authorized body officially recognizes the competence of a service certification body to perform specific work;

Certification of services - activities to confirm the compliance of services with the requirements established in the standards;

The object of certification in the service sector is a service, the result of a service, the process of providing a service, subject to certification;

Certified service - a service intended for certification;

Certified service is a service that has passed certification;

Mark of conformity is a sign registered in the prescribed manner, which, according to the rules established in this certification system, confirms the compliance of the service marked with it with the requirements established in the standards;

Service quality is a set of characteristics of a service that determine its ability to satisfy the established or expected needs of the consumer;

Service quality is a set of process characteristics and service conditions that ensure satisfaction of the established or expected needs of the consumer;

Property of a service (service) is an objective feature of a service (service), which manifests itself during its provision and consumption (its implementation);

Service (service) quality indicator - a quantitative characteristic of one or more properties of a service (service) that make up its (its) quality;

The level of quality of a service (service) is a relative characteristic of the quality of a service (service), based on a comparison of the actual values ​​of its quality indicators with standard values these indicators;

Quality control of a service (service) is a set of operations, including measurements, tests, assessment of one or more characteristics of a service (service) and comparison of the results obtained with established requirements;

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"Fundamentals of state policy in the field of ensuring the safety of the population of the Russian Federation and the protection of critical and potentially dangerous objects from natural, man-made threats and terrorist acts for the period until 2020" N Pr-3400 – rtf (68 Kb)

ORDER

PRESIDENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

STATE POLICY IN THE FIELD OF SECURITY

OF THE POPULATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND SECURITY IS CRITICAL

IMPORTANT AND POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS OBJECTS FROM NATURAL HAZARDS,

TECHNOGENIC CHARACTER AND TERRORIST ACTS

FOR THE PERIOD UNTIL 2020

I. General provisions

1. These Fundamentals were developed in accordance with the Federal Law of December 21, 1994 N 68-FZ “On the protection of the population and territories from emergency situations natural and man-made" and define:

a) the goals of state policy in the field of ensuring the security of the population and territories of the Russian Federation from natural, man-made threats and terrorist acts (hereinafter referred to as threats of various natures);

b) priority directions of state policy in the field of ensuring the security of the population and territories of the Russian Federation from threats of various types;

c) the basic principles of state policy in the field of ensuring the security of the population and territories of the Russian Federation from threats of various types;

d) objectives of state policy in the field of ensuring the security of the population and territories of the Russian Federation from threats of various natures.

2. These Fundamentals develop and specify the main provisions of the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020 regarding ensuring the safety of the population and the protection of critical and potentially dangerous facilities from threats of various types. They are based on a comprehensive assessment of possible threats on the territory of the Russian Federation, taking into account the objective needs and real capabilities of the country to ensure the safety of the population and the security of critically important and potentially dangerous facilities.

3. State policy in the field of ensuring the safety of the population of the Russian Federation and the protection of critically important and potentially dangerous objects from threats of various types is aimed at creating an effective mechanism for implementation by state authorities of the Russian Federation, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, authorities local government, organizations and citizens of their powers and rights in this area.

4. State policy in the field of ensuring the safety of the population of the Russian Federation and the protection of critically important and potentially dangerous objects from threats of various types is formed on the basis of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period until 2020, federal constitutional laws, federal laws , regulatory legal acts of the President of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation, as well as generally accepted principles and norms of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation.

5. Carrying out state policy in the field of ensuring the safety of the population of the Russian Federation and the protection of critically important and potentially dangerous objects from threats of various types is an important task in the implementation of the targeted activities of state authorities of the Russian Federation, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments and organizations in the sphere of public safety from threats of various nature.

II. General conclusions based on the analysis of possible threats on the territory of the Russian Federation

6. According to government reports on the state of protection of the population and territories of the Russian Federation from natural and man-made emergencies for 2008 - 2010, the number of dangerous natural phenomena and major man-made disasters is growing annually. At the same time, the number of deaths from the consequences of emergency situations throughout recent years is steadily decreasing, which indicates a certain effectiveness of the measures taken to prevent and eliminate emergency situations.

7. More than 90 million people (60 percent of the country’s population) live in areas of possible exposure to damaging factors during accidents at critical and potentially dangerous facilities.

8. Seismic hazards continue to pose a significant threat to the population, since more than 20 percent of the territory of the Russian Federation with a population of more than 20 million people can be subject to earthquakes of magnitude 7 or higher. In earthquake-prone areas there are a large number of critical and potentially dangerous objects and residential buildings, and large economic and infrastructure projects are also planned for implementation, which in the event of a strong earthquake can lead to serious destruction and increase the damaging effect on the population.

9. Analysis of information on emergency situations, taking into account their threat structure and dynamics of change, indicates that natural disasters associated with natural hazards and fires, water incidents, as well as man-made accidents are the main sources of emergency situations and pose a significant threat to life people, stable economic growth and, as a consequence, for sustainable development and national security of Russia.

10. Annual economic damage (direct and indirect) from emergency situations can reach 1.5 - 2 percent of gross domestic product (from 675 to 900 billion rubles). Large-scale emergencies in regions with limited budgetary resources can significantly limit their socio-economic development.

11. Main objective of the activity federal bodies executive authorities and authorized organizations (insofar as they are concerned), executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments and organizations in the field of reducing the risks of emergencies of a natural and man-made nature - ensuring the necessary conditions for the safety of the population and sustainable socio-economic development of the state with taking into account plans for the implementation of economic and infrastructure projects for the period until 2020.

III. Goals, priority areas, basic principles and objectives of state policy in the field of ensuring the security of the population of the Russian Federation and the protection of critical and potentially dangerous facilities from threats of various types

12. The goals of state policy in the field of ensuring the safety of the population and the protection of critical and potentially dangerous facilities from threats of various types are:

a) minimizing the risks of natural and man-made emergencies and terrorist acts;

b) ensuring a guaranteed level of security for the individual, society and the state within the limits of scientifically based criteria for acceptable risk;

c) increasing the level of protection of critical and potentially dangerous facilities from threats of various types;

d) creating conditions for the safety of life of the population, sustainable socio-economic development of the Russian Federation and its individual territories.

13. To achieve the goals of state policy in the field of ensuring the safety of the population and the protection of critical and potentially dangerous facilities from threats of various types, it is necessary to ensure the concentration of efforts and resources in the following priority areas:

a) improving the regulatory framework;

b) development of fundamental and applied science, engineering and technology;

c) ensuring the effective functioning and development of a unified state system for preventing and eliminating emergency situations (hereinafter referred to as RSChS);

d) mitigation of long-term consequences of radiation accidents and disasters;

e) development of international cooperation in this area.

14. The formation and implementation of state policy in the field of ensuring the safety of the population and the protection of critical and potentially dangerous facilities from threats of various types are carried out in compliance with the following basic principles:

a) saving lives and preserving people’s health are priority actions in the event of threats of various types;

b) taking into account the division of jurisdiction and powers between federal executive authorities, executive authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments when preparing and implementing measures in this area;

c) ensuring comprehensive protection of critical and potentially dangerous facilities;

d) planning measures to ensure the safety of the population and the security of critical and potentially dangerous facilities, taking into account the degree of risk of possible threats of various types.

15. To achieve goals in priority areas of state policy in the field of ensuring the safety of the population and the protection of critical and potentially dangerous facilities from threats of various types, it is necessary to solve the following main tasks:

a) to improve the regulatory framework: to ensure the harmonization of the legislation of the Russian Federation with the norms of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation;

develop and implement technical regulations on issues of ensuring public safety, operational (operational) safety and the protection of critical and potentially dangerous facilities from threats of various types;

conduct an analysis of legal regulation in the field of ensuring fire safety and improve the procedure and rules for the implementation of state fire supervision, taking into account modern socio-economic conditions;

to modernize (clarify) the norms and standards of priority life support for the population in emergency situations, taking into account the analysis of ongoing measures to eliminate emergency situations of an interregional and federal nature;

introduce changes to the legislation of the Russian Federation aimed at increasing liability for violation of norms and rules in the field of protecting the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies, ensuring fire safety and the safety of people on water bodies;

clarify the criteria for classifying facilities as critically important facilities at the federal and regional levels;

b) on the development of fundamental and applied science, engineering and technology:

improve the scientific foundations of: assessing and forecasting the risks of possible emergency situations; optimizing the management of these risks;

analysis of the impact of various threats on the population, critical and potentially dangerous objects;

carry out further development and formation of the scientific foundations for ensuring the security of critically important and potentially dangerous objects;

ensure the implementation of scientific research on the creation and testing of a unified methodology for assessing the risks of emergency situations at critically important facilities, depending on the state of their security and a unified methodology for classifying economic facilities and elements of the country’s infrastructure as critically important;

develop and implement modern:

scientific methods for forecasting the risks of natural and man-made emergency situations;

systems, tools and methods technical diagnostics equipment of potentially dangerous objects for early detection of the causes of man-made emergencies;

methods and technologies for carrying out emergency rescue operations, as well as samples of emergency rescue equipment;

information security tools in the field of organizing public safety and security of critical and potentially dangerous facilities;

personal and collective defense population from the consequences of accidents at potentially hazardous facilities, as well as radiation, chemical and biological control systems;

special medical means of protecting the population;

c) to ensure the effective functioning and development of the RSChS:

improve the structure of the RSChS, increase the level of readiness and efficiency of its territorial and functional subsystems;

carry out work to improve RSChS control centers, create and reconstruct control centers in crisis situations;

carry out the development of a system of monitoring, laboratory control and forecasting of emergency situations, taking into account the entire range of threats of a different nature by improving its organization, methodology, technical equipment, automating the collection, processing and transmission of information, expanding functions by monitoring the condition of critical and potentially dangerous objects;

ensure the development of a system for informing and alerting the population about threats of various types, including an all-Russian comprehensive system for informing and alerting the population in places where people are crowded;

complete in established deadlines creation of a comprehensive system for ensuring public safety in transport;

complete within the established time frame the creation of a system for ensuring calls to emergency operational services using a single number “112” on the territory of the Russian Federation;

improve requirements industrial safety, improve the preparation of economic facilities for functioning in conditions of threats of various natures by increasing their physical stability and (or) protection from the damaging factors of these threats;

carry out the development of forces that ensure the safety of the population and the protection of critical and potentially dangerous objects from threats of various types, equip these forces with modern equipment and technical means;

improve the system of training the population in the field of protecting the population from threats of various types, develop and implement modern methods and technical means of training;

carry out the development of infrastructure and material and technical base fire department V populated areas, at critical facilities, equip it with new means of fire extinguishing and rescuing people and property, as well as develop a voluntary fire department;

develop and implement measures to improve the fire protection of facilities with large numbers of people, carry out work to equip them with fire automatic equipment, and create conditions for the evacuation of people in them in the event of a fire;

carry out work to improve fire propaganda and information support on fire safety issues, including with the active use of the media;

develop and implement new innovative technologies in the field of detecting fires at the initial stage of their occurrence, ensuring timely notification of fires;

develop effective fire extinguishing means for high-rise buildings, forest fires, oil production and oil refining enterprises, including offshore platforms, using mobile robotic systems and helicopters with horizontal supply of fire extinguishing agents;

conduct research to improve existing and develop promising automatic fire extinguishing means;

introduce modern forms and methods of ensuring the safety of people at water bodies;

to improve the control and supervisory activities of departments ensuring the safety of people on water bodies and the development of their infrastructure;

equip units that ensure the safety of people on water bodies with modern technical means and new technologies;

improve efforts to prepare and inform the population on issues safe behavior on water bodies, including with the active use of the media;

carry out the development of automated information system State Inspectorate for Small Vessels of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for civil defense, emergency situations and disaster relief and its compatibility with the automated information management system of the unified state system for the prevention and response of emergency situations;

d) to mitigate long-term consequences of radiation accidents and disasters:

create the infrastructure necessary to ensure safe living conditions for the population in radioactively contaminated areas;

develop and implement a set of measures in the field of protecting the health of citizens exposed to radiation, including targeted specialized medical care;

provide information support and socio-psychological rehabilitation of citizens living in radioactively contaminated areas;

create conditions for safe (taking into account established standards radiation safety) forest management in radioactively contaminated areas;

bring into a safe condition and return to economic use agricultural land on which radioactive contamination remains;

e) on the development of international cooperation:

improve the international legal framework in the field of emergency humanitarian response, prevention and response to emergency situations;

carry out further development of cooperation with the UN and the Council of Europe, including within the framework of Russia’s interaction with these organizations through the Partial Open Agreement of the Council of Europe on the prediction, prevention and assistance in the event of natural and technological disasters;

develop cooperation in the field of preventing and eliminating the consequences of natural and man-made emergencies within the framework of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Collective Security Treaty Organization, the Council of States Baltic Sea, Black Sea Economic Cooperation, the Arctic Council and its working group on prevention, preparedness and response to emergency situations, the Barents/Euro-Arctic Council;

ensure increased participation in events within the framework of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, Russia's dialogue partnership with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), the ASEAN Regional Forum on Security and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization;

carry out an analysis of modern technologies in the field of safety and disaster management used foreign countries and international organizations, with the aim of introducing the best of them in the Russian Federation;

ensure the integration of Russian technologies into international security and disaster management programs.

IV. Implementation of state policy in the field of ensuring the safety of the population of the Russian Federation and the protection of critical and potentially dangerous facilities from threats of various types

16. State policy in the field of ensuring the safety of the population of the Russian Federation and the protection of critically important and potentially dangerous objects from threats of various types is carried out through the coordinated and targeted activities of government bodies of the Russian Federation, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, organizations and citizens on the basis of the legislation of the Russian Federation, as well as generally recognized principles and norms of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation.

17. The Government of the Russian Federation manages the implementation of state policy in the field of ensuring the safety of the population of the Russian Federation and the protection of critically important and potentially dangerous facilities from threats of various types, as well as the activities of federal executive authorities, executive authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government bodies and organizations in in accordance with the powers vested in him by federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation.

18. Coordination of the activities of federal executive authorities, executive authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments in the field of protecting the population and territories from threats of various types is carried out by the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Disaster Relief.

19. Heads of federal executive authorities, executive authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments and organizations, within the limits of their powers, organize and carry out activities in the field of protecting the population and territories from threats of various natures.

20. These Fundamentals are implemented within the framework of:

a) specialized state and federal target programs;

b) interdepartmental comprehensive program fundamental and applied research in the interests of ensuring the safety of the population and the security of critical and potentially dangerous facilities;

c) ensuring measures in the field of protecting the population from natural and man-made emergencies at the expense of funds federal budget, budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local budgets and funds of organizations;

d) federal plan for increasing the security of critical facilities of the Russian Federation;

e) plans to improve the security of critical and potentially dangerous facilities, developed by federal executive authorities, executive authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, and management bodies of organizations whose facilities are critical or potentially dangerous.

21. These Fundamentals can be supplemented and clarified as the state of socio-economic development of society and changes in the nature of threats on the territory of the Russian Federation.

President

Russian Federation

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INTRODUCTION

state national security

The need for security is one of the basic motivational sources of human life, and social organization is a way of ensuring normal living conditions, a means of jointly countering natural and social threats.

The global transformations taking place in the modern world, along with positive consequences, entail the emergence of new threats and intensify the effects of previously existing threats, while the nature and degree of danger of the threats are changing. In such conditions, the state becomes the main subject of ensuring security, state means of countering threats of various natures and various degrees danger.

In this regard, the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020 states that “in the context of globalization of world development processes, international political and economic relations, creating new threats and risks for the development of individuals, society and the state, Russia as a guarantor prosperous national development is moving to a new state policy in the field of national security.”

New challenges and threats have changed the content and direction of the Russian Federation’s activities to ensure national security. The state, focusing on the optimal development of social relations, creates security mechanisms. This category in the national sphere has its own characteristics. Insufficient knowledge of this phenomenon determines the relevance of the topic of the thesis.

The purpose of the work is to analyze and evaluate the effectiveness of Russian state policy in the field of ensuring national security.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks will be solved:

Study the concept of national security: genesis and modern interpretation;

Explore the influence of the territorial integrity of the country and its resources as a basic component of national security policy;

Consider threats to Russia's national security in modern conditions;

Explore demographic policy as a factor in ensuring national security

Assess the effectiveness of Russian state policy in the field of ensuring national security

Accordingly, the object of the work is the system of ensuring Russian national security, and the subject is a set of theoretical, methodological and practical issues of state policy in the field of national security.

The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was the works of domestic and foreign scientists, as well as a set of legislative, regulatory and advisory documents from government bodies of the Russian Federation.

Methodological basis this study constitute a set of methods of scientific knowledge, among which the main place is occupied by the methods of historicism, systematicity, and the economic and statistical comparative legal method.

The structure of the work includes an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, and a list of references.

1. CONCEPT AND FUNDAMENTALS OF NATIONAL SECURITY

1.1 The concept of national security: genesis and modern interpretation

The emergence of the category “national security” is usually associated with the name of US President Theodore Roosevelt. It was he who, in his message to the United States Congress in 1904, justified the military action to seize the zone of the then planned construction of the Panama Canal by the interests of “national security” of the United States. Subsequently, this category began to be used quite widely in many countries of the world community.

In the USSR, the term “national security” was not widely used. This can be explained by the fact that at this historical stage of our country “a completely different content was put into the concept of “national”, according to which, first of all, the characteristics and individuality of each nation (ethnic group) living on its territory were emphasized.”

Obviously, the use of the term “national security,” understood as the security of a single nation, was unacceptable in the USSR as a multinational state. If they remembered national security, it was only “solely for the purpose of criticizing American hegemony...”. In the Soviet era, the term “state security” was used to describe the country’s security, which was understood as a set of measures to protect the existing state and social system, territorial integrity and independence of the state from the subversive activities of intelligence and other special services of hostile states, as well as opponents of the existing system within the country .

At the present stage of the Russian state, the term “national security” has actually become commonly used. It is widely used in policy documents, regulations and doctrinal sources. At the same time, it should be noted that in the Basic Law of our country the term “national security” is not used. In contrast to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, in the Constitution of the USSR of 1936 and the Constitution of the USSR of 1977, the term “state security” was enshrined in law.

An analysis of scientific publications on national security issues shows the deep interest of domestic scientists in this phenomenon of social life. National security is such a broad and significant category in terms of coverage of spheres of public life that almost all functions of the Russian state serve to ensure and protect it. Some scientists even express points of view on the need to include a special chapter in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, defining the place of national security in the system of the constitutional system and methods of ensuring it. It should be noted that in order to resolve issues of legal regulation of national security, it is necessary to solve at the theoretical level a number of issues that are key to understanding the essence of national security and its nature. One of critical issues here is the question of the concept of national security and its content.

The term “national security” does not appear in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The concepts “state security” and “security” are used.

The concept of “national security” was first used in the now defunct Federal Law “On Information, Informatization and Information Protection” of 1995, then in the Address of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation dated June 13, 1996 “On National Security” and later in the Concept of National security of the Russian Federation, approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation in December 1997. The main legislative act defining the basic principles and content of activities to ensure national security is currently the Federal Law of December 28, 2010 “On Security”. The Law establishes general provisions in the field of ensuring state, public, environmental, territorial, technogenic, information and other types of national security of the Russian Federation and emphasizes that at present, in general, the prerequisites have been formed for the reliable prevention of internal and external threats to national security, dynamic development and transforming the Russian Federation into one of the leading powers in terms of the level of technological progress, quality of life of the population, and influence on global processes. We can agree with the opinion of Professor A.M. Voronov that “the adoption of the law was an important milestone in the development of security theory.” However, this law does not contain the definition of “national security”. In this regard, the opinion of the authors of the commentary to the Federal Law of December 28, 2010 “On Security” E.A. is interesting. Belokrylova and E.A. Bevzyuk, who emphasize the “illegal exclusion from the content... of the commented Law of the basic terms and definitions that create the legal terminological space within which the Law will operate.” They believe that “the legislator needed to include in the content of Article One such concepts as “national security”, “state security”, “society security”, “personal security”, “ensuring security”, “external threats to ensuring national security”, “internal threats to ensuring national security”, “forces and means of ensuring national security”.

Without a full and comprehensive interpretation of these concepts, it is impossible to carry out a correct understanding of the norms of the commented Law, since each article mentions the named legal structures. The legislator in the first article limited himself to a simple summary structure of the Law, which is very unjustified from the point of view of the technique of writing regulatory legal acts at the federal level and similar significance.”

A similar critical position is formulated by A.N. Kalyuzhny, who says that “a modern system of measures to ensure national security will be able to maintain institutional mechanisms and resource capabilities of society and the state at the proper level only if there are perfect legal means and legal instruments for the protection of state sovereignty and national interests, the leading role among which is given to federal legislation.”

According to the scientific opinion, there is no justification for the absence in the text of the Federal Law under consideration of the fundamental concepts: “national interests”, “strategic national priorities”, “forces and system for ensuring national security” and others that are fundamental for this area, reflecting the most significant and fundamental aspects of ensuring national security.”

At the same time, not all scientists agree that the Federal Law of December 28, 2010 “On Security” should contain a definition of national security. So, V.G. Vishnyakov considers it correct not to mention the above category in the law, since, in his opinion, “for legislation, the concept of “national” is too vague and unproductive. It is more suitable for political discussions with their general and emotional discussions about “nations”, “nationalities”, “national interests”, etc.”

In fact, the first in a series of modern regulatory legal acts containing a clearly formulated definition of “national security” is the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020, approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 12, 2009 (as amended on July 1, 2014) , according to which “national security is the state of protection of the individual, society and the state from internal and external threats, which makes it possible to ensure constitutional rights, freedoms, a decent quality and standard of living for citizens, sovereignty, territorial integrity and sustainable development of the Russian Federation, defense and security of the state” . The principle opponent of this design is Professor V.G. Vishnyakov, who objects to the definition of national security as a “state of security.” According to his assessments, the Russian Constitution uses other, more specific and significant concepts: a specific subject of state power “takes measures”, “protects”, “guarantees”, “provides”, “implements”, “brings to responsibility”, etc. In his opinion, the concept of “state” is no better. State means “to be”, “to be”. The state actively acts, rather than passively observes, the “state of security.”

However, the adoption of the Strategy, in the opinion of I.B. Kardashova: “was a significant event, since this political and ideological document on planning the development of the system for ensuring the national security of the Russian Federation is evidence of the emergence of Russian strategic culture.”

In the Financial Dictionary, the term “national security” is formulated concisely and at the same time streamlined, as the security of the multinational people of the Russian Federation as the bearer of sovereignty and the only source of power in the Russian Federation.

In the dictionary I.I. Sanrazhevsky “national security” is a state of protection of the individual, society and state from internal and external threats, resistance to adverse influences, guaranteeing the possibility of stable progress of society, allowing for constitutional rights, freedoms, decent quality and standard of living of citizens, sovereignty, territorial integrity and sustainable development, defense and security of the state.

Authors of the political science dictionary - reference book D.E. Pogorely, V.Yu. Fesenko, K.V. Filippov represent national security as “a set of internal and external conditions, the fulfillment of which ensures the stable political, socio-economic and spiritual-cultural development of society, independence, protection of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the state.”

The Economic Dictionary contains a fairly comprehensive definition of national security, which is understood as a set of officially accepted views on the goals and state strategy in the field of ensuring the security of the individual, society and state from external and internal threats political, economic, social, military, man-made, environmental, informational and of a different nature, taking into account available resources and capabilities.

Not forgetting that the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020, approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 12, 2009, for the first time in modern conditions established the definition of “national security,” it seems logical to consider the opinions of scientists on this issue. Regardless of whether scientists spoke about the category under study before and after the adoption of the Strategy, “national security” appears, as a rule, as a “state” (including “condition”), less often as a “system” or “level” of security (existence). So, V.P. Bulavin defines the national security of a country as a state that provides favorable conditions for the development of the individual, society and state and does not allow the implementation of threats to the national interests of Russia. V.A. Kalamanov argues that the national security of the Russian Federation is such a qualitative and quantitative state of Russian society, the state, its citizens, Russian peoples and the entire multinational people of Russia, which is characterized by the coherence of their interests enshrined at the legislative level, their protection from existing or expected external and internal threats , the possibility of their joint progressive and sustainable development, compliance with the constitutional system, constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens. V.A. Kolokoltsev says that national security is understood as a state of the country in which real external and internal threats to its unity, reproduction and stable development are absent or neutralized, i.e. protection of the vital interests of society and government is ensured. G.G. Popov comes to the conclusion that national security, representing a state of protection of the vital interests of such social subjects as the individual, society and state, is a public attitude regarding the implementation of these interests. V.D. Samoilov believes that the concept of “national security” is revealed through the state of protection of the vital values ​​of the individual, society and state from internal and external threats. Hence, the objects of security are the individual, society and the state, which involves identifying and eliminating threats to their existence and development, and countering the sources of such threats. A.A. Prokhozhev and other authors of the textbook " General theory national security" express the opinion that national security implies a triune component, each component of which is equally significant - the security of the individual, the security of society and the security of the state and propose to understand it as the protection of the vital interests of the individual, society and the state in various fields life activity from internal and external threats, ensuring sustainable progressive development of the country. According to Yu.S. Kanina, national security is the protection of national interests, the priority of which is the interests of the individual, expressed in the use of social benefits in order to satisfy their needs, as well as in the possibility of their protection. S.V. Gunich says that national security should be understood as the state of protection of three subjects: the individual, society and the state from internal and external threats, which makes it possible to ensure constitutional rights, freedoms, a decent quality and standard of living for citizens, sovereignty, territorial integrity and sustainable development of the Russian Federation, defense and security of the country.

V.V. Danileiko argues that national security is one of the main factors in the stable development of the state. In a legal sense, security is the state of protecting an object from threats, harm or evil.

Many theoretical constructs for defining security are united by the desire to convey this state through national stability - a state that ensures sufficient economic and military power of the nation to withstand dangers and threats to its existence, emanating both from other countries and from within its own country. National security is also understood as a certain maintained state international relations, interdependent on national legal relations, which can be used both in international and domestic legal regulation.

T.N. Balashova refers to national security as the state of a state in which its integrity and the ability to be an independent subject of the system of international relations are preserved. Under the national security of the Russian Federation A.A. Kukovsky understands the state of protection of the vital interests of the individual, society and the state, achieved through joint actions of state and public institutions through the flexible use of political, economic and other means, both in the internal activities of the state and at the international level. V.M. Redkous, based on the results of the study, formulates following definition: “national security is the protection of the vital interests of the individual, society and the state from external and internal threats, achieved by using a system of measures of a political, economic, organizational, legal, military, ideological and other nature, adequate to threats to the vital interests of the individual, society and the state ensuring their sustainable progressive development.

K.S. Nezhinskaya draws the attention of the scientific community to the term “national security in the context of the lack of definition of this definition in the current Russian laws. To solve this problem, she makes a proposal on the need to adopt the Federal Law “On National Security”, in which the concept of “national security” should be understood as the state of protection of the individual, society and state from internal and external threats, which makes it possible to ensure constitutional rights, freedoms, worthy quality and standard of living of citizens, sovereignty, territorial integrity and sustainable development of the Russian Federation, defense and security of the state. It should be noted that directly ensuring national security is a necessary condition preserving the sovereignty of the Russian Federation. This distinction will emphasize that the definition of “national security,” which does not have constitutional and legal support, is a unifying concept of such constitutional and legal categories as state security, public safety, and personal security.

They talk about the national security of K.A. quite extensively and streamlinedly. Krasnov and E.T. Sibagatullina. In particular, they argue that the national security of the Russian Federation should be understood as the security of the entire multinational people of Russia as the bearer of sovereignty and the only source of power in the country.

A number of scientists have and defend other points of view on the issue under consideration. Researcher V.A. Zolotarev considers national security as “a certain level and state of protection of the country’s vital interests from negative impact a complex set of political, military, economic, humanitarian, environmental and other factors, ensuring the territorial integrity and stability of the state and society, the well-being and further development of the nation; resistance to adverse effects; such external and internal conditions for the existence and development of Russia as a Federation and each of its subjects that guarantee the possibility of stable all-round progress of society and the state. Some researchers consider the core of national security to be a combination of various conditions. According to V.V. Mamonov’s national security is a set of internal and external conditions of existence of an individual, society, state, ensuring decent life citizens, protection of the interests of society, the sovereignty of the people, excluding the possibility of violent change of the constitutional system. Scientists Yu.I. Migachev and N.A. Molchanov “in a broad sense, national security is understood as the totality of internal and external conditions for the existence of an individual, society, and state, ensuring a decent life for citizens, protecting the interests of society, and the sovereignty of the people, excluding the possibility of forcible change of the constitutional system. V.E. Makarov, considering security issues, offers a definition according to which, “national security is the state and conditions of life of society, which provide favorable conditions for the development of the individual, society and state, as well as other objects. E.S. Izzatdust, analyzing the category under study, comes to the conclusion that there is no single approach to defining national security. Turning to the formulation of the definition of “national security” by E.S. Izzatdust notes that in modern Russia a modern concept of national security has been adopted, consisting of three elements

Security of the individual, society and state. The main objects of security include individual rights and freedoms, material and spiritual values ​​of society, constitutional order, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the state. O.A. Chelpachenko in his dissertation research notes that national security is a system consisting of various elements - values, interests, threats and other factors that themselves represent developing systems (elements of the system) and their correct differentiation contributes to the development of a strategy for ensuring national security. The point of view of V.L. seems quite interesting. Raigorodsky, who in his dissertation research develops the idea that national security as a unity of states of protection of the interests of the individual, society and state, socially and nationally significant values, domestic and international prospects for their implementation is ensured by a system of legal and political means in its conceptual, institutional- legal and organizational-legal forms. To summarize, V.L. Raigorodsky. concludes that national security should, first of all, be considered as an idea that is politically motivated, legally formalized, and expresses national and state interests. In addition, since its content is subjectively determined by the state, it is always a national idea, revealing and generalizing the meaning of the existence of the people who make up the state in its history, representing the identity of its culture, the originality of statehood and the uniqueness of sociality, at the same time, both as a way of this existence and as his goal.

The formation of a national idea in the global space, the establishment of a hierarchy in the list of potential military-defense threats, and the formation of indicators for assessing national interests are the main factors in the proposed system for strengthening the defense-industrial potential. By defense-industrial potential we mean the likely occurrence of events in the defense industry based on the use of domestic resources.

The idea of ​​national security is defined in the statements of V.V. Putin about the upcoming tasks for the decade ahead, as well as in the leading program materials of the Russian Federation. The concept of national security states: “The national security of the Russian Federation is what ensures the development potential of the country for a long historical period, as well as the stability and well-being of society.

Guided by all of the above, it seems possible to formulate a position on the definition of national security, which in modern conditions can be understood as a state-legal institution, including a set of mechanisms and structures to ensure the state of protection of the vital interests of the individual, society and state from threats in various spheres (military, state , public, including migration, border, food, economic, environmental, information, as well as science, technology, education, culture and improving the quality of life Russian citizens). To summarize, it is also advisable to pay attention to the position of S.Yu. Chapchikov, proposing to consider the issue of developing a constitutional doctrine of security. Arguing his proposal, the scientist talks about the absence of all the necessary federal laws in the field of national security while simultaneously regulating the most relevant legal relations by numerous Strategies, as acts of the second level. The constitutional doctrine of security, in his opinion, should represent an organic unity of scientific-theoretical (conceptual), program-political (directive) and normative - legal provisions, reflecting the goals, objectives, means of achieving a state of security of the individual, society and the state based on the balance of their personal and public interests, ensuring constitutional rights and freedoms, sovereignty, territorial integrity and sustainable development of the Russian Federation in the modern world. The development of such a doctrine, taking into account new internal and external, including geopolitical, conditions for the development of Russian statehood, is an important task for the modern Russian state.

1.2 The territorial integrity of the country and its resources as a basic component of national security policy

Ensuring the territorial integrity of states is one of the pressing problems of our time. History shows numerous cases of the disintegration of states into their component parts, attempts to separate parts of their territory from states. The collapse of the USSR, the cessation of the existence of such a power, became a kind of catalyst for many such processes in the modern world. The ongoing fragmentation of the former Yugoslavia into many states, ongoing foreign attempts to secede the Chechen Republic from Russia, the difficult situation in Moldova, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, secession South Ossetia and Abkhazia from Georgia and many other modern territorial problems indicate an ongoing process of changes in the world affecting the basic principle of international law - the principle of territorial integrity.

The designation of the principle of territorial integrity in the UN Charter of 1945 and its further development in a number of well-known international documents, for example, the Declaration of Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations of October 24, 1970. , The Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe in 1975, enshrining it in numerous international documents, in the legislation of states, this principle has become generally accepted. However, both in international law and in the laws of states, including Russian legislation, the content of the principle of territorial integrity is not disclosed, its place among other principles of international law and its relationship with them have not been established. This issue, in our opinion, has not yet been properly reflected in legal science.

It should be noted that the concepts of “territorial integrity of states” and “principle of territorial integrity of states” are interrelated, but of different nature concepts: the first is philosophical, the second is legal. At the same time, the definition of these definitions has important practical significance for the world community and its normal functioning. It is the fulcrum from which it is necessary to start when understanding, implementing and ensuring the territorial integrity of each state.

State policy aims to influence the socio-economic system to give it the proper quality, which is described by a system of target indicators (volume and structure of production, level and quality of life of the population, etc.). At the same time, the resources allocated by society for its implementation are always limited. This forces us to set priorities for public policy, hierarchically arrange and regularly review its goals, objectives, methods of influence, forms of implementation and others. key elements. The formation and implementation of public policy are carried out taking into account constantly changing political, economic, social, demographic and other factors and conditions. This forces a situational review of approaches to its justification and implementation, but does not exclude the presence of a systemic genetic core of public policy, as well as the need for permanent retrospective analysis in order to identify and consolidate its successful elements in management practices.

A comparative analysis of the stages of evolutionary development of elements of state policy for the strategic development of territories in our country is given in Table 1.

Not only government bodies and authorities at various levels are considered as active participants in state policy, but also economic entities through whose economic activity the state policy of strategic development of regions is implemented. In modern conditions, when the main institutions of a market economy have been formed in the Russian Federation, the interest and motivation of business entities becomes a decisive factor in the effectiveness of the implementation of public policy measures, which requires expanded use of indicative management tools in the development and implementation of public policy. In Russian (Soviet) economic history, the author identifies four stages in the development of state policy.

Table 1 Subjects of economic development

At the first stage, the use of strategic regulatory instruments begins as part of the development of capitalism and the implementation of the Great Reforms in 1860-1870. This period is marked by an increase in government interest in the formation of strategic plans, due to which territorial planning began to develop, infrastructure was formed, primarily a network of transport communications.

At the same time, the planning and strategic activities of enterprises were in a poorly developed state for a number of reasons.

Firstly, there were practically no strategic tools for economic development and the level of economic development was low.

Secondly, the instability of the economy in Tsarist Russia did not allow the formation and implementation of strategic goals of economic entities.

Second stage ( Soviet period) contributed to the development of strategic planning, but only within the framework of hierarchically ordered government assignments, organized into five-year plans. The main strategic tools during this period were the intersectoral balance, as well as the layout of the productive forces of the territories.

The effectiveness of this approach was confirmed by the industrialization of the USSR, carried out in a short time. However, underestimation of the economic interests of enterprises and the active use of directive administrative management methods significantly contributed to the formation of economic imbalances.

The content of the third stage was determined by the transitional nature of the Russian economy and the change in the institutional principles of its structure. The ongoing economic reforms have had a negative impact on the state policy of strategic development of the regions due to a sharp decrease in the observability and controllability of the relevant processes. Despite the economic recession, positive structural changes have occurred in the economy, which contributed not only to the improvement of the tools of the state strategic policy for the development of territories, but also to the formation of new directions of state regulation, giving impetus to improving the management strategy.

Fourth, modern stage characterized by an expansion of the range of methods of systemic strategic tools of public policy. Economic policy is implemented within the framework of numerous sectoral and territorial projects and target programs, the key element of which is the Concept of Development of the Russian Federation until 2020.

At the enterprise level, separate subsystems of strategic management are being formed. At the same time, not all economic entities are involved in the formation and implementation of strategies, but only a number of large and medium-sized companies. Therefore, the diffusion of successful experience becomes an important applied task. strategic management in the private business community.

Let us highlight the main problems of the formation and implementation of state policy for the strategic development of territories in modern Russia (outdated tools for the formation of strategic plans, lack of resource potential of strategic plans, lack of effective monitoring for the implementation of the effective use of resource opportunities, etc.), the resolution of which should be concentrated efforts of both bodies authorities and corporate management.

The main ways to improve the strategic planning system in modern conditions, according to T.A. Yakushkina, are:

Avoiding a gap between the development of strategic plans and their implementation based on the development of institutional mechanisms of responsibility, not only economic (financial), but also social (reputational);

Formation of a unified state base of strategic plans that ensure the integration of strategic development plans of individual corporations, industries, regions and the economy as a whole;

Strict adherence to the principle of budgetary security - adoption of strategic plans only if there are specific sources of financing for the implementation of the strategy;

Providing priority state support (preferential loans, equipment leasing, state guarantees for contracts, etc.) to those enterprises whose strategies “fit” into state strategic plans for economic development, which will allow for proper coordination of the strategic planning process at the state and private levels business entities.

Let us conclude that a passive approach is practiced in terms of resource provision for these strategies. It comes down to economic justification resource needs, as well as identifying and developing tools for mobilizing available resources. However, as a rule, we are not talking about the development of resource capabilities of territories. Consequently, it is necessary to supplement the tools for regulating the resource capabilities of territories and eliminating imbalances in strategic development.

It is proposed that the formation of a state policy strategy be carried out not only taking into account the assessment of the competitiveness of the territory’s resources, but also their ability to transform and move. This approach made it possible to structure and identify the region’s resources, which ensure competitiveness and accelerated development of the region. This is achieved by rationalizing the distribution and formation of territory resources.

The main tool for achieving the set goals for the socio-economic development of the region is to ensure the interaction of all available resources and achieve a synergistic effect. This synergy is realized on the basis of cooperation between participants in regional development programs and the concentration of budgetary and extrabudgetary funds.

Traditional assessment of the effectiveness of state policy for the development of a territory was carried out based on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of its main elements, such as: labor resources, production capacity, infrastructure, natural resources and environmental conditions. However, such an assessment did not take into account the factors of mobility, information availability, that is, the ability of the resource base to adapt in accordance with the new priorities of the state policy of strategic development.

The most significant elements of resource potential in the development of the region are: informational, human, financial and natural-ecological (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Level of resources’ ability to transform and move

The first level includes elements of information resources, a system for accumulating and using knowledge. Their ability to move is not limited; they are classified as “flagship” elements of resource potential.

Elements of the second level are human resources: their ability to move is hampered by social conditions.

Elements of the third level - financial resources, have the ability to move, but their movement is limited by existing institutional relations.

Elements of the fourth level are natural-ecological resources, absolutely limited in movement and weakly transformable.

The implementation of state policy on the strategic development of a territory is ensured primarily through “flagship” resources, therefore, the assessment of the effectiveness of its implementation must be carried out taking into account the level of weight of resource elements, which allows not only to more fully utilize available resources in the process of territorial development, but also to stimulate them development, migration and adaptation in accordance with the goals and objectives of the implemented state policy.

The effectiveness of the state policy of strategic development of territories significantly depends on the provision of resources and the flexibility of their use. A special feature of Russia is the high degree of uneven distribution of resources between territories, which significantly affects the prospects for their development and must be taken into account in the relevant government policy. Consequently, there is a need to identify a separate resource policy aimed at identifying, systematizing, forming mechanisms for mobilization, use and development of territorial resources. This makes it possible to form an information base about the real state of the region’s resource potential when conducting analytical procedures and making management decisions within the framework of the state policy of its strategic development. The resources of a territory must be considered based on the essence of the content and objectives of the state policy of strategic development of territories.

On this basis, resources can be divided into “basic” and “flagship”. The “basic” types of resources include: material, financial, natural and others, the “flagship” types: human capital, information, new knowledge, inventions, technologies, etc. (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Structure of territory resources

Thus, in order to carry out an integral assessment of the socio-economic situation, it is necessary to take into account the resources of the region in accordance with the characteristic features that they have in terms of impact on the implementation of the development strategy.

As a result of the theoretical study, we will draw the following conclusions.

So, national security should be understood as a state-legal institution that includes a set of mechanisms and structures to ensure the state of protection of the vital interests of the individual, society and the state from threats in various spheres (military, state, public, including migration, border, food, economic, environmental, information, as well as science, technology, education, culture and improving the quality of life of Russian citizens).

Ensuring the territorial integrity of states is one of the pressing problems of our time. The main problems in the formation and implementation of state policy for the strategic development of territories in modern Russia are: outdated tools for the formation of strategic plans, lack of resource potential for strategic plans, lack of effective monitoring for the implementation of the effective use of resource opportunities, etc.

The given structure of territorial resources made it possible to identify the resources that ensure competitiveness and accelerated development of the region. This is achieved through rational schemes for the distribution of resources, both own and attracted, as well as their development and self-development. Achieving the integrity and sustainability of the development of the “flagship” resources of the region is ensured, first of all, by developing the human potential of the region, capable of ensuring the implementation of the “growth strategy”, by strengthening the role of the influence of the “flagship” resources.

2.CURRENT PROBLEMS OF OPTIMIZING THE RF STATE POLICY IN THE FIELD OF ENSURING NATIONAL SECURITY

Threats to Russia's national security in modern conditions

The complex and dynamic process of establishing a new world order is fraught with crisis and conflict in the relationships between the main subjects of international relations that claim a significant role in world politics. At the same time, the most current issue For many states that, like Russia, are experiencing a process of transformation of their statehood, as well as their socio-economic and political structure, it is not the presence of interethnic, civilizational, religious, ideological or any other contradictions.

The most important dominant feature in the practical implementation of the national interests of most modern states is resolving the issue of determining their place in the emerging world community. In practice, this self-determination means nothing more than the desire, at any cost, to become a member of the emerging transnational community, better known in modern political journalism as the “golden billion,” the essential characteristics of which are determined by its dominant and consuming role of world resources . At the same time, it is more than obvious that membership in the “golden billion” is strictly selective and limited and, accordingly, the majority of the modern sovereign states of the planet with a population of the remaining 5 billion find themselves outside this community of “consumption” with a completely predictable purpose, namely to ensure its further prosperity , by creating favorable conditions for the movement of capital, raw materials, technology, information and other resources.

Of course, first of all, this role is assigned, of course, to the Russian Federation, whose historical mission, according to leading international authors, to a greater extent than any other country, is to meet the needs of Western civilization. This is due to the fact that it is Russia that has the most significant resources and national wealth, the total value of which is at least hundreds of times higher than that of the United States with all its developed post-industrial infrastructure, not to mention other countries of the world.

In the context of the crisis development of the domestic economy and the ever-increasing need for resources of the post-industrial community, such a possibility is becoming more and more real and obvious in the process of the next stage of Western expansion in relation to Russia. Moreover, the expansion itself is carried out, of course, not for the sake of an “idea” in the form of spreading the “advanced” liberal democratic values ​​of Western society, but for the purpose of subjugating the material and human resources of other societies.

At least throughout the final decade of the 20th century, Russia tried to get out of this abyss, turning overnight from a superpower into a country with a developing economy. No less significant in their consequences were a number of other market reforms carried out under the auspices of the liberal reformers of the Friedman school, the most obvious result of which is currently the ever-deepening dependence of the Russian economy and politics on the tranches of transnational financial groups.

Therefore, the very posing of the question of whether Russia is able to manage its national wealth is not accidental. From which follows a quite logical, in the opinion of a number of Western and, primarily, American Sovietologists, conclusion about the need to put Russia’s resources under control and for the benefit of the civilized community. In a concentrated form, this ideologeme was reflected in one of the speeches of former US Deputy Secretary of State S. Talbot, according to whom: “The most obvious is the weakness of the Russian state. We are talking about shortcomings - about those things that Russia is not able to do at all, or is not able to do well enough.”

To the above, it should obviously be added that S. Talbot, throughout the last 10 years, has been perceived by the US State Department as the most authoritative expert on Russian problems, whose opinion is largely decisive for White House officials. And therefore, S. Talbot’s point of view is largely a reflection of the official position and the US administration. These are the general assessments of American experts on Russia, suggesting the formation of a very definite public opinion and perception of its image in the eyes of Western society as an unbridled and unpredictable subject, torn by internal contradictions, and therefore requiring external international control.

A strong and prosperous Russia does not fit into the logic of forming a unipolar world focused on using Russia’s resources in its own interests.

And since this is so, a targeted policy of constantly weakening Russia is necessary, which is being implemented in practice in the three most significant areas.

Thus, in particular, the first direction involves the creation of an unfriendly environment for Russia. For example, the countries of Eastern and Central Europe and the Baltic states are well aware that neither now, nor ever before, nor in the future, Russia has represented and does not pose a threat to their sovereign existence. Therefore, on the one hand, there is a clear awareness of the absence of a threat from Russia, whose interests can be infringed with impunity, whether in the Baltic, Balkan, Middle East or any other direction. On the other hand, there is a clear understanding that maintaining any close relations with the Russian Federation automatically implies opposing oneself to the entire Western community. This is why, for example, it is much more difficult for Russia to find a common language with its former allies.

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The essence, concept and components of national security. Threats to the national security of the Russian Federation, its types and forms. General scientific and special scientific methods of cognition of social and legal phenomena. Trends in the development of the modern world as a planetary integrity.

On December 7, 2010, the State Duma of the Russian Federation adopted Federal Law N 390-FZ “On Security”. In Art. 1. The following is defined as the subject of regulation of the Federal Law:

1) the basic principles and content of activities to ensure state security, public safety, environmental safety, personal safety, and other types of security provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation;

2) powers and functions of federal government bodies of the Russian Federation;

3) powers and functions of public authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

4) powers and functions of local government bodies in the field of security;

5) status of the Security Council of the Russian Federation.

The basic principles of ensuring security in the Russian Federation are established:

1) observance and protection of human and civil rights and freedoms;

2) legality;

3) systematic and comprehensive application of political, organizational, socio-economic, information, legal and other security measures;

4) priority of preventive measures to ensure safety;

5) interaction of federal government bodies, government bodies of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, other government bodies with public associations, international organizations and citizens in order to ensure security (Article 2.).

1) forecasting, identification, analysis and assessment of security threats;

2) determining the main directions of state policy and strategic planning in the field of security;

3) legal regulation in the field of security;

4) application of special economic measures to ensure security;

5) organization of scientific activities in the field of security;

6) coordination of the activities of federal government bodies, government bodies of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government bodies in the field of security;

The main directions of state policy in the field of security are determined by the President of the Russian Federation (Article 4.).

The legal basis for ensuring security in Russia is:

Generally recognized principles and norms of international law, international treaties Russian Federation.

· Constitution of the Russian Federation.

· Federal constitutional laws.

· Federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation.

· Laws and other regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government bodies, adopted within their competence in the field of security (Article 5.).

Let us note that these constitutional norms are formulated in accordance with Art. 22 Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Personal security, of course, includes social security as a set of social rights of the individual provided by the state.

The main task of law. With all variants of its understanding:

1. Is the regulation of social relations.

2. That is managing them through the adoption of a written act (document of law).

3. A document that is categorical, binding, and universal.

4. This creates legal relations (assigning responsibilities to some and granting rights to others).

The “new anthropocentrism” paradigm and environmental law. Environmental legal imperatives are still poorly rooted in the public consciousness of post-Soviet Russia: this society is not ready to put environmental interests above financial ones. Mostly technocratic social consciousness stored and reproduced by the main dominants Russian education, focused on direct empirical experience. Bearers of environmental interests (respectively, subjects of environmental rights) perform only citizens, organized and unorganized, represented by individuals and groups, associations and the population as a whole.

The specificity of the environmental legal structure is that for a person to live in favorable conditions and safe environment habitats and environmental lawmaking should be directed on legal protection people:

1) from the consequences of the destructive effects of nature (hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, etc.);

2) from the negative consequences of urbanization and the activities of the military-industrial complex, industrial development; man-made accidents;

3) from people, from encroachment on the life and property of citizens, respect for their rights;

4) from poverty and poverty ─ the human dimension in ecology.

A worldview in the spirit of “new atropocentrism” should change the economic criterion economic activity:

1) not only a minimum of costs for products, but also a minimum of damage to humans;

2) not just narrowly environmental ones, but socio-political priorities related to the preservation and conservation of the population and the increase in human capital come to the fore;

3) ensuring a decent level and quality of life by modern standards in a favorable environment;

4. security of the individual, society, state.

The Latin concept "humanitas" originally meant the desire for development human dignity in spite of the long-term devaluation of everything connected with human life.

Russian President Dmitry Medvedev approved the decree “On the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020.” The Russian Federation's national security strategy is "fundamentally interconnected" with the concept of economic development: "This strategy is a basic document for planning the development of the national security system of the Russian Federation, which sets out the procedure and measures to ensure national security. It is the basis for constructive interaction between government bodies, organizations and public associations to protect the national interests of the Russian Federation and ensure security individuals, society and state,” the Strategy notes.

The main objective of the Strategy “is to create and maintain internal and external conditions by national security forces that are favorable for the implementation of strategic national priorities.”

However, the “Concept of National Security of the Russian Federation (Concept)” was adopted earlier in 1997. In it, the national security of the Russian Federation is understood as - the security of its multinational people as the bearer of sovereignty and the only source of power in the Russian Federation. At the same time, the most important components of Russia’s national interests are determined: protection of the individual, society and state from terrorism, including international, as well as from emergency situations of natural and man-made nature and their consequences, and in wartime - from dangers arising during the conduct of military operations or as a result of these actions.

In developed European countries, providing every citizen with vital the required minimum benefits and health are included in the content of the concept of B. and this is both significant and natural and corresponds to the ideas of justice. The authors of the Concept formally could not help but admit that threat national security of Russia in the social sphere is created deep stratification of society on a narrow circle of the rich and the overwhelming majority of low-income citizens, an increase in the proportion of the population living below the poverty line, and an increase in unemployment.

Today, the content of the definition of “security” is not determined by military force, and socio-economic achievements that satisfy a person’s legitimate aspiration to freedom, equality, justice, well-being and, accordingly, to life and health. The idea that national security involves priority domestic social (political, economic, cultural) programs. Despite everything, so far only some Russian authors in academic publications manage to go beyond highly specialized, technical understanding security as an “emanation” exclusively from the power structures of the state.

The movement towards security in Russia, in our opinion, is limited by the real state of development of the Russian Federation. Neither the Russian authorities nor Russian society have an answer to two main questions. Firstly, which ones actually philosophical and ideological foundations, could a concept of security for a person living in Russia be built? And, secondly, have we developed a modern form of statehood ─ a nation ─ a state capable of developing an original, its own doctrine of national security? Undecided general issues that cannot be resolved and private.

The term human security allows us to connect the problem of human social security with his rights, which are enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. In a social state, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen include human rights to ensure life, health, freedom and favorable living environment, personal security, security of family and property. Russian welfare state acknowledges the responsibility to accept everything necessary measures to ensure these rights. Article 17 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation states: “1. In the Russian Federation, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen are recognized and guaranteed in accordance with the generally recognized principles and norms of international law and in accordance with this Constitution. 2. Fundamental human rights and freedoms are inalienable and belong to everyone from birth. 3. The exercise of human and civil rights and freedoms must not violate the rights and freedoms of other persons.”

Article 20 establishes that: “1. Everyone has the right to life. 2. Death penalty pending its abolition, may be established by federal law as an exceptional measure of punishment for especially serious crimes against life, while granting the accused the right to have his case examined by a court with the participation of a jury.”

In strict accordance with modern international law, the Constitution of the Russian Federation establishes fundamental rights (life and health, labor, etc.) and human freedoms inalienable, directly valid and belonging to everyone from birth:

a) life;

b) free work in conditions that meet safety and hygiene requirements, and forced labor is prohibited;

e) rest;

f) health care and medical care free of charge at the expense of the relevant budget, insurance premiums, and other revenues;

g) favorable environment, reliable information about its condition and compensation for damage caused to his health or property by an environmental offense (Articles 20, 37, 41, 42).

Security covers almost all aspects of people’s lives and in this regard, its legal basis includes legislation in the field of human and civil rights, health and environmental law and labor legislation. It can be presented in hierarchical form:

I. Constitution of the Russian Federation; Constitutions of the republics within the Russian Federation.

II. Basic Federal Laws on the protection of life and health:

2.1. Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on the protection of public health.

2.2. FR "0 sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population."

2.3. Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”.

2.5. Other Federal Laws and other legislative acts of the Russian Federation and republics within the Russian Federation adopted in accordance with them.

III. Legal acts autonomous regions, autonomous okrugs, territories, regions, cities. Moscow and St. Petersburg.

Along with this hierarchy, there are a number of special laws of the Russian Federation on security.

1. Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On Security”, developing the provisions of the Code of the Russian Federation on the primacy of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, established duty Russian State ─ ensure the safety of every citizen on the territory of the Russian Federation.

2. Federal Law “On industrial safety of hazardous production facilities» regulates social relations arising in sources of increased danger (HS).

4. The Federal Law “On Fire Safety” defines the general legal, economic and social foundations for ensuring fire safety in the Russian Federation.

5. Federal Law "On the protection of the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies". The Federal Law determines the general organizational and legal norms for the Russian Federation in the field of protecting the population on the territory of the Russian Federation, all land, air, water space within the Russian Federation, industrial and social facilities, as well as the natural environment from emergency situations (emergency situations) of a natural and man-made nature .