Participle. Features, spelling, syntactic role. Special verb forms
Participle – a special unchangeable form of the verb, which denotes an additional action with the main action expressed by the verb, and answers the questions WHAT IS DOING? WHAT DID I DO? HOW? HOW? etc.
Morphological features of gerunds.
The participle has the characteristics of a verb and an adverb:
Verb signs | Adverb features |
May be returnable or non-refundable wiping - wiping | The participle, like the adverb, is an unchangeable word |
Can be perfect or imperfect reading - having read | The participle depends on the predicate verb. Type subordinating connection– adjacency. |
View
Participles come in perfect and imperfect forms.
Repayment
Participles are reflexive and non-reflexive.
Writing NOT with gerunds.
NOT with gerunds is usually written separately.
For example :
without reading, without deciding.
NOT with gerunds is written together if the gerund is formed:
1) from verbs that are not used without NOT;
2) from verbs with the prefix NEDO-.
For example :
indignant
without looking, without sleep
The syntactic role of the gerund.
The participle in a sentence is always a circumstance.
The boy, having played enough, went home.
He opened the door talking on the phone.
The scheme of morphological analysis of the gerund as a special unchangeable form of the verb is simpler than that of the participle.
There are usually no special difficulties. The participle does not have an initial form and does not change; it combines the characteristics of a verb and an adverb. Constant signs can be determined when the verb from which this gerund is derived is established. The form of the verb can be determined by the questions: what are you doing? what did you do?
PLAN FOR MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF PARPILICIPLES
1. Part of speech and general grammatical meaning.
2. Morphological characteristics:
Constants (P.p.):
- type (perfect or imperfect),
- returnability (returnable or non-refundable),
- transitivity (transitive or intransitive).
Impermanent (N.p.): unchangeable form.
3. The syntactic role of the gerund (a separate circumstance expressed by a participial phrase or a single gerund).
For examples, let’s take sentences from the autobiographical story of the naturalist writer Georgy Skrebitsky “Chicks Grow Wings.”
Examples of parsing participles
1) I already had a real hunting rifle, went hunting with adults and at the same time, often, walking 3 alone in the garden or in the forest, I played hunting with myself.
1. Walking is a gerund, because. denotes an additional action, a special form of the verb gula(yut) + Ya.
2. Morphological characteristics:
Constants (P.p.):
- imperfect appearance
- irrevocable,
- intransitive.
3. Played (when? doing what?) while walking alone in the garden or forest (a separate circumstance expressed by an adverbial phrase).
2) - Mom, will you let me and the guys go fishing overnight? - I asked quickly, rushing to take advantage of such an opportune moment.
1. Haste - gerund, because. denotes an additional action, a special form of the verb spesh(at) + A.
2. Morphological characteristics:
Constants (P.p.):
- imperfect appearance
- irrevocable,
- intransitive.
Impermanent (N.p.): unchangeable.
3. He asked (why? doing what?) in a hurry to take advantage of such an opportune moment (a separate circumstance expressed by an adverbial phrase).
3) “I’ll let you go, and I’ll let you go with an overnight stay,” my mother answered, smiling happily.
1. Smiling is a gerund, because denotes an additional action, a special form of the verb smile(yut)sya + Ya.
2. Morphological characteristics:
Constants (P.p.):
- imperfect appearance
- returnable,
- intransitive.
Impermanent (N.p.): unchangeable.
3. She answered (how? by doing what?) smiling happily (a separate circumstance expressed by an adverbial phrase).
4) Mom listened with her 3 eyes wide open, smiling and constantly shaking her head.
1. Having opened - a gerund, because. denotes an additional action, a special form of the verb to reveal + V.
2. Morphological characteristics:
Constants (P.p.):
- perfect look
- irrevocable,
- transitional.
Impermanent (N.p.): unchangeable.
3. She listened (how? did what?) with her eyes wide open (a separate circumstance expressed by an adverbial phrase).
5) “This is a student’s overcoat,” he said when he returned 3.
1. Having returned - a gerund, because. denotes an additional action, a special form of the verb return + LICE.
2. Morphological characteristics:
Constants (P.p.):
- perfect look
- returnable,
- intransitive.
Impermanent (N.p.): unchangeable.
3. Declared (when? what did he do?) upon returning (a separate circumstance expressed by a single gerund).
For a competent morphological analysis of gerunds as a part of speech, this article provides a detailed action plan with visual examples. The technique is also described morphemic parsing gerunds with ghost examples.
How to make a morphological analysis of gerunds?
Morphological analysis of the gerund as an independent part of speech includes the grammatical and syntactic characteristics of the word. During the analysis, the morphological features of the gerund, as well as its role in the sentence, are determined.
Plan for morphological analysis of gerunds as a part of speech:
I. Part of speech. General grammatical meaning. Which question does it answer?
II. Initial form. Morphological characteristics ( permanent).
- View ( perfect, imperfect);
- Recoverability ( returnable, non-refundable);
- Transitivity ( transitive, intransitive);
- Immutability.
III. Syntactic role.
TOP 1 articlewho are reading along with this
Examples of morphological analysis of gerunds
Having fed children, mom went to the store.
what did you do?
II. N. f. - having fed . Morphological features: perfective form, irrevocable, transitional, unchangeable word.
III. Syntactic role - circumstance (went - When? - having fed ).
Walking, the children saw a hare running out of the forest.
I. Participle, denotes an additional action, answers the question - doing what?
II. N. f. - walking . Morphological features: imperfective form, irreversible, intransitive, unchangeable word.
III. Syntactic role - circumstance (saw - When? - walking ).
Rejoicing, he greeted his friend.
I. Participle, denotes an additional action, answers the question - doing what?
II. N. f. - rejoicing . Morphological features: imperfective form, reflexive, transitional, unchangeable word.
III. Syntactic role - adverbial (welcomed - How? - rejoicing ).
Morphemic analysis of gerunds
In some sources, morphemic analysis of gerunds is included in general grammatical analysis. Participles are an unchangeable part of speech, therefore, when analyzed by composition, they do not have endings. The formative suffixes of gerunds are - -a/-i, -v/-lice/-shi.
Examples of morphemic analysis of gerunds
Having identified himself friend. Na-zv-a-vshi-sya - a derivative of the verb “to be called”; basis - calling himself, prefix - on-, root - -sound-, suffixes - -a-, -lice-, postfix - – sya.
Reading book. Chit-a-ya is a derivative of the verb “read”; basis - reading, root - -cheat-, suffixes - -a-, -i.
On views on the nature of participles. For adults and high school students. For the rest.
Interpretations of gerunds vary. Some authors believe that gerunds are a special form of the verb, others consider them as an independent part of speech. These views are reflected in textbooks. Therefore, do not be surprised if you get your hands on a textbook in which you see a characteristic that is unusual for you. The answer to several questions depends on deciding which point of view to adhere to:
- How many parts of speech are there in Russian?
- Which form - the indefinite form of the verb or the gerund - is considered the initial form?
- What are the boundaries of the verb word, how many and what forms does the verb have?
§2. General characteristics of the participle
1. Meaning: additional action. Remember, extra. So, there is also the main thing? Yes. And both actions are carried out by one person or group of persons.
2. Morphological characteristics. The peculiarity of gerunds is that they have the characteristics of both a verb and an adverb.
The morphological features of a verb are constant features: aspect, transitivity, reflexivity.
Signs of an adverb: immutability and adverbial role in a sentence.
For more information about the morphological features of a verb, see Chapter 11. Morphology. Verb
3. Syntactic role in a sentence- circumstance.
Ivan sat thinking.
§3. Formation of gerunds
Only finite verbs have participles.
The participles are NSV and SV.
NSV gerunds are formed from NSV verbs: decide - deciding, read - reading, think - thinking.
NSV gerunds are formed from the present tense stem using the suffixes -a-, -я-: breathe → breathing, draw - drawing.
SV gerunds are formed from SV verbs: decide - having decided, buy - having bought.
SV participles are formed using the suffixes: -v-, -louse-, -shi-: shout →krikniv, kriknuvshi. The suffixes -v- and -louse- are synonymous, the suffix -louse- is colloquial. Bring → having brought.
They do not have gerund endings. Therefore, the syntactic connection between the gerund and the predicate is adjacency.
§4. Participial phrase
A participle with dependent words is called a participial phrase.
He sat with his legs dangling. He sat (how?, doing what?), dangling his legs. He sat with his (what?) legs dangling.
On the punctuation of sentences with participles and participial phrases see A20. Punctuation marks in sentences with isolated members.
Test of strength
Check your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
How many actions performed by the same person must be named in a sentence with a gerund?
- At least 2
- Many
Is it correct to consider the gerund as an inflected form?
What are the constant signs of gerunds: verbal or adverbial?
- Verbal, i.e. characteristic of verbs
- Narochny, i.e. characteristic of adverbs
Are gerund forms possible for impersonal verbs?
From what verb stem are the NSV gerunds formed?
- From the base of the present tense
- From the stem of the infinitive form of the verb
From what verb stem are the gerunds SV formed?
- From the base of the present tense
- From the stem of the infinitive form of the verb
What is the syntactic connection between a gerund and a verb as a predicate?
- Coordination
- Control
- Adjacency
Do the gerunds retain constant verbal features?
From what verbs are the NSV gerunds formed?
- From verbs НВС
- FROM SV verbs
The term “gerund” appeared in the 17th century and is made up of two parts (gerund + participle). This is the name of a secondary additional action in a sentence. By grammatical features it is very similar to an adverb because it does not change. gerunds is to indicate only it does not have.
Morphological analysis of gerunds
1.Name the part of speech, indicate the general grammatical meaning.
2. List the morphological characteristics:
Specify the initial form (infinitive form of the verb);
Returnability;
Transitivity;
Immutability.
3. Determine what syntactic role it plays in the sentence.
Pay attention!
Sometimes it can be difficult to distinguish between participles and gerunds. To deal with this, you need to understand that the participle, gerund and verb are verbal forms, and therefore associated with the meaning of the action. First of all, questions will help to distinguish them. The conjugated forms of the verb answer the following: “what am I doing?”, “what will I do?”, “what did I do?”, “what did I do?”, “what are you doing?”, “what will you do?” and others. The question “what by doing?” can be asked for the participle. or “having done what?”, as well as semantic, syntactic, helping to determine its role in the sentence: “how?”, “when?”, “why?”. For example: They stomp, holding hands, around the fire (stomp how?). Having finished the exercise, the guys raised their hands (raised them when?). Having fallen ill, I went to the hospital (when did I go?).
For communion, you can ask the question “what is he doing?”, “what is he doing?”, “what is he doing?”.
Suffixes also help in distinguishing between participles and gerunds:
The imperfective participle is formed from the stem of the verb in the present tense of the imperfective form using the suffix -a, (-я): read - reading, live - living;
It is formed from the stem of the perfective infinitive with the help of the suffix -v, -louse, -shi: to do - having done, having done, to fall - having fallen, having fallen.
In addition, by performing morphological analysis gerunds, you must indicate it (with the postfix -sya, -sya) and irrevocable (without such).
Single gerunds sometimes lose the characteristics of a verb and turn into In this case, the former gerunds no longer denote an additional action (they are not replaced by verbal forms, do not answer the questions “by doing what?”, “What by doing?”), but only denote a sign of action and answer to the question “how?” For example: The guys listened to me silently (they listened how? - silently, this is an adverb, not a gerund).
Morphological analysis must be carried out in context, writing out the gerund along with the verb whose additional action it means.
Written morphological analysis of gerunds
The nickel, jingling and bouncing, rolled along the road.
Ringing (rolled)
1. Zvenya - verb.
2. Rolled (how? doing what?) ringing. N.f. - ring.
3. (How? doing what?) Ringing.
Bouncing (rolled)
1. Bouncing - noun.
2. Rolled (how? doing what?) bouncing. N.f. - jump up.
Morph. signs: nonsense. c., irrevocable, imperishable, unchangeable
3. (How? doing what?) Jumping.
Oral morphological analysis of gerunds
Ringing (rolled)
1. Zvenya - a gerund, denotes a secondary action.
2. Rolled (how? doing what?) ringing. The initial form is to ring.
Bouncing (rolled)
1. Jumping - a gerund, denotes a secondary action.
2. Rolled (how? doing what?) bouncing. The initial form is to bounce.
Morphological characteristics: imperfect appearance, irrevocable, intransitive, unchangeable verb form.
3. In a sentence, it plays the syntactic role of an adverbial circumstance.
