Natural and recreational resources of Russia and problems of their use. Theoretical foundations of recreational resources in Russia Problems of recreation

Many geological and geomorphological monuments of Crimea are actively used as the main and complementary recreational resources. Among them are canyons and gorges, mountain peaks and passes, exotic rock remains, displaced limestone massifs (Yailin “rejections”), paleovolcanoes and prepared intrusive massifs, karst forms, paleontological, stratigraphic and other monuments. The problems of their rational use are currently very relevant.

The emergence of new types of recreational activities, increased transport and time accessibility and the level of tourist infrastructure of the territory, with uncontrolled and uneven use of monuments, a high degree of disorganization of the recreational flow, its seasonality, increase the anthropogenic load on them. On the other hand, the tourist potential of the sites in question is decreasing due to the deterioration of their ecological condition, often disruption of the natural appearance and unresolved problems of safety of visits. In this regard, these aspects of environmental management require detailed study and development of a set of optimization measures.

The problems of using recreational resources are widely covered in the scientific literature, but, in our opinion, not enough attention is paid to the issues of environmental and recreational efficiency directly to the processes of using the resource base. This also applies to the natural attractions of Crimea.

The above indicates the validity of the subject of the study and determines its goal - the study of the recreational use of geological and geomorphological monuments of the peninsula.

To study the problems of recreational environmental management, it is necessary, first of all, to find out the main factors and their indicators that have the most significant impact on the efficiency of this process.

Analysis of the scientific literature and our long-term observations in the Crimean Mountains allowed us to make the following generalizations in this aspect (Table 1).

Table 1.

Main factors of ecological and recreational efficiency of environmental management

It is obvious that with an increase in the quantitative significance of factors, the efficiency of recreational environmental management increases, which also applies to geological and geomorphological monuments.

The above theoretical developments make it possible to more substantively assess the existing problems of recreational use of these objects in Crimea.

One of the problems is the uneven distribution of recreational load in both spatial and temporal aspects, as well as the excess of its permissible norms in certain areas.

In addition, in the structure of use of many objects there is a high proportion of recreational types that have an uncompensated negative impact on the environment.

Illustrative examples are picturesque sections of river valleys (v-shaped, gorges, canyons), used for various types of tourism and recreation.

Within their boundaries, at least 80% of the recreational load falls on the lower part of the slopes (no more than ten meters from the riverbed). During excursion use, sharp territorial differences in load are observed. Visitors spend most of their time in the area of ​​the most attractive objects (usually waterfalls). As a rule, the strip of territory around the object of inspection and the nearest subhorizontal surfaces on the slopes of the valley are subject to anthropogenic influences. Its width and degree of load depend on the intensity of recreational use. With a attendance of more than 30 thousand people during the recreational season, the dense network of trails immediately near the objects of inspection merges into a continuous space where the last stages of recreational digression are noted. When the attendance is less than 10 thousand people, the degraded strip of the territory narrows from several tens of meters to 10-15 m from the riverbed. Between sections of long stops, the recreational load is of a short-term linear nature (one or several longitudinal transit paths).

The predominant use of the territory for recreation and tourism with overnight accommodation changes not only the spatial distribution of the load, but also its magnitude. Compared to excursion activities, in this case the length of stay of individual visitors increases sharply, i.e. specific recreational load. As a result, attendance of up to 5 thousand people per year in certain cases leads to local degradation of landscape complexes. At the same time, attendance of more than 50 thousand people per year during excursion use in some study areas does not cause irreversible changes in the soil and vegetation cover. The maximum loads occur at the locations of tourist bivouacs. These are slightly inclined or subhorizontal local areas on the slopes of the valley, located at a distance of at least 5 m, but not more than 40-50 m from the riverbed. The path network most often has a complex configuration, where there are radial, transverse and longitudinal elements in relation to the parking area. At the same time, the approaches to the watercourse experience 2-5 times greater load than the more remote areas of the slopes.

In canyon-shaped and box-shaped areas, the territorial structure of recreational load described above is generally preserved, but its association with the elements of the river valley changes. Very steep to steep slopes contribute to the development of recreational activities mainly in the bottoms of such valleys. Therefore, the active use zone in this case is determined by the width of the bottom.

The presented factual material allows us to make the following generalizations:

1. Spatial differentiation and intensity of recreational load depend in a certain way on the geomorphology of river valleys and on the type of recreational use.
2. Depending on the form of recreation, load indicators with similar attendance may differ by 3-5 times, and in some cases by an order of magnitude.
3. All types of valleys with steep slopes are characterized by the localization of anthropogenic impact in a narrow (up to 30-50 m) riverbed zone. This active recreation zone accounts for at least 80% of the total load.

For a number of geological and geomorphological monuments, a large concentration of the flow of tourists and excursionists is relevant, not only in the annual (seasonality problem) and in the daily dynamics of recreational use. A large concentration of visitors in certain areas of the Grand Canyon of Crimea, the Kizil-Kobinsky tract, some “cave cities”, the Atlesh tract, Mount Ai-Petri and many other territories leads to psychophysiological discomfort of recreation, a decrease in the degree of its safety and a high one-time load on the landscape. The situation is aggravated by the relief features of geomorphological attractions with their difficult operating conditions.

Additionally, non-targeted recreational and other economic use leads to a decrease in the comfort of rest and a decrease in the recreational value of geological and geomorphological monuments. For example, the active development of equestrian tourism in recent years has sharply worsened the environmental condition of many famous attractions.

It should be noted that most territories, including geomorphological recreational resources, are very poorly prepared for tourist excursion activities and recreation. First of all, this concerns the lack of infrastructure elements in the territories adjacent to the monuments and a properly designed road and path network. These and other factors certainly reduce the recreational potential of monuments.

Thus, the studies have shown that the degree of efficiency of recreational use of geological and geomorphological monuments of Crimea is very low. Ultimately, this is reflected in a decrease in the quality of the resulting recreational effect and the recreational properties of objects. And in conclusion, it should be noted that such studies are a necessary condition for the development of a set of measures for the more rational use of monuments.

Sources and literature

1. Bagrov N.V., Bagrova L.A. New approaches to the use of the recreational potential of Crimea // Problems of ecology and recreation of the Azov-Black Sea region. - Simferopol: Tavrida, 1995. - P.212-218
2. Blaga N.N. Spatial distribution of recreational loads within various geomorphological types of river valleys (on the example of the territories of the Northern Territory of the Mountainous Crimea) / Reserves of Crimea. Part I. Geography. Reserved matter. Botany. Forestry. - Simferopol: KRA "Ecology and Peace", 2005. - pp. 23-26.
3. Elozina E.N. Efficiency of use of recreational resources (using the example of the Odessa region). Diss. ...cand. econ. Sci. 08.08.01.- Odessa, 1996.- 140 p.
4. Zhivitsky A.V. Scientific principles for assessing the socio-economic efficiency of recreational environmental management. Diss. ...cand. econ. Sci. 08.08.01.- Odessa, 1995.- 440 p.
5. Nudelman M.S. Socio-economic problems of recreational environmental management.- K.: Naukova Dumka, 1987.-132.- P. 4.
6. Rational use and protection of resort and recreational resources of Crimea: Abstract. report - K.: Naukova Dumka, 1982. - 138 p.
7. Recreational resources of the USSR: Problems of rational use / Rep. ed. V.I. Kozlov et al. - M.: Nauka, 1990. - 168 p.

In Ukraine, the share of tourism income in the gross national product does not exceed one percent. Despite the obvious economic feasibility and urgent social need for the development of the recreational complex, today in Ukraine there is no complete cadastre of lands for resort, recreational and environmental purposes and the indicators of the needs of reserve territories for the development of resorts, recreation and tourism have not been adjusted even in the near future. Among the objective reasons that led to the decline in the development of resort, recreational and environmental areas, the following should be mentioned: a decrease in the needs of the Ukrainian population for resort, tourist and recreational services from 20 to 8% (due to a drop in the general standard of living, the formation of a private sector of holiday villages and gardening associations); restructuring the network of resort and tourist and recreational organizations, reducing their number; stagnation of resort and tourist-recreational construction, lack of investment, lack of tax benefits for this type of service, land rental, use of energy resources (which is widely practiced in a number of countries - Turkey, Tunisia and even Kazakhstan); use of part of the existing fund for other purposes (offices, small businesses) due to the low level of comfort in some organizations, the unprofitability of their operation, the inability to compete in the tourism market. A significant factor for Ukraine is the loss of resort, recreational and natural reserve lands due to their radioactive contamination as a result of the Chernobyl disaster (1.4 million hectares were withdrawn from this type of use), which requires additional reservation of such territories in ecologically clean areas.

However, an assessment of the potential of the recreational fund and resort and medical resources gives objective grounds to believe that the situation that has developed in the industry is temporary, and Ukraine has the prospect of reviving tourism, and primarily from abroad; building up resort, recreational and environmental areas with a special status (to ensure the reproduction of the gene pool of flora and fauna, preserving the diversity of natural complexes, protecting unique balneological resources), which should account for about 20% of the state’s land fund. The main thing in planning the long-term expansion of territories of landscape and natural resources should be the determination of their value and priorities in the formation of further investment policy. From this point of view, it is necessary, first of all, to reserve territories of unique balneological, mud and beach coastal resources, as well as territories of the future natural reserve fund. To solve all these problems, it is necessary, first of all, to determine scientifically based priorities for the reservation, functional use and protection of resort and recreational areas, taking into account regional characteristics. To successfully solve the problems of land protection, along with the implementation of specific measures, their comprehensive cost assessment as a natural resource is of great importance. The monetary valuation of land as a complex natural resource prompts the need to increase the level of validity of decisions that are made regarding the intended use of land when forming a system of regional development, taking into account their environmental and socio-economic role when determining the strategy for the economic use of specific territories. And finally, the monetary valuation of land is a key issue in building an economic market mechanism for efficient land use based on its transformation into productive capital, which operates together with other capital in a market environment. With the transition of the Ukrainian economy to market principles and business conditions, fundamental changes have occurred in its recreational complex. Before the start of the economic reform process, the state of the recreational industry was characterized by a deficit in industry services. Wide demand was due, first of all, to the low price of vouchers for sanatorium and resort treatment, since the bulk of the costs were paid by trade unions from social insurance funds or other sources. On the other hand, the affordability of prices for vouchers was ensured by the fact that the development of the material and technical base of recreational, health and tourism institutions was carried out at the expense of the owners of these institutions or at the expense of the state budget. This means that the financing of this process was not transferred to the shoulders of specific consumers of services - vacationers. The planning and management of the activities of these institutions was completely regulated by their owners, and was also coordinated at the local level. Market conditions were the only criterion for the activities of economic entities that determined the receipt of profit. The economic crisis, accompanied by a drop in production, a decrease in profitability and an increase in the unprofitability of most industrial enterprises, on the balance sheet of which were sanatorium and resort institutions, led to the fact that enterprises were unable to further finance current expenses, and, moreover, develop their material base . In order to recoup production costs, pay taxes to the state, ensure break-even and maintain their material and technical base in an appropriate condition, enterprises of the resort and tourism complex were forced to raise prices for vouchers. However, this step was met with a sharp decline in the level of income of the main part of the country’s population and its effective demand for industry services. Combined with a sharp reduction in state support for the recreational sector and the almost complete disappearance of social tourism and children's recreational facilities, this led to the fact that the country's sanatoriums, houses and recreation centers lost the main contingent of vacationers. Unfortunately, the previously existing and destroyed administrative mechanisms were not promptly replaced by new, adequate emerging market conditions, which led to the crisis state of the resort and tourist complex. His enterprises continue to experience difficulties due to the unreasonable taxation practice in which they, being essentially medical institutions, pay taxes on a general basis. Utility bills are unreasonably inflated, the share of which in the cost of vouchers reaches 50%. For state-level resorts, the issues of relationships with the state budget, the volume and system of centralized financing, and other forms and methods of state support are especially acute. Thus, to adapt to changing market conditions, it is not enough for specific recreational enterprises to limit themselves to just drawing up their own development program. The market model of the economy required the development of fundamentally new approaches to the formation of an organizational and economic mechanism for the development of the resort and tourism complex. This process is very complex and requires a serious restructuring of economic and social relations in this complex. There is an increasing need to develop and improve mechanisms of state regulation and financial support for the recreational industry. The processes of privatization and corporatization taking place here require closer attention and in-depth analysis, which are not always carried out in accordance with the existing legal and regulatory framework. There is no real mechanism for attracting investment in resort and tourist complex facilities; extensive, ineffective methods of using recreational resources remain. At the same time, the domestic tourism business has adapted to market conditions, and quite quickly. Unfortunately, this adaptation took a roundabout route, which was very ineffective for the state. In a short time, many private companies were formed that began to satisfy the needs of Ukrainian citizens in tourism, primarily in foreign ones. Outbound tourism has increased enormously, which, from an economic point of view, is equivalent to the export of capital from the country. And although it is now unrealistic to say that Ukraine will receive income from tourism comparable to income from this sector of the economy, for example, in Mediterranean countries, nevertheless, one cannot help but admit that the opportunities for tourism development in Ukraine are enormous and recreational resources are largely unused .Conclusions and prospects for further development. According to forecast calculations based on the use of the resource potential of resort and recreation lands, which amounts to 9.1 million hectares, Ukraine has the opportunity to provide almost the entire population of the country with the necessary good rest, and there are also great opportunities for the development of international tourism. Special developments require the organization of a complete cadastre of lands for resort, recreational and environmental purposes and the correction of indicators of the needs of reserve territories for the development of resorts, recreation and tourism in the future.

“We have a program for the Social and Economic Development of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, for the implementation of which we need $16 billion,” says Victor Plakida, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. “But this is a long-term program that provides, figuratively speaking, European-quality renovation of the entire region and is designed to last until 2014.” A third of the announced amount will fall on the shoulders of the central and local budgets, the rest will be private investment.

It is necessary to increase investment in resort and tourist-recreational construction, as well as provide benefits in taxation of this type of service, land rental and use of energy resources to create possible and faster competition for Ukraine in the tourism market. To solve all these problems, it is necessary to determine scientifically based priorities for the reservation, functional use and protection of resort and recreational areas, taking into account all regional characteristics. It is necessary to determine a comprehensive, cost assessment of land as a natural resource, which leads to an increase in the level of validity of decisions made regarding the intended use of land in the formation of regional development systems. In order to optimize the increase in the level of scientific validity of decisions, it is necessary to conduct a widespread (across all territories of the resort and recreational complex) monetary valuation of land (both cadastral and market). This assessment is a key issue in building an economic market mechanism for efficient land use. This article is one of the first steps in developing a fundamentally new approach to the formation of an organizational and economic mechanism for the development of a resort and tourism complex. Based on the above, we can confidently speak about the need to develop and improve mechanisms of state regulation and financial support for the resort and recreational sector of the country’s economy.

1. Recreational resources and their distribution on the planet. Problems of rational use.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of Japan.

3. Explanation of the directions of the main oil flows using maps.

1. Recreational resources and their distribution on the planet. Problems of rational use.

Recreational resources are: firstly, objects and natural phenomena that can be used for recreation, tourism and treatment; secondly - cultural and historical attractions.

The first group includes: sea coasts, banks of rivers and lakes, mountains, forests, outlets of mineral springs and healing mud.

In these places, vacationers and tourists find the greatest diversity and picturesque natural landscapes, rich vegetation, healing climate, good opportunities for recreation, sports, hunting, fishing, etc.

The main forms of natural and recreational areas: green areas around large cities, nature reserves, national parks.

For your information: in the world there are more than 2.5 thousand large nature reserves, reserves, natural and national parks, which together occupy an area of ​​over 4 million square meters. km or 2.7% of the earth's land.

In Africa:

· largest national parks: Serengeti, Kruger;

· reserves: Selous, Central Kalahari.

In North America:

· largest national parks: Yellowstone, Wood Buffalo, Kluane, Cumbres de Monterey;

· reserves: Death Valley, Noatak.

In South America:

· largest national parks: Manu, Iguazu;

· nature reserves: Islas Guitecas.

In Eurasia:

· largest national parks: Gauja, Low Tatras, Taman Negara, Meshchersky;

· nature reserves: Belovezhskaya Pushcha, Kostomuksha, Astrakhan.

The second group includes monuments of history, archaeology, architecture and art.

For your information: the Moscow Kremlin, Petrodvorets near St. Petersburg, Westminster in London, the Versailles palace and park complex near Paris, the Roman Colosseum, the Athenian Acropolis, the Egyptian pyramids, the Taj Mahal tomb in Agra (India), the largest museums in the world are visited by millions of people every year .

The richest recreational resources are found in countries where favorable natural conditions are combined with cultural and historical attractions. These are countries such as Italy, Spain, Greece, Egypt, Turkey, Israel, Tunisia, France, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, India, Mexico, Bulgaria, Thailand, etc.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of Japan.

Japan, which the Japanese themselves call the Land of the Rising Sun, is one of the economic leaders of the modern world.

Territory area - 372 thousand square meters. km.

The capital is Tokyo.

The form of government is a constitutional monarchy.

The form of administrative-territorial division is federation.

Economic and geographical characteristics of the country:

1) economic and geographical position: Japan is located on the eastern coast of Eurasia. This state is an archipelago located on 4 large islands (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu) and almost 4 thousand small ones.

It is washed from the west by the Sea of ​​Japan and from the east by the Pacific Ocean.

The country is located at the crossroads of the sea routes of the Asia-Pacific region, which provides great opportunities for its participation in the international geographical division of labor.

2) natural conditions and resources are poor:

· relief: mountainous, lowlands occupy less than 1/2 of the area;

· mineral resources: poor; only local resources;

· soils: brown forest soils, yellow soils, red soils;

· land resources: depleted; most of the land is occupied by industrial development, arable land and pastures;

· climate: climatic zones: subtropical and temperate monsoon; temperatures: summer +16 - + 24 degrees, winter -8 - +8 degrees; precipitation - 500-3000 mm;

· agroclimatic resources: favorable for growing rice, vegetables, tea;

· waters: numerous rapids small rivers;

· water resources: used to generate electrical energy and irrigate fields; resource availability of total river flow per capita is 2.5-5 thousand cubic meters per year (average value);

· forests: monsoon;

· forest resources: occupy 2/3 of the territory;

· resources of the World Ocean: near the Japanese islands, coal, iron ore and natural gas are mined from the bottom of the sea. The energy of ebbs and flows, ocean currents, sun and wind is used.

3) population:

a) population - 125 million people;

b) population density is high - 300 people per square meter. km, most of the inhabitants are on the coasts;

c) type of reproduction - II; birth rate, mortality rate, natural increase are low;

d) there are more women than men;

e) general aging of the population; the world's highest average life expectancy - about 80 years;

e) national composition - 99% Japanese;

g) religion - Buddhism, Shintoism;

g) level of urbanization - 76% of the population.

Large cities: Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya; the agglomerations formed around them together form the largest megalopolis of Tokaido (average population density - 800-1000 people per sq. km);

h) labor resources - highly qualified; more are employed in the non-productive sphere, less in agriculture and fishing.

4) economics:

Japan is the second industrial power in the world and ranks third in exports of products after the USA and Germany.

Conditions that influenced the development of the country:

Development of a well-thought-out national economic development strategy taking into account local conditions;

Combination of large mass production with small supplier enterprises;

Purchase and implementation of scientific and technical inventions;

High level of education system;

Limiting military spending;

Traditional hard work of the Japanese.

a) industry:

· ferrous metallurgy: 1st place in the world; enterprises are located on the coast for easy delivery of imported raw materials;

· non-ferrous metallurgy: aluminum smelting;

· automotive - 1st place in the world, automobile concerns "Toyota", "Nissan", "Honda";

· shipbuilding: produces about 1/2 of the ships of the foreign world;

· energy: nuclear power plants and hydroelectric power stations predominate;

· chemical and petrochemical: on the coast and near ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy plants;

· electrical and electronic: 80% of the world's production of VCRs; televisions, radio equipment, computers, etc.;

b) agriculture: provides almost 3/4 of the population's food needs.

The main industry is crop production (rice, wheat, soybeans, vegetables).

Livestock farming - its share is gradually increasing (fishing, farming of fish, shellfish, algae). Japan ranks first in the world in terms of fish catch.

c) transport: all types are developed, except river and pipeline; 90% of domestic transport occurs by road transport. The sea view ranks first in the world in terms of carrying capacity.

5) internal differences:

Eastern part of Honshu Island: high population density, urbanization, concentration of industrial production;

Southern Honshu and northern Kyushu: the level of economic development and the degree of industrial concentration are lower;

Southern part of the islands of Kyushu and Hokkaido: the least developed part of the country.

6) external economic relations: Japan is a member of the G7 international community, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).

The country ranks second in the world in terms of foreign trade volume and is one of the largest exporters of capital.

3. Explanation of the directions of the main oil flows using maps.

Firstly: using the World Energy map, we determine the main leading countries in oil production, they are: Russia, USA, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, China, Mexico, Venezuela, Kuwait, UAE, Nigeria, Norway.

Secondly: using the same map, we find oil exporting countries: the Persian Gulf states (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Iran, Iraq), Venezuela, Russia, Norway, Nigeria, Mexico, North Africa (Algeria, Libya).

Thirdly: using the same map, we identify oil importing countries: Japan, Western European countries, the USA.

From the above data, we can draw the following conclusion: the main exporters of oil are developing countries, and the importers are developed countries, despite the fact that oil production is carried out in both.

It can be explained this way:

1) poverty or lack of oil reserves in developed countries; for example: the USA, Western Europe, China, although they produce large amounts of oil, do not fully cover their needs for it;

2) “conservation” of their reserves;

3) use of cheaper raw materials.

Ticket number 12

The scientific and technological revolution allowed humanity to unload its muscles, but it strained its nerves and widened the gap with nature. The increasing number of people on the planet and the growth of consumption are increasingly using natural resources and loading the resource base of the planet. And recreational and basic components are at the forefront of priorities that will satisfy the needs of people and not separate them from nature. Preserving nature and caring for it in this vein are becoming increasingly important.

Agroclimatic and recreational resources

Since the very beginning of human civilization, we have been using in our activities all the opportunities that have formed on our planet over billions of years. The development of science and technology has led to global depletion of reserves, and this is no exception. This is the ecocide of nature by man, which led to the emergence of man-made earthquakes and huge tsunamis, the loss of millions of square kilometers of fertile soils and unique biogeocenoses. For nature, humanity turned out to be not a child caring for its parent, but a destroyer and even a pest. The entire diversity of the planet’s recreational resources is under threat, and the need to meet food needs forces us to be increasingly careful about the available agroclimatic resources.

Nature for us

When we talk about recreational resources, we mean everything that can be used to satisfy a person’s need for recreation, both active and passive. This group includes natural components (landscape, water, flora and fauna), sights of a cultural and historical nature and the corresponding associated infrastructure. Man is a child of nature, and in conditions of increasing emotional and social stress on citizens, we are increasingly drawn to touch the sources - untouched islands of nature. The topic of development of the tourism industry and its environmental friendliness is vast and multifaceted. But its problems are inseparable from the general problems of the ecological state of the planet.

World agroclimatic resources

Today, the problem of providing food to the world's population is no less acute than it was a century ago. Meeting the needs in this case is the responsibility of what has long been the basis of the world economy. Agricultural resources are the whole complex of indicators that affect the productivity of agricultural farming and provide the capacity and potential of rural production. The duration of the photoperiod, the average daily temperature and humidity are the main components of the planet’s agroclimatic resource.

A separate environmental science - agroclimatology - is engaged in assessing climatic features and the potential for their use, studying agricultural land as a single biogeocenosis, monitoring and developing ways to reduce unfavorable factors, agroclimatic zoning and developing a solution to the problem of agroclimatic resources.

The farmer's main wealth

The optimal amount of sunlight, a warm climate and an acceptable level of humidity are the most important indicators of successful agriculture. Let us try to clarify the concept of “agroclimatic resources”. The definition of components could be as follows:

• Average daily indicator of the growing season. All crops have their own biological zero (minimum and maximum temperatures). For each ecological zoning zone, methods have been developed that assess the potential efficiency of growing a particular crop.
• The vegetative period and accumulation of biomass are ensured by the processes of photosynthesis. Its light and dark periods play a life-determining function for plants. Photoperiodism is the length of daylight hours for a given ecological zoning zone.
• The formation of 1 gram of dry matter by plants is ensured by the consumption of up to 1 thousand grams of water. Humidity indicators are an important component of the agroclimatic resource of the area.
• Snow cover, its quantity and quality, is important as a factor in storing moisture and ensuring that perennial crops survive the non-vegetative period.

These are the main, although not the only indicators characterizing agroclimatic resources.

This is important

All resources on the planet are distributed unevenly. And agroclimatic ones are no exception. The zone assessment includes about 70 indicators unique to a given area. Although this set of resources is classified as renewable natural resources, their quality and quantity are influenced by both natural factors (general warming on the planet) and anthropogenic factors (pollution, merciless use). Man-made disasters generally take entire regions out of production along with their agricultural resources.

Humanity's challenges

Since the 90s of the last century, the world community has adopted the concept of sustainable development, which implies the combination of economic and environmental approaches to the use of the planet’s resource base and such a component as agroclimatic resources. This is the only true path that will ensure the safety of the planet for future generations. The concept of sustainable development includes many points; in the context of our topic, we will highlight the following priority tasks:

• ensuring the stability of natural resources through rational use;
• developing green agriculture and increasing its productivity;
• development of technologies that reduce the burden on the planet’s climate;
• optimization of energy saving technologies and alternative energy sources.

ABSTRACT

in the discipline "Economic Geography"

on the topic: “Recreational potential of the Russian Federation”

• INTRODUCTION
• 1. GEOGRAPHY OF RECREATIONAL AREAS IN RUSSIA
• 2. MAIN PROBLEMS OF USE OF RECREATIONAL RESOURCES IN THE RF AND PROSPECTS FOR THEIR DEVELOPMENT
• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES
• INTRODUCTION
• Recreational activities of people, including sanatorium-resort treatment, health recreation and tourism, trips to dachas and gardening plots, are becoming increasingly important.
• In the process of recreational activities, recreational resources are used - natural and man-made processes and phenomena that can be used to satisfy the recreational needs of the population and organize the recreational economy.
• This work will examine the recreational resources of Russia, first of all, from the point of view of the main landscape and climatic zones.
• 1. GEOGRAPHY OF RECREATIONAL AREAS IN RUSSIA
• Traditionally, components of natural or cultural landscapes are referred to as recreational resources. Climatic, water, hydromineral, forest, mountain, socio-cultural (historical and cultural monuments) and other types of resources are distinguished. In recreational environmental management, the beauty of the landscape, the beautiful diversity of the area, the material and spiritual culture of the country, the exoticism of nature, and the uniqueness of architecture can serve as resources. All types of recreational resources are represented in Russia.
• Recreational zoning is the division of a territory according to homogeneous characteristics and the nature of recreational use. There are several approaches to the manifestation of recreational zoning. They are zoned: according to the level of favorableness for a specific type of activity; in terms of resource development, in terms of development of recreational infrastructure. The selection of areas depends on the purpose, scale of the study and on the economic and political objectives that are set.
• The last zoning of the CIS territory was carried out in 1994. The entire territory was divided into 4 large zones. They included 20 recreational areas; within Russia - 15.
• The main area-forming factor is the function of the territory depending on the predominant use of the recreational resource. These functions include:
• · medicinal;
• · health;
• · tourist;
• · excursion.
• According to the level of development they distinguish:
• · developed recreational areas;
• · moderately developed recreational areas;
• · underdeveloped recreational areas.
• There are also areas focused on inbound and outbound tourism.
• Among the regions of Russia, from the point of view of recreational resources, the following groups can be distinguished:
• Group 1 (unfavorable natural conditions):
• These are the most northern regions of Russia:
• Magadan Region, Nenets Autonomous District, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) Autonomous District, Chukotka Autonomous District, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District
• Group 2 (unfavorable natural conditions):
• Aginsky Buryat Autonomous District, Amur Region, Arkhangelsk Region, Kamchatka Region, Republic of Karelia, Komi Republic, Komi-Permyak Autonomous District, Koryak Autonomous District, Murmansk Region, Tomsk Region, Khabarovsk Territory, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous District, Chita Region, Evenki Autonomous District
• Group 3 (favorable natural conditions):
• This is the largest group:
• Republic of Altai, Altai Territory, Astrakhan Region, Republic of Bashkortostan, Republic of Buryatia, Vladimir Region, Volgograd Region, Vologda Region, Jewish Autonomous Region, Ivanovo Region, Irkutsk Region, Republic of Kalmykia, Kirov Region, Kostroma Region, Kurgan Region, Leningrad Region, Republic of Mari -El, Republic of Mordovia, federal city Moscow, Moscow region, Novosibirsk region, Omsk region, Orenburg region, Perm region, Primorsky Territory, Ryazan region, Samara region, federal city St. Petersburg, Saratov region, Sverdlovsk region, Northern Republic Ossetia, Tambov region, Republic of Tatarstan, Republic of Tuva, Tyumen region, Udmurt Republic, Ust-Orda Autonomous Okrug, Republic of Khakassia, Chelyabinsk region, Chuvash Republic, Yaroslavl region.
• Group 4 (the most favorable natural conditions):
• Republic of Adygea, Belgorod Region, Bryansk Region, Voronezh Region, Republic of Dagestan, Ingush Republic, Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Kaliningrad Region, Kaluga Region, Krasnodar Region, Kursk Region, Liᴨȇtsk Region, Novgorod Region, Oryol Region, Pskov Region region, Rostov region, Smolensk region, Stavropol region, Tver region, Tula region, Chechen Republic.
• When assessing each component as a recreational resource, its benefits to human health and well-being are taken into account. Thus, when assessing climatic conditions, temperature, wind, and precipitation regimes are considered. Among them, the resources of ultraviolet radiation (UV) are important, providing protective reactions of the body (anti-rachitic, bactericidal), giving a tan.
• Socialists on UV radiation have developed the following zoning of the country:
• Zone I of UV deficiency is not favorable enough, located north of 57.5° N. latitude. Here, during the cold season, UV radiation is completely absent for 2-4 months, forming the so-called period of biological darkness.
• UV comfort zone II is the most favorable, located between 57.5° north latitude. and 42.5° N It is characterized by the presence of UV radiation throughout the year. The optimal dose of tanning is 20-30 minutes.
• Zone III of UV-excessive irradiation is not favorable enough and is located south of 42.5° N latitude. The high intensity of summer radiation determines the optimal tanning dose of 13-15 minutes.
• Based on the density of recreational facilities, the districts are divided as follows:
• 1) High density of recreational institutions: Caucasian-Black Sea, North Caucasian, Gorno-Caucasian, Azov regions.
• 2) Average density of recreational institutions: Central, Northwestern, Western, Volga, Ural regions.
• 3) Weak development of recreational resources, focused on recreation of the local population: Ob-Altai, Eʜᴎϲ, Pribaikalsky. The maximum development here is in the Pribaikalsky region.
• 4) An extremely weak degree of development of recreational resources and a weak degree of development of tourism and recreational institutions. Northern Russia and the rest of most of Siberia.
• According to landscape and climatic zones in Russia, the following are distinguished:
• · ice zone;
• · tundra zone;
• · taiga and forest zone;
• · zone of steᴨȇy, semi-deserts and deserts
• · zone of mountainous regions.
• By region in Russia there is the following socialization of tourism:
• In the Northern region (ice zone and tundra zone) educational, ecological, cruises, hunting, fishing, alpine skiing, amateur tourism, pilgrimage are developed (Arkhangelsk region, Karelia).
• In the North-Western region (forest zone) there are: educational, business (congress), recreation, health tourism, cruises, automobile tourism. In the Kaliningrad region - treatment, business and congress tourism.
• The central region (forest zone) is famous for such types of tourism as educational, business, congress, treatment, and automobile.
• In the Volgovyatsky district (forest zone), educational, business, cruise, fishing tourism, as well as treatment, are developed. In the North Caucasus region (steady zone, mountainous areas) - treatment, educational, alpine skiing, ecotourism.
• The Central Black Earth region (forest zone) is distinguished by educational, automobile and business tourism.
• In the Volga region (forest zone) fishing, educational tourism, and cruises are represented.
• The Ural region (a zone of forests and taiga) is distinguished by: sports, amateur, educational tourism, alpine skiing, and ecotourism.
• In the Siberian region (taiga and forest zone) there are amateur, ecological and sports tourism. We will separately highlight Baikal as a multifunctional zone with medical and health tourism.
• In the Far Eastern region (taiga and forest zone), we will separately highlight a coastal multifunctional zone with health, educational, sports tourism, etc. In the rest of the territory there are educational, health, business, fishing, and ecological tourism.
• 2. MAIN PROBLEMS OF USE OF RECREATIONAL RESOURCES IN THE RFAND PROSPECTS FOR THEIR DEVELOPMENT
• Today tourism in Russia is a highly active recreational industry. But a number of problems can be identified in its development. Thus, as noted above, the recreational potential of the Northern region of the country and the Urals is insufficiently used. It is also necessary to develop Moscow and St. Petersburg as multifunctional zones.

In the North Caucasus region, which is of great recreational importance for Russia, migration capacity has practically been exhausted and the parameters of environmentally permissible load and infrastructural deprivation have been exceeded.

The load of migrants is especially high in the Krasnodar, Stavropol, and Altai territories (more than 1% of the total population). Thus, in the Krasnodar and Stavropol territories, Rostov region for 2002-2004. The migration increase amounted to 392, 163, 175 thousand people, respectively.
The resettlement of migrants is largely spontaneous and often impractical from an environmental point of view.

The problem of migration is related to the creation in the buffer zone of the North (Near North) of fairly large urban settlements - basic centers of residence for the population serving mining sites on a rotational basis. In conditions of a particularly vulnerable natural environment, it is necessary to comply with environmental legislation.

In modern, very dynamic life, having a place to relax during the day and on weekends is of great importance. Organizing a short-term vacation has its own characteristics. In cities, parks, gardens, embankments, and green areas serve this purpose.

Currently, landscape and recreational systems do not form a single natural-ecological framework of the territory that influences the creation of favorable living and recreational conditions for the population. The reduction in green areas in cities is associated with the seizure of land for development, the digression of green areas under the influence of mass visits, and the deterioration of the sanitary condition of green spaces.

In the new economic conditions, Russian cities are experiencing significant organizational and financial difficulties with landscaping; as a result, the volume of construction work and the introduction of new landscaping facilities in urban areas are decreasing. An increase in citywide plantings was noted in a number of settlements in the Northwestern, Central, and West Siberian economic regions, in particular in the St. Petersburg, Moscow, Yaroslavl, and Omsk agglomerations.

The massive drying out of green spaces along highways with multi-lane traffic continues, reaching 80-100% in some areas

The population of urbanized territories in different regions of the country has different levels of water and recreational resources, the importance of which in the formation of a favorable human living environment is increasing every year. The Central, Volga, East Siberian, Far Eastern economic regions have rich water resources, the use of which is not exhaustive. In the Ural economic region, an unfavorable situation has developed with water supply to cities and their agglomerations. Thus, in the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk agglomerations there is a shortage of water resources to meet the needs of industry and urban services.

Serious environmental problems are associated with the placement of municipal solid waste (MSW) storage sites and sludge sites for sewage sludge from urban wastewater treatment plants in suburban areas with valuable recreational and environmental landscapes.

Landfills for storing solid waste of various types occupy an area of ​​about 10 thousand hectares, of which only landfills operated in the cities of Astrakhan, Vladimir and Orel meet environmental requirements.

The completion of modern industrial installations for the processing of solid waste and sewage sludge in a number of cities (Kostroma, Samara, Chelyabinsk, etc.) and landfills for storing solid waste will help improve the environmental situation in many agglomerations.

The Central and North Caucasus economic regions are characterized by high recreational potential. Natural resort areas that are attractive for organizing short-term recreation for city residents are located on the territory of the Kirov, Saratov, Krasnodar, Rostov, Moscow and St. Petersburg agglomerations.

Traditional Russian resorts on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus (Krasnodar Territory) and the Baltic Sea coast (Leningrad Region), as well as in the Caucasian Mineral Waters region, still have increased levels of pollution of natural components and local areas of recreational digression, although the main flows of recreationists have moved to other territories .

To date, new recreational zones are being formed on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, Krasnodar and Stavropol territories, Moscow and Leningrad regions. At the initial stage of development there are recreational areas in the Tula and Samara regions. The recreational role of the Yaroslavl, Ivanovo, Kostroma and Vladimir regions, gravitating towards the Moscow region, will increase. Existing national parks, in particular Losiny Ostrov and Pereslavsky, as well as the planned Zhuravlinaya Rodina nature reserve near Moscow, will contribute to the rational distribution of recreational loads and the improvement of the ecological situation of urban settlements.

CONCLUSION

The Russian Federation is a country with great recreational potential. Almost most regions of Russia can serve as a base for the development of inbound tourism.

To develop recreation areas, it is necessary to solve a number of economic problems. But environmental problems play no less importance in the development of tourism zones.

Mass recreation in recreational areas is accompanied by a strong impact on them.

Recreational use of forests and other types of landscapes leads to transformation of vegetation (the disappearance of the most vulnerable species, the introduction of less vulnerable ones, the spread of meadow species in forest ecosystems), soil cover (destruction of forest litter, a decrease in the thickness of the humus horizon, compaction), and soil microflora.

Country holidays on weekends usually take place on the banks of a river or reservoir, when a parking lot with a fireplace is arranged, in connection with this, pollution of the reservoir, shedding of slopes, and the formation of potholes are added to the impacts already discussed. Great fire hazard. As a result of these influences, natural complexes enter a new state.

Ways to optimize recreational environmental management include calculating permissible loads on recreation areas, which would guarantee the preservation of the quality of natural complexes and ensure the possibility of their self-healing.

The growing need for recreation determines the increase in the number and size of recreational areas and their appropriate arrangement.

In order to preserve natural complexes that are unique, there is a practice of organizing national parks, which combine the ideas of preserving natural landscapes with recreational and, in some cases, agricultural use of natural resources.

REFERENCES

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2. Kolotova E.V. Recreational resource science. Study guide. M., 1999.

3. Nikolaenko D.V. Recreational resource science. Study guide. M.: VLADOS, 2001.

4. Svatkov M.N. and others. Tourist resources of the USSR // Izvestia VGO, 1981. No. 13. Vol. 2.

5. Khrabovchenko V.V. Ecological tourism. Study guide. M.: Finance and Statistics, 2002.