Diplomatic service in the Russian Federation. Features of the diplomatic service Passage of the diplomatic service and its legal framework
Diplomatic
INTRODUCTION
DIPLOMATIC SERVICE AS A TYPE OF PUBLIC SERVICE:
HISTORY AND PRESENT
Chapter 1.1.
MAIN STAGES OF FORMATION RUSSIAN DIPLOMATIC SERVICE
1. The origins of Russian diplomacy and diplomatic service
2. Diplomatic reform of Peter I: transition to the European model of diplomatic service
3. Diplomatic service in post-Petrine times
4. Foreign policy apparatus of the Russian Empire at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries.
Security questions
Literature
Chapter 1.2.
SOVIET DIPLOMATIC SERVICE
Security questions
Literature
Chapter 1.3.
DIPLOMATIC SERVICE IN THE CIVIL SERVICE SYSTEM RUSSIAN FEDERATION
1. Civil service: status, principles, functions
2. Political neutrality and professional responsibility of a civil servant
Security questions
Literature
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE DIPLOMATIC SERVICE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Chapter 2.1.
CENTRAL BODIES FOREIGN POLICY RELATIONS OF RUSSIA
1. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, its status and tasks
Operational work of the central apparatus of the Russian Foreign Ministry
Security questions
Literature
Chapter 2.2.
INTERNATIONAL LEGAL STATUS DIPIPAL REPRESENTATIONS, CONSULAR INSTITUTIONS AND THEIR PERSONNEL
1. Concept and principles of the legal status of the foreign mission of the Russian Federation
2. Inviolability of premises and the procedure for ensuring it
3. Freedom of relations with the accrediting state
4. Basic immunities and privileges of vehicles
5. Immunities and privileges of personnel of diplomatic missions and consular posts
Security questions
Literature
Chapter 2.3.
DIPLOMATIC REPRESENTATIONS: STATUS, FORMS AND METHODS OF SERVICE
ACTIVITIES
1. Classification of diplomatic missions
2. Staff of the diplomatic mission
3. Diplomatic Corps
4. Embassy of the Russian Federation: its structure and functions
5. Issues of interstate exchange
Security questions
Literature
Chapter 2.4.
CONSULAR SERVICE AND ITS FUNCTIONS
1. Establishment of consular relations and creation of consular offices
2. Consular functions
3. Consular relations with CIS member countries
Security questions
Literature
Chapter 2.5.
FEATURES OF THE DIPLOMATIC SERVICE IN SPECIAL MISSIONS AND PERMANENT POSTS RUSSIA UNDER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
1. Permanent missions and special missions: legal status, forms and priorities
official activities
2. Permanent missions of the Russian Federation to international organizations of the UN system
3. Permanent missions of the Russian Federation to regional organizations
5. Diplomatic representation of the Russian Federation at forums of new international structures
Security questions
Literature
Section III
COMPLETION OF DIPLOMATIC SERVICE
Chapter 3.1.
DIPLOMATIC SERVICE WORKER: CONCEPT, STATUS, COMPETENCE
1. Diplomatic service employee and his social and legal status
2. Professional and personal qualities of a diplomatic service employee
3. Features of working with young specialists
Security questions
Literature
Chapter 3.2.
CONCEPT AND FEATURES OF DIPLOMATIC SERVICE
1. Passage of diplomatic service and its legal basis
2. Planning is the basis for optimizing the diplomatic service system
3. Public position of the diplomatic service and the procedure for filling it
4. Rotation of diplomatic servants
Security questions
Literature
Chapter 3.3.
SECURITY OF THE DIPLOMATIC SERVICE
1. Security as a problem of diplomatic practice
2. Contemporary issues security and ways to solve them
3. Anti-terrorism security
4. Ensuring the security of the Russian Foreign Ministry and its apparatus
Security questions
Literature
DIPLOMATIC SERVICE PERSONNEL:
PROFESSIONAL AND PERSONAL POTENTIAL, RELATIONSHIP STYLE,
MATERIAL SUPPORT
Chapter 4.1.
ORGANIZATIONAL AND PERSONNEL SUPPORT OF THE DIPLOMATIC SERVICE
1. Personnel situation in the diplomatic service system
2. Personnel Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and its main functions
3. Forms and methods professional development diplomatic service workers
4. Reserve as a form of working with diplomatic service personnel
Security questions
Literature
Chapter 4.2.
MANAGEMENT STYLE AND ITS ROLE IN OPTIMIZATION OFFICE RELATIONS
1. The concept of service relationship style
2. Classification of performance styles
3. Main characteristics of the optimal work style
4. Ways to master an effective style of office relationships
Security questions
Literature
Chapter 4.3.
PAYMENT OF DIPLOMATIC SERVICE EMPLOYEES
1. Official salary of a civil servant of the Russian Foreign Ministry system
3. Financing of salaries in the diplomatic service
Security questions
Literature
MAIN DIRECTIONS AND FORMS OF DIPLOMATIC SERVICE
Chapter 5.1.
INFORMATION AND ANALYTICAL FUNCTION OF THE DIPLOMATIC SERVICE
1. Information and its role in the public administration system
2. Requirements for diplomatic information
3. Sources of information
4. Information processing
Security questions
Literature
Chapter 5.2.
ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL WORK OF THE RUSSIAN MFA AND ITS FOREIGN REPRESENTATIONS
1. Economic diplomacy
2. Cultural diplomacy
Security questions
Literature
Chapter 5.3.
PROTOCOL SERVICE
1. The concept of diplomatic protocol
2. Diplomatic techniques: preparation and conduct
3. High-level visits: categories and formats
4. Development of uniform protocol standards for the reception of foreign delegations in the 70-80s
5. Basic provisions of the state protocol practice of the Russian Federation
Security questions
Literature
Chapter 5.4.
DIPLOMATIC SERVICE AND MASS MEDIA
1. State and media: legal framework and principles of interaction
2. The main directions and forms of work of the press service of the Russian Foreign Ministry
3. Experience of the press services of Russian diplomatic missions abroad
Security questions
Literature
Chapter 5.5.
DOCUMENTARY SUPPORT AND DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
1. Organization and importance of documentation support for the diplomatic service
2. Drawing up and processing of documents in the diplomatic service system
3. Systematization of documents and control over their execution
4. Diplomatic documentation and diplomatic correspondence
Security questions
Literature
DIPLOMATIC SERVICE ABROAD
Chapter 6.1.
INTERNATIONAL CIVIL SERVICE
1. History of creation
2. Structure of the UN system and principles of the international civil service
3. Organization of service.
Requirements for international civil servants
4. Role and place of the International Civil Service Commission
5. Prospects for the development of the international civil service
Security questions
Literature
Chapter 6.2.
FRENCH DIPLOMATIC SERVICE
Security questions
Literature
Chapter 6.3.
BRITISH AND AMERICAN MODELS OF DIPLOMATIC SERVICE
1. Diplomatic services of Great Britain and the USA: general and special
2. Historical roots of the diplomatic service of the Old and New Worlds
3. Features of the organization of the diplomatic service in modern conditions
4. Selection, training and promotion of diplomatic personnel
Security questions
Literature
Chapter 6.4.
GERMAN DIPLOMATIC SERVICE
1. The formation of the diplomatic service of modern Germany
2. The place of the diplomatic service in the system of public authorities of Germany
3. Organization of the diplomatic service and its structure
4. Techniques and methods of the German diplomatic service
5. Features of the modern German diplomatic service
Security questions
Literature
Chapter 6.5.
DIPLOMATIC SERVICE OF JAPAN
1. Formation of the Japanese diplomatic service
2. Implementation of the functions of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as the basis for the diplomatic service
3. Resolving personnel issues
4. Features of the diplomatic service
Security questions
Literature
APPLICATIONS
INTRODUCTION
A highly professional and well-organized diplomatic service as an integral component of the civil service of the Russian Federation is the most important condition for the state to successfully perform its functions and solve strategic and tactical policy problems Russian state on the international stage.
Many years of historical experience testify that the state is strong not only with its economic power, scientific, technical and military potential, but also with its diplomacy, skillful and flexible diplomatic service, and the professional and moral potential of the diplomatic corps. It is the diplomatic service that largely determines the success of solving foreign policy problems facing the state. Especially if its development does not lag behind, but keeps pace with the emergence of Russia as a democratic state. The importance of efficiency, professionalism, and competence of diplomatic institutions and their employees objectively increases at turning points in the history of a state, when its legal framework and socio-political essence changes. This is on the one hand.
On the other hand, changes in the management, organization, forms and methods of activity of diplomatic structures are due to a certain modification of the system of international relations, globalization and internationalization of international problems, the increased influence of new information technologies on the diplomatic process, and an increase in the share of multilateral diplomatic activities of relevant institutions. The influence of all these factors will increase in the 21st century, which naturally puts on the agenda the task of strengthening the scientific foundations of diplomacy and the diplomatic service, highlighting this issue in a special direction of domestic social science, and forming a special training course “Diplomatic Service”.
At the same time, we proceed from the fact that serving in public positions of the federal civil service in the structures of the country's foreign policy department is a special type of professional activity. Moreover, it is one of the most complex, responsible and interesting types of professional activity, ensuring the solution of strategic nationally important tasks and allowing to fully reveal the diversity of human individuality.
The diplomatic service is regulated by the relevant regulations of international law, primarily the Vienna Conventions on diplomatic (1961) and consular (1963) relations, provisions and articles of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the federal law “On the Fundamentals of the Civil Service of the Russian Federation”, the requirements of relevant decrees President and resolutions of the Government of the country, orders and instructions of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. There are many other normative and legal acts that determine the activities of the apparatus of government bodies in terms of their performance of international diplomatic functions on the basis of generally recognized principles international law and international treaties of our country.
A special place among these documents belongs to the “Concept of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation”, approved by the President of the Russian Federation on June 28, 2000. The Concept presents in a concentrated form an analysis of the international situation, outlines views on the content, main directions and priorities of Russia’s foreign policy activities aimed at creating equal, mutually beneficial, partnership relations between Russia and the outside world. For Russian diplomacy and the diplomatic service, the orientation of foreign policy officials towards the primary solution of such tasks as:
Ensuring reliable security of the country, preserving and strengthening its sovereignty and territorial integrity, strong and authoritative positions in the world community as one of the influential centers of the modern multipolar world;
Influence on global processes in order to form a stable, fair and democratic world order;
Creation of favorable external conditions for the progressive development of Russia, the rise of its economy, raising the standard of living of the population, successful implementation of democratic reforms, strengthening the foundations of the constitutional system;
Formation of a belt of good neighborliness along the perimeter of the Russian borders, eliminating existing and preventing emerging potential sources of tension and conflict in the regions adjacent to the Russian Federation;
Finding agreement and common interests with foreign countries and interstate associations in the process of solving problems determined by the national priorities of Russia and improving the conditions and parameters of international interaction;
Comprehensive protection of rights and interests Russian citizens and compatriots abroad;
Promoting a positive perception of the Russian Federation in the world, popularizing the Russian language and culture of the peoples of Russia in foreign countries.
Diplomatic Service - This is the professional activity of federal civil servants holding diplomatic service positions in the system of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. It is implemented by employees holding public service positions in the central office of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in diplomatic missions and consular offices of the Russian Federation, representative offices of the Russian Federation at international (interstate and intergovernmental) organizations, representative offices of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the territory of the Russian Federation, as well as in some other organizations subordinate to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. This ensures the fulfillment of the functions and powers of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as federal body executive branch conducting public policy and carrying out management in the field of relations of the Russian Federation with foreign states and international organizations, as well as coordinating the activities in this area of other federal and regional government bodies.
However, the problem of solving the above problems exists and it is connected with the fact that today there is still a noticeable discrepancy between the real processes of formation of the diplomatic service, as well as its functioning and the real needs of the state for a high-quality and effective diplomatic service. This contradiction primarily determines the relevance and practical significance preparation of a new generation of textbooks and teaching aids on problems of foreign policy, theory of diplomacy and the diplomatic service. Moreover, this kind of literature is published infrequently, but the need for it is considerable.
The subject of the course “Diplomatic Service” is a combination of political, social, managerial, organizational and legal relations(conceptual and regulatory framework), emerging in the process of formation, functioning and development of the apparatus of government bodies regulating international relations. First of all, these are the patterns, nature and trends in the development of the diplomatic service as a special socio-legal institution; mechanisms for making and organizing the execution of decisions; information-analytical, legal, organizational and technical support for diplomatic activities; performing the diplomatic service, the procedure for selecting, appointing and evaluating the work of diplomatic workers; intellectual staffing and personnel management of the diplomatic service. The issues of diplomatic protocol, organization of office work, ensuring the security of Russian foreign missions, and the salaries of diplomatic workers were not left aside.
The textbook covers many other aspects of the organization and functioning of the diplomatic service. We are talking, in particular, about conducting a comparative analysis of the Russian diplomatic service with the most significant experience for us in organizing this institution in foreign countries and international organizations. At the same time, the civilian international service of the UN, the diplomatic services of France, Great Britain, the USA, Germany, and Japan are of greatest interest. It seems very fruitful to include in the manual special subjects that reveal the main stages of the formation and historical evolution of the forms, methods, and style of work of the Russian diplomatic apparatus in the process of previous historical stages of state building in our country.
The theoretical and methodological basis for the analysis of the diplomatic service were the provisions and conclusions set out in the works of famous statesmen, domestic and foreign political scientists, lawyers, sociologists, historians, and economists. The regulatory source base consists of constitutional and current legislation, regulatory legal acts of government. The work widely used official materials, archive documents, scientific data from the country's leading sociological services - VTsIOM, ROMIR, the sociological center of the RAGS, the sociological faculty of Moscow State University, the Public Opinion and Vox populi foundations. Significant assistance in understanding the problems of the diplomatic service and the prospects for its development was provided by an expert survey conducted according to the methodology of scientists of the department public administration and rights of MGIMO (U) in February 2002. 43 reputable international relations scholars, lawyers, political scientists, sociologists, and diplomats acted as experts.
The appendices contain the most important legal acts regulating official relations in the system of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Of course, it is difficult to cover all the diversity of areas and shades of the diplomatic service in one manual. Considerable difficulties are also associated with the lack of an established conceptual apparatus and the need to use more strictly normative terminology when analyzing the diplomatic service. In further work on the manual, it is obviously necessary to include relevant chapters on the specific practice of professional support for the activities of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and its leadership in such areas as strengthening international security and the fight against international terrorism, solving energy problems and creating a financial and credit system beneficial for Russia. configurations of international cooperation, assistance to Russian business abroad, diplomatic support of Russian foreign economic projects, protection of human rights and freedoms, interests and dignity of compatriots abroad, information support of foreign policy activities, material and financial support for the Russian Foreign Ministry system.
Mastering the Foreign Service course will decide tasks:
Promotions professional competence students and listeners of the system of training, retraining and advanced training of diplomatic service personnel from the point of view of ensuring a high level of their theoretical, methodological and practical training on the problems of diplomacy and the diplomatic service. This means a more complete and profound assimilation by each student of the essence, trends and features occurring in the world practice of organizing the diplomatic service of processes;
Development of practical skills and abilities to solve political-managerial, organizational-legal, information-analytical, personnel and other tasks within the framework of professional support for the activities of public authorities to implement the foreign policy interests of the Russian state;
Mastering historical domestic and foreign experience in the organization and functioning of the diplomatic service, adapting the best world experience to the conditions of modern Russia;
Formation of such professional qualities of a diplomatic employee that would take into account as fully as possible not only all the diversity of the current stage of world development, but also the peculiarities of the organization and functioning of the diplomatic service in one’s own country and abroad.
Cand. history sciences, prof. MGIMO(U), Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary (Chapter 2.5 co-authored, 5.2 co-authored); , Minister Counselor of the Russian Embassy in Japan (chapter 6.5 co-authored); , Ph.D. legal Sciences, Associate Professor Moscow State Law Academy (chapter 4.4); , Ph.D. history sc., prof. MGIMO(U), Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary (Chapter 6.2); , Ph.D. legal sciences, prof. MGIMO(U), (chapter 2.2); , Ph.D. history Sciences, Associate Professor Department of Diplomacy of MGIMO (U), Envoy Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary 1st class (chapter 2.4); , doctor polit. Sciences, prof., head. Department of Diplomacy of MGIMO (U) (Chapter 1.1); , Ph.D. sociol. Sciences, 1st Secretary of the Russian Embassy in Japan (Chapter 6.5 co-authored); , Ph.D. legal Sciences, Professor, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, Head. UNESCO Department of MGIMO (U), (chapter 5.5); , Ph.D. tech. Sciences, Envoy Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary 2nd class (Chapter 3.2 co-authored); , Ph.D. watered Sciences, Associate Professor Department of Diplomacy of MGIMO (U), (chapter 2.5, 5.2); , Doctor of History. sciences, prof. (chapter 5.1); , prof. Department of Diplomacy of MGIMO (U), Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary (Chapter 5.3);
Doctor of History. sciences, prof. (chapter 6.3); Doctor of Sociol. Sciences, prof., head. Department of Public Administration and Law MGIMO (U), (chapters 1.3, 4.3, 3.2 co-authored); , assistant professor Department of Diplomacy, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary (chapter 3.3); , Ph.D. history sciences, prof. Department of Diplomacy of MGIMO (U), Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary (chapters 1.2, 2.1, 2.3); , Ph.D. history Sciences, Prof., Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary (Chapter 6.4); , Rector of MGIMO(U), Doctor of Political Sciences. Sciences, Prof., Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary (introduction); , Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Russian Federation, Deputy. Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, (chapters 3.1, 4.1, 6.1); , Doctor of Law. Sciences, Head of the Department of Press and Information of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary (Chapter 5.4).
Section I
DIPLOMATIC SERVICE
AS A TYPE OF PUBLIC SERVICE:
HISTORY AND PRESENT
The diplomatic service has long been identified as a special type of professional activity. The study of the main stages of its formation cannot ignore the questions of what should be considered a historical milestone marking its appearance, what is the essence of the principles and patterns of its functioning, what are the historical trends in development and influence on international relations. It should be taken into account that the process of becoming a professional diplomatic service must be considered in the context of the development of domestic and world diplomacy as a whole. After all, it is the professional public diplomatic service that can be considered one of the examples of “globalization ante litteram.”
Chapter 1.1.
MAIN STAGES OF FORMATION
RUSSIAN DIPLOMATIC SERVICE
KEY CONCEPTS
DIPLOMACY- a set of means, techniques and methods for achieving the foreign policy goals of the state; a system of relations between sovereign states based on the mutual exchange of permanent diplomatic representatives who embody the sovereignty of their ruler.
AMBASSADOR'S ORDER- the central government agency of Russia in the mid-16th - early 18th centuries, in charge of relations with foreign states.
STREPA- obligatory signature under laws, highest decrees and international treaties
CAMERALISM- administrative career training system.
The diplomatic service in the public administration system was formed at a certain time (the Renaissance) and in a certain place (Italian city-states). It was here that the first permanent diplomatic missions appeared. Milan and Mantua exchanged resident ambassadors in 1375 to better coordinate their actions against Verona. In the future, such representations are increasingly carried out on a reciprocal and regular basis, first between Italian states and then other countries.
Over time, such organizational forms were adopted by other countries, each of which introduced its own features into the diplomatic service that characterize the culture and characteristics of national diplomacy. But what was common to all foreign policy services was:
Availability of state foreign policy offices;
Formation of a class of officials paid from the state treasury, professionally involved in ensuring the foreign policy activities of the state;
Expansion of the system of mutual permanent diplomatic missions;
The emergence of a special type of diplomatic correspondence and diplomatic archives.
An important moment in the formation of the diplomatic system was the so-called “papal revolution” of the beginning of the 11th century, which laid the foundation for a clear separation of secular and church functions. The establishment of the secular principle in the Renaissance worldview paved the way for a new order of power, in which sovereignty, that is, supreme power, is claimed not only by the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor, but also by many secular rulers. Naturally, in such conditions, each king carefully took care that his ideas about his own status were recognized not only at his court, but also at the courts of other crowned heads. Thus, the royal ambassador in the new diplomatic system acted as a herald of royal sovereignty.
In parallel, a system of international relations is emerging, based on the principles balance. In the XVI-XVII centuries. the search for balance is becoming the main content of the foreign policy of almost all leading European states. Maintaining balance required flexible coalitions and alliances, reliable knowledge of the intentions and capabilities of rulers and their states. The implementation of such a policy could only be ensured by a well-developed, professionally organized system of mutual and permanent diplomatic missions, led from the center by the corresponding offices. This system was first developed in Italy.
The policy of balance thus, on the one hand, stimulated the emergence of an organized and permanent diplomatic service, and on the other hand, it was effective diplomacy that made the implementation of the policy of balance possible.
1. The origins of Russian diplomacy
and diplomatic service
The formation of a professional diplomatic service in Russia occurred as the centralized state expanded and strengthened. The historical framework of this process covers the XV-XVII centuries. and generally coincide with pan-European ones. With the rise of the Moscow principality, a special place was occupied by the Boyar Duma, consisting of representatives of the feudal nobility. Since the 15th century it turned into a permanent advisory body. This is reflected in the stream of diplomatic documents that appeared during the reign of Ivan III (1462-1505). Reception of foreign diplomats, negotiations, preparation of documentation on embassy affairs - everything was under the jurisdiction of the Boyar Duma.
As power was centralized, the Boyar Duma began to prevent the sovereign from pursuing an autocratic foreign policy. Therefore, during the reign of Vasily III, a private council of the sovereign arose, a kind of cabinet, consisting of the tsar’s proxies - the Middle Duma. She prepared decisions and submitted them for approval by the Boyar Duma. It is the “close Duma members” who are most often mentioned as the tsar’s personal representatives during negotiations with foreign diplomats. This custom continued into the 17th century. The head of the diplomatic department, boyar Nashchekin, wrote to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (1645-1676): “In the Moscow state, from time immemorial, as in all states, ambassadorial affairs are in charge of the people of the secret Middle Duma.”
In addition to the Boyar and Middle Dumas, there was another institution that in its activities came into contact with embassy affairs - this was the Treasury. In the XV - early XVI centuries. The State Yard, located on the territory of the Moscow Kremlin, was one of the first institutions for external relations and at the same time a repository of diplomatic documents. Here the boyars and treasurers received ambassadors.
From the 15th - first half of the 16th century. in the diplomatic relations of Russia, the participation of representatives of the new class was noted - clerks and their assistants - clerks Since the 80s of the 15th century. documents talk about identifying a category embassy clerks. They attended receptions, gave speeches on behalf of the Grand Duke, and recorded the progress of negotiations. The clerks accepted letters from foreign ambassadors, were permanent members of “reciprocal” commissions, and often themselves traveled abroad as part of the embassy. With their participation, orders were written, and they were in charge of diplomatic documentation. Palace clerks were responsible for the placement and arrangement of foreign diplomats.
As the functions of the central government expand, new institutions appear - orders- structures similar to the Italian “offices”. The emergence of an order on external affairs - Ambassadorial order Most historians date it to the period of the reign of Ivan IV (1533-1584). The embassy order had extensive powers, in addition to foreign relations, was in charge of foreign merchants, was involved in the ransom and exchange of prisoners, managed a number of territories, was in charge of the post office, and the collection of customs and other taxes. Such extensive functions made the work of the embassy department difficult and caused some discontent. It is no coincidence that Ordin-Nashchekin (1667-1671) lamented that they “interfered with embassy affairs and tavern affairs.”
The service in the Ambassadorial Prikaz was carried out by clerks and their assistants - clerks. Employees were located along a career ladder leading from clerks (“young”, “middle” and “old”) to clerks. The “old” clerks, as a rule, headed the territorial departments that appeared in the order - districts. Three districts dealt with relations with European countries, two with Asian states. The clerks accepted the letters brought by the ambassadors; led preliminary negotiations; attended receptions of foreign diplomats; checked draft response letters; drew up orders for ambassadors and bailiffs sent to meet foreign ambassadors. They headed the embassies. In the 17th century the first permanent diplomatic missions of Russia were established in Sweden (1634) and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1673).
At the same time, a ranking system for diplomats was also taking shape. From the 16th century The documents mention:
great ambassadors- analogue of ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary;
light ambassadors- analogue of the extraordinary and plenipotentiary envoy;
messengers- analogue of a plenipotentiary envoy;
sent- an envoy with a one-time assignment;
messengers- fast couriers;
messengers- couriers with emergency orders.
From the very beginning, the Ambassadorial Prikaz had a translation department at a high level. Oral translations were carried out by interpreters, written translations by translators. They were often recruited from foreigners located in Russian service, or Russians who were captured. At the end of the 17th century. 15 translators and 50 interpreters carried out translations from Latin, Italian, Polish, Volosh, English, German, Swedish, Dutch, Greek, Tatar, Persian, Farsi, Arabic, Turkish and Georgian.
The February Revolution of 1917 created a new system of power. The highest legislative body after the abdication of the Tsar and before the convening of the Constituent Assembly became the Provisional Government, formed by the Provisional Committee of the State Duma. The provisional government, which enjoyed the support of the majority of tsarist diplomats, practically preserved the structure and personnel of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs that had developed by that time.
Later, on the initiative of employees of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Society of Employees of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was established, which was supposed to enter into a federal connection with bureaucratic unions and delegate its representatives to the State Duma. The Society was headed by the Executive Committee. Along with junior employees, the Executive Committee also included some senior officials of the ministry. The Charter limited the powers of the Society and set the task of improving the material, financial, organizational and technical conditions of service. However, objectively, the Society played a more significant role; some members of the Executive Committee sought, and not unsuccessfully, to manage the department. Ultimately, the Executive Committee turned into a kind of “ministry within a ministry” and had considerable influence on solving problems of a diplomatic nature.
The executive committee operated until October 27, 1917. Having transformed into a strike committee, it, together with other bureaucratic organizations that entered into direct struggle with the Bolsheviks, refused to cooperate with the new political regime. Thus, the Russian diplomatic service entered a fundamentally new stage of its development.
From all of the above, it follows that the formation and development of the Russian diplomatic service, which has taken place over the centuries, sometimes in very dramatic circumstances, can be conditionally divided into several stages:
1. Formation in the 16th century. professional diplomatic service of Russia (Ambassy order) indicates its transformation into an independent branch of public administration. Moreover, this process basically coincides in time with similar processes in the development of diplomatic services in European countries. The features of the Russian diplomatic service of this period are explained characteristic features her government structure, first of all, a “symphony” of the authorities.
2. The reforms of Peter I radically changed the state structure of Russia. This entailed the inclusion of Russian diplomacy in the pan-European diplomatic system. Diplomacy Russian Empire has rightfully ranked among the most highly professional and skillful diplomacy in the world. The experience of the domestic diplomatic service accumulated in those years is of lasting importance today.
3. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century. the inconsistency of the public administration system with the changes taking place in the country and in the international arena caused serious symptoms of a systemic crisis. The collapse of the monarchy led to further reform of the diplomatic service in a republican spirit. The revolution of 1917 opened a qualitatively new stage in the development of Russian diplomacy and the diplomatic service.
Security questions
1. When did a professional diplomatic service appear in Russia and who can be called professional diplomats?
2. How were the diplomatic reforms of Peter I connected with the reform of the Russian government?
3. Why was the Ambassadorial Order replaced by the Collegium of Foreign Affairs?
4. What led to the emergence of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Russia?
5. What was the official structure of the embassy during the reign of Catherine II?
6. In what terms did Gorchakov’s reforms relate to the problems of selection for the diplomatic service and training of diplomatic personnel?
7. What was the crisis of the public administration system in the field of foreign policy on the eve of the February revolution of 1917?
Literature
1. Italian Diplomatic Service. Historical sketch. M., 1995.
2. History of Russian foreign policy. The end of the XV-XVII centuries. / Ed. . M., 1999.
3. History of Russian foreign policy. End of the 18th century / Under. ed. . M, 1998.
4. History of Russian foreign policy. The end of the 19th - the beginning of the 20th century. / Ed. , . M., 1997.
5. The eye of all great Russia / Comp. . Ed. cov. M., 1989.
6. Foreign policy of Rus', Russia and the USSR. M., 1995.
7. Russian diplomacy: History and modernity. Materials of the scientific and practical conference dedicated to the 450th anniversary of the creation of the Ambassadorial Prikaz. M., 2001.
8. Notebooks on the diplomatic service of states. History and modernity. M., 1998.
KEY CONCEPTS
PEOPLE'S COMMISSARIAT FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS- a government body whose main tasks were: developing the foreign policy course of the Soviet state, establishing foreign relations with other states; informing foreign states and the world community about the political course communist party and the Soviet government, their specific foreign policy actions.
PRINCIPLES OF DIPLOMATIC SERVICE- initial provisions, ideas and concepts through which the most stable and significant political, legal, organizational and managerial connections and relations in the diplomatic service system are realized, built and regulated. They were determined by the basic postulates of Soviet power: party leadership, unity of ideology, politics and management, democratic centralism, nomeklatura in the personnel sphere.
The October Revolution of 1917 led to the destruction of the previous state machine of Russia and its replacement with a new one that met the needs of the Soviet state. This was expressed both in the principles of creating new government bodies and in their structures. The above fully applies to the creation and evolution of the department of foreign affairs - the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs.
In the first years of Soviet power, it had a republican character. Then, with education USSR, acquired the character of an all-Union one. In 1944, after the union republics were granted the right to have their own foreign affairs departments, it became union-republican and, finally, after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the establishment of Russia as an independent state, it again became republican.
The People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs began as a republican department in the October days of 1917. During these same days, the first people's commissars were approved - the heads of the new central government departments. Bronstein became People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs. However, less than six months later he was replaced in this post. It is he who is considered the statesman who stood at the origins of Soviet diplomacy. With his active participation, the principles of functioning and the structure of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs and the Soviet diplomatic service were developed, and a cadre of professional diplomats of the new generation was trained.
The country's leadership attached special importance to the activities of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs and kept it under vigilant control. The People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs was intended to serve as a kind of think tank for developing the foreign policy line of the Soviet state.
The priority tasks of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs included: establishing foreign relations of the Soviet state; preparation of peace negotiations with the aim of ending their war; creating conditions for proper border control; providing opportunities for foreign trade transactions; normalization of visa practices; establishing transfers of funds through the Red Cross for the maintenance of Russian prisoners of war and resolving questions about their future fate; informing foreign states and the world community about the political course of the Soviet government and its specific foreign policy actions.
The overwhelming number of officials of the tsarist Ministry of Foreign Affairs declared a boycott of the new government, organizing a strike and refusing to fulfill their official duties. The majority of diplomats and employees working in Russian embassies and consulates also refused to cooperate with the Soviet authorities. All those who refused to cooperate with new government officials were fired. The People's Commissariat received the building and, with the help of the Red Guards, took it under guard. But there was practically no one to work there.
The lack of diplomatic personnel in the conditions of the political and economic isolation of the country, the continuing advance of German troops into its territory, the threat of armed intervention from the Entente powers and the flaring fire of the civil war forced us to look for other measures in order to prevent the paralysis of the newly created foreign policy body.
A solution was found: to appoint to responsible posts of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs people from among those who were active, had good organizational abilities and had earned the trust of the leadership of the Communist Party. Moreover, the class principle became the main principle of selection and assignment to work in the apparatus of the foreign policy department. The staff included primarily members of the Communist Party with extensive party experience and young people from among the workers and Red Guards.
Gradually, the apparatus of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs acquired the necessary features of an institution worthy of its name. It now employs qualified translators, encryption specialists, typists, clerks and other technical workers who have undergone proper testing. The structure of the department was also emerging. If in the first weeks of the formation of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, its apparatus consisted of only two dozen people, then during the peace negotiations with Germany, the number of the apparatus increased more than six times and exceeded 120 people.
A special personnel department was created in the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs. From that moment on, a nomenclature system for the selection, placement and training of diplomatic personnel began to take shape. An important criterion for assessing personnel and their selection into the apparatus was membership in the Communist Party. This principle was given special significance. It is no coincidence that, wondering what explains the fact that the People’s Commissariat for Foreign Affairs has the best staff of employees, he answered: “Because, firstly, diplomats of the old brand could not remain there in any noticeable proportion, and secondly, because we they selected comrades solely on the basis of compliance with new tasks, thirdly, by the fact that the People’s Commissariat for Foreign Affairs does not have that abundance of employees repeating the old qualities of officials..., fourthly, by the fact that the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Affairs works under the direct leadership of our Central Committee.”
The principles of class and party leadership were preserved in the future, including after the creation of the Soviet Union, until its collapse. A procedure had developed in which not a single appointment to a leading position in the central apparatus of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs or in foreign missions could take place without the approval of the Secretariat of the Central Committee, and in special cases, subsequent approval by the Politburo. Almost the entire diplomatic service was under the control of the highest party bodies. Moreover, not a single diplomatic action developed by the NKID-MFA of the USSR could be carried out without the consent of the highest party authorities.
In March 1918, the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, together with other government agencies, moved to Moscow. The move to Moscow took place in very difficult military-political conditions of civil war and open armed intervention. But victories on the fronts, combined with effective diplomatic efforts, ensured that the international position of Soviet Russia was changing for the better. By this period, the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs had noticeably strengthened its legal and socio-political status, had a fairly harmonious structure, and clearly defined functions. In addition to the People's Commissar and his deputies, the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs included the Secretariat and a number of departments: the West Department, which dealt with issues relating to the countries of Western, Southern and Northern Europe, as well as limitrophe countries; Central Europe Department; department of neutral countries; department of the East, as well as independent departments for Romania and Ukraine. The functional departments included: economic and legal, visas, diplomatic couriers, as well as an information bureau. The departments for special problems and for prisoners of war affairs acted as temporary structural units. The administrative and economic part included personnel, financial, cash loans and transfers, as well as economic departments.
In the first years of its existence, the RSFSR established diplomatic relations with ten states: with Afghanistan in 1919 (confirmed by an agreement on February 1921), with Turkey, Iran, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Finland - in 1920, with Poland and Mongolia - in 1921, with Germany - in 1922; signed a number of trade agreements. By 1922, there were already 28 such agreements. The creation of trade missions under such agreements was often seen as de facto recognition of the country.
The establishment of diplomatic relations was accompanied by an exchange of diplomatic missions. But since in Russia by that time all classes, civil ranks, ranks and titles had been abolished, the head of the Soviet diplomatic mission did not have the commonly used title of Ambassador, Envoy or Charge d'Affaires. He was simply called the Plenipotentiary Representative (Plenipotentiary Representative) of the Soviet state. This often baffled the protocol service of the destination country, especially during official ceremonies. The question often arose about the place of the plenipotentiary representative in the diplomatic corps. Ill-wishers tried to place him below even the chargé d'affaires. To exclude such cases, the credentials of the plenipotentiary representatives indicated the class to which he must correspond.
The functions of the Union People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs according to its regulations dated January 1, 2001 included:
a) protection of the external political and economic interests of the USSR, as well as its citizens abroad;
b) implementation of decisions on the conclusion of treaties and agreements with foreign states;
c) management of the implementation of treaties and agreements concluded with foreign states and assistance to the relevant institutions of the USSR and union republics in the exercise of their rights established by these treaties;
d) monitoring the implementation by the relevant authorities of treaties, agreements and acts concluded with foreign states.
The creation of the Soviet Union was an event that was extremely important for all its member republics. The Soviet Union was a powerful power that had to be reckoned with. The consequence of this was the expansion of diplomatic relations in all directions. Number of countries that have established relations with Soviet Union before the start of the Great Patriotic War reached 26, and at the end - 52. The Soviet Union began to actively exchange military attaches.
In parallel with the expansion of the number of states that established diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union, trade ties also expanded. This led to the expansion of the network of trade missions of the USSR (trade missions). The first Soviet trade missions began to be created back in the 20s (in European countries and China). In the USA, the Amtorg joint-stock company was formed, which became the main trading agent of Soviet foreign trade associations. As trade relations developed, it became necessary to consolidate the status of trade missions in legislation, which was done in September 1933. The Decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR approved the “Regulations on trade missions and trade agencies of the USSR abroad.”
Strengthening the position of the Soviet state in the international arena required adjustments in the structure of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs. This primarily affected the territorial divisions of the apparatus. Three Western departments of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs were created: the 1st Western Department, which oversaw relations with the Baltic countries, Scandinavia and Poland; 2nd Western - relations with the USA, countries of Central Europe and the Balkan states; 3rd Western - relations with England, France, Belgium, Italy, Spain, South American Spanish-speaking countries. Two eastern departments were created: the 1st dealt with relations with the countries of the Near and Middle East, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Yemen, Najd; 2nd - covered relations with China, Japan, and other Far Eastern countries.
The independent functional divisions included: the press department, the legal department, the consular and protocol department, the economic part, which was in charge of economic relations, the personnel department, the financial department, the administrative and economic department (AHO), the department for accounting of state property, the educational department and Litizdat.
The basic scheme of the existing structure existed for quite a long time, although certain changes were constantly made to it. Thus, the development of relations with the Scandinavian countries required the creation of a special territorial department - the Scandinavian one. The Baltic countries were separated into an independent department. The establishment of diplomatic relations with the United States in mid-November 1933 led to the creation of a department for North American countries.
The center of foreign policy activity in the 1930s mainly focused on Europe. The establishment of the fascist regimes of Germany, Spain, Italy, and Portugal fundamentally changed the balance of political forces on the European continent. Concerned about the emerging situation, the governments of a number of European countries began to change their attitude towards the Soviet Union. This was expressed in the position of the League of Nations, which in 1934, on the initiative of France, invited the USSR to join this international organization with the provision of a permanent member of the League Council. The proposal was accepted.
The USSR's entry into the League of Nations did not lead to any significant changes in the fundamental structure and functions of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs. However, participation in the first universal international organization introduced new elements into diplomatic practice and daily activities ministry, set the task of mastering new forms and methods of diplomacy.
Much changed with Molotov taking over leadership in May 1939. The main attention was focused on increasing the efficiency of each unit of the People's Commissariat, strengthening the responsibility of all its units and officials. The status of the heads of Soviet diplomatic missions abroad changed significantly; it was brought into line with generally accepted international norms. According to the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of May 9, 1941, instead of the previous name “Plenipotentiary Representative,” the generally accepted classes of Ambassadors Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary and Envoys, as well as Charges d’Affaires were introduced.
Another important act was the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated 01.01.01, which established personal ranks for diplomatic employees of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, embassies and missions abroad: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, Envoy Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary (I and II Classes ), adviser (I and II classes), first and second secretaries (also two classes for each), third secretary and attaché. The highest ranks (Ambassadors and Envoys) were awarded by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. The rest - by order of the People's Commissariat. Simultaneously with the establishment of personal ranks, the corresponding uniforms were introduced: winter, summer and dress.
The introduction of diplomatic ranks and uniforms contributed to the streamlining of the diplomatic service, increasing its authority and political status.
On February 1, 1944, a law was passed granting the union republics the right to enter into direct relations with foreign states, which dictated the need to create their own foreign affairs departments in these republics. At the same time, the highest authorities of the USSR retained the establishment of a general order in the relations of the Union republics with foreign states and representation in international relations in general. In accordance with the adopted law, the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs turned into a union-republican department.
The adoption of the law did not cause any special changes in the general system and order of work of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, except for providing the heads of the republican people's commissariats with the opportunity to participate in the work of the board of the Union People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs. As for the creation of the apparatus of the republican people's commissariats, at first the matter was limited to the appointment of their part-time leaders, from among the persons who already held high government positions in the republics. The apparatus of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR, for example, in 1946-1948. consisted of an assistant people's commissar and a secretary-clerk. He headed the People's Commissariat as a part-time deputy people's commissar - Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, member of the board, head of the 3rd European department of the NKID. People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR for a long time occupied only one room in the building of the Union People's Commissariat.
The end of the Great Patriotic War and the end of the Second World War, and later the collapse of the colonial system, led to a new balance of power on the world stage, which, in turn, posed a number of important tasks for the Soviet Union. Their decision largely fell on the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the USSR, which since March 1946, like other people's commissariats, changed its name and became known as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
The development of the international situation in the post-war period for a number of decades was characterized by extreme inconsistency. The unsettled nature of post-war problems, the confrontation between two world socio-economic systems, the confrontation between NATO and the Warsaw Pact Organization led, on the one hand, to a dangerous increase in international tension, and on the other, to the emergence of global problems affecting the fate of mankind, requiring the combined efforts of all states for their solutions. Among the top priorities were the tasks of eliminating the nuclear threat, preserving the environment (ecology), rational use of the planet's raw materials and energy resources, and combating hunger, poverty, and misery. The problem of developing the world's oceans and outer space has become urgent. All these tasks could only be solved jointly in conditions of peaceful coexistence and cooperation of states, regardless of their social system. It is no coincidence that the principle of peaceful coexistence has become basic principle foreign policy of the Soviet Union, its diplomatic efforts.
Another important principle of this policy, which acquired special significance during the existence of the community of socialist states, was the principle of proletarian (socialist) internationalism. It received its legal expression, in particular, in the bilateral treaties of friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance concluded by the Soviet Union and other socialist countries, as well as in the collective Warsaw Pact.
After the war, many treaties and agreements were also signed that contributed to the strengthening international peace, strengthening cooperation between states, solving acute socio-economic problems of our time. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR developed initiative proposals for cooperation and ensuring the security of European countries, with the goal of defusing tension on the European continent. Many of these proposals were supported by the international community. The overall diplomatic efforts ultimately culminated in the Helsinki Final Act of the Conference on Cooperation and Security in Europe, which was signed by the leaders of European states, as well as the United States and Canada. The number of countries that established relations with the USSR was steadily approaching the two hundred mark. By the beginning of 2000, the total number of such countries reached 180. Of these, 153 representative offices were accredited and embassies of 138 countries were opened.
Of course, all this required not only the search for new methods of solving emerging problems, but also a rethinking of the organizational forms of activity of the ministry and its apparatus, and changes to its structure. One of them was the increase in the territorial departments of the ministry. Thus, the number of territorial departments increased to 12 (before the war there were only five). Among them are five European ones, an independent department of Scandinavian countries, a department of American countries, departments of the Middle East, Middle East, Southeast Asia, Africa and the Far East. The number of functional departments has also increased - a department of international economic organizations has emerged, and in connection with the development of scientific and cultural relations, a special department for interaction with UNESCO has been created. Later, the Foreign Policy Planning Directorate (UPVM) appeared. The Archives Department expanded, later renamed the Historical and Diplomatic Department. Special status received the Protocol Department, which served not only the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, but also all the highest government bodies of the country. Later it received the name of the Office of State Protocol.
A special place in the structure of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was occupied by the Personnel Department, the Administration of Affairs, the Monetary and Financial Administration, the Department of Diplomatic Corps Services, and the Administration of Educational Institutions. Diplomatic courier communications were assigned to a special department.
The structure of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the system of diplomatic service that emerged in the post-war period, with certain changes, existed for quite a long time and underwent serious changes only during the period of “perestroika”.
One of the principles of reorganizing the structure of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs was the maximum specificity of the areas that the departments of the ministry were supposed to deal with. This led in some cases to the fragmentation of large departments, and in others to their unification according to the nature of their activities. For example, relations with socialist countries were united into the Directorate of Socialist Countries of Europe and the Directorate of Socialist Countries of Asia. The number of European departments for relations with capitalist countries was reduced from five to three. Other similar transformations were carried out.
The structure of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs apparatus in 1991 provided for the following list positions:
Minister;
First Deputy Ministers;
Deputy Ministers;
Assistant Minister;
Heads of departments;
Heads of departments;
And divisions:
General Secretariat of the Ministry;
Group of Ambassadors at Large;
Group of Advisors to the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs;
Office of the Socialist Countries of Europe;
1st European Division (Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, San Marino, Monaco, Andorra, Benelux);
2nd European department (England, Ireland, Scandinavian countries);
3rd European Department (Germany, Austria, Switzerland);
Division for Security and Cooperation in Europe;
United States and Canada Division;
Office of Latin America;
Office of the Middle East and North Africa;
Middle East Department;
Office of Socialist Countries of Asia
South Asia Directorate;
Office of the Pacific and Southeast Asia;
Africa Office;
Main Directorate of Personnel and Educational Institutions;
Directorate for Arms Limitation and Disarmament;
Office of Assessments and Planning;
Scientific Coordination Center;
Department for Work with Soviet Embassies;
Office of International Organizations;
Department of International Economic Relations;
Office for International Humanitarian Cooperation and Human Rights;
Office of Cultural Relations;
Commission for UNESCO;
Secretariat of the Commission for UNESCO;
Information Management;
Consular Department;
Historical and Diplomatic Department;
Contractual and legal department;
Directorate for International Scientific and Technical Cooperation;
Department for Non-Aligned Movement Affairs;
Protocol Department (later the State Protocol Department);
Department for Union Republics;
Legal department;
Accepted
at the fifteenth plenary
meeting of the Interparliamentary Assembly
CIS member states
(resolution No. 15-9
dated June 13, 2000)
About the diplomatic service
MODEL LAW
About the diplomatic service
Chapter 1 General provisions
General provisions
This law defines legal basis, as well as the procedure for organizing the activities of the diplomatic service of the state as part of the civil service.
Concept of diplomatic service
1. Diplomatic service is the professional activity of citizens in government bodies that carry out the foreign policy activities of the state in accordance with the constitution, legislation and international treaties of the state, the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations.
2. Consular service is part of the diplomatic service, carried out on the basis of the consular charter of the state.
Legal basis of the diplomatic service
The legal basis for the activities of the diplomatic service is: the constitution of the state, this law, presidential decrees, international treaties and other legal acts of the state, generally recognized principles and norms of international law.
System of diplomatic service bodies
A unified system of diplomatic service bodies is formed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the state, diplomatic missions and consular offices of the state abroad, representative offices of the state at international organizations, and representative offices of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the territory of the state.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
1. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is the central executive body of the state, carrying out foreign policy activities and heading the unified system of diplomatic service bodies.
2. The ministry is headed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs.
Tasks of the diplomatic service bodies
The diplomatic service bodies are assigned the following tasks:
1) development of the concept and main directions of the state’s foreign policy and submission of relevant proposals to the president and government of the state;
2) submitting proposals on the state’s foreign policy strategy for consideration to the head of state and implementing the president’s international initiatives;
3) implementation of the state’s foreign policy course, assistance in the implementation of foreign economic policy;
4) ensuring by diplomatic means and methods the protection of sovereignty, security, territorial integrity and inviolability of the state’s borders, its political, trade, economic and other interests in relations with other states and in the international arena;
5) protection of the rights and interests of citizens and legal entities states abroad;
6) implementation of diplomatic and consular relations of the state with foreign states and international organizations;
7) coordination of the activities of other central executive bodies in order to ensure the implementation of a unified foreign policy of the state in relations with foreign states and international organizations;
8) study of the political and economic situation in the world, the foreign and domestic policies of foreign states, the activities of international organizations;
9) providing state bodies with information necessary for the implementation of foreign and domestic policies;
10) implementation of other tasks in accordance with the constitution and legislation of the state.
Main functions of diplomatic service bodies
The diplomatic service bodies are entrusted with:
1) representation of the state in relations with foreign states and international organizations;
2) implementation of state policy in the field of international political relations;
3) organization of negotiations and signing international treaties states with foreign states and international organizations;
4) preparation of proposals for the conclusion, ratification, execution, suspension and denunciation of international treaties, as well as accession to them and, in the prescribed manner, submitting them for consideration by the president and government of the state, application of treaties;
5) submission in the prescribed manner to the president, parliament and government of the state of proposals and recommendations on issues of relations between the state and foreign states and international organizations;
6) ensuring the participation of the state in the activities of the United Nations, other international organizations, conferences, meetings, forums, promoting the role of the state as a member of the international community in solving global and regional problems;
7) ensuring the interests of the state in the field of international protection and rational use environment, development of the resources of the World Ocean, space exploration;
8) participation in the development of measures to ensure the rights and freedoms of citizens of the state, its defense and national security, law enforcement, development and expansion of trade, economic and financial ties, scientific, technical, cultural and other exchanges of the state with foreign states and international organizations;
9) implementation of general monitoring and control over the implementation of international treaties to which the state is a party;
10) preparation of proposals to improve state legislation in the field of international relations, bringing it into conformity with the international legal obligations of the state;
11) protocol support for interstate exchanges at the highest and governmental levels;
12) monitoring compliance with diplomatic and consular privileges and immunities;
13) assistance in the implementation of inter-parliamentary relations between the state and other countries;
14) implementation of consular functions on the territory of the state and abroad, regulated by international legal norms and state legislation;
15) promoting the development of connections and contacts with compatriots living abroad;
16) ensuring the functioning of a unified state system registration, accounting and storage of international treaties of the state;
17) performing the functions of a depositary of international treaties concluded by the state;
18) facilitating the functioning of foreign diplomatic and consular missions on the territory of the state, exercising control over the activities of organizations serving them within their competence;
19) implementation by diplomatic means and methods of the state’s efforts to ensure international peace, global and regional security;
20) development of proposals for state participation in international actions to combat hunger and backwardness, international terrorism, organized crime and illicit trafficking in drugs and weapons, as well as to eliminate the consequences in areas of environmental distress and man-made disasters;
21) promoting the dissemination abroad of information about the foreign and domestic policies of the state, the socio-economic, cultural and spiritual life of the country;
22) resolving issues of staffing the central apparatus of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and its representative offices both abroad and on the territory of the state, subordinate organizations, organizing training, retraining and advanced training of diplomatic service personnel;
23) interaction on issues of its competence with state bodies and public associations of the state;
24) informing government bodies and the media about the international situation and foreign policy of the state;
25) implementation of other functions provided for by state legislation.
Communications, archives, security and press
1. The diplomatic service has independent communications and archives.
2. The diplomatic service uses its own telecommunications network and courier service.
3. The archives of the diplomatic service store originals and reliable copies of international treaties, as well as other materials necessary for the implementation of its activities.
4. The diplomatic service organizes a security system for its bodies and institutions on the territory of the state and abroad.
5. Diplomatic service bodies publish printed materials in accordance with state legislation.
Chapter 2 Diplomatic service personnel, appointment to diplomatic positions
Foreign Service Personnel
1. The personnel of the diplomatic service consists of employees holding full-time diplomatic positions in the diplomatic service bodies.
Diplomatic service employees do not include persons performing technical maintenance and ensuring the functioning of diplomatic service bodies and their apparatuses, legal status which are regulated labor legislation states.
2. For diplomatic service employees working in institutions abroad, the following positions are established:
1) Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, Permanent Representative of the State to international organizations;
2) Consul General;
3) Minister-Counselor, Deputy Permanent Representative;
4) advisor;
5) consul;
6) first secretary;
7) vice consul;
8) second secretary;
9) third secretary;
10) attache;
11) referent.
3. Diplomatic service employees, when transferred from diplomatic service bodies to other state bodies of the state, are included in the reserve of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
The regulations on the reserve of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs are approved by the Minister of Foreign Affairs.
4. The provisions of this law regarding the assignment of diplomatic ranks, calculation of length of service in the diplomatic service and social issues apply to diplomatic service employees seconded to work in international organizations, temporarily sent by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to higher educational institutions, postgraduate studies, doctoral studies and scientific institutions.
Appointment and diplomatic positions
1. Citizens of the state who have higher education who have the qualifications and special knowledge necessary for the job.
2. The Minister of Foreign Affairs is appointed to and dismissed from office in accordance with the legislation of the state.
State ambassadors, permanent representatives of the state to international organizations are appointed and dismissed by the president of the state on the proposal of the Minister of Foreign Affairs.
Deputy ministers of foreign affairs and the rector of the diplomatic academy are appointed to positions and dismissed from positions in accordance with the legislation of the state.
Appointments to other positions in the diplomatic service are made by the Minister of Foreign Affairs.
3. An employee of the diplomatic service who returns to the state after working abroad is appointed to a position equivalent to the one he held abroad, provided that he was not subject to penalties provided for in Article 21 of this Law.
Chapter 3 Diplomatic Ranks
Diplomatic ranks
Employees of the diplomatic service, taking into account their position and qualifications, are assigned the following diplomatic ranks:
1) attache;
2) third secretary;
3) second secretary of class II;
4) second secretary of the first class;
5) first secretary of class II;
6) first secretary of the first class;
7) II class adviser;
8) first class adviser;
9) Envoy Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary II class;
10) Envoy Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Class I;
11) Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary.
Procedure for assigning diplomatic ranks
1. The diplomatic ranks of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, Envoy Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Classes I and II are assigned by the President of the state on the proposal of the Minister of Foreign Affairs.
Other diplomatic ranks are assigned by the Minister of Foreign Affairs.
The procedure for assigning diplomatic ranks assigned by the Minister of Foreign Affairs is determined by regulations approved by the Minister of Foreign Affairs.
2. The diplomatic rank of an employee, as a rule, must correspond to the position held in the diplomatic service or be one step higher or lower than it.
3. The assignment of diplomatic ranks is confirmed by the issuance of appropriate certificates and an entry in the personal file ( work book). Diplomatic ranks are assigned for life.
Duration of stay in diplomatic ranks
1. The following terms of stay in diplomatic ranks are established for employees of the diplomatic service:
1) for attaché, third secretary, second secretary of classes II and I - two years;
2) for the first secretary of classes II and I, adviser of class II - three years.
Duration of stay in diplomatic ranks from adviser 1st class and above is not established.
2. The following are counted towards the terms of stay of diplomatic service employees in diplomatic ranks:
1) work in the central office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs;
2) work in institutions abroad;
3) work in the representative offices of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the territory of the state;
4) work in international organizations as international employees;
5) scientific or teaching activities in higher educational institutions and scientific institutions of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs;
6) advanced training through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in higher educational institutions, postgraduate studies, doctoral studies and scientific institutions.
Early and extraordinary assignment, demotion, deprivation and restoration
diplomatic rank
1. In some cases, employees of the diplomatic service, if they have significant success in their work or special merits, may be promoted in rank before expiration deadline(early assignment of rank) or without observing the order of their assignment (assignment of extraordinary rank).
2. If employees of the diplomatic service, as well as persons who have resigned from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, commit acts entailing liability provided for by the legislative acts of the state and host country, they may be demoted in diplomatic rank or deprived of diplomatic rank.
When dismissed from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for violation of official discipline or for other discreditable reasons, the employee is simultaneously deprived of his diplomatic rank.
Deprivation of an employee of a diplomatic rank or reduction in rank is carried out in the same manner as its assignment.
An employee's restoration to his previous diplomatic rank is carried out after passing a performance appraisal.
Chapter 4 Passage of diplomatic service
Position transfers, filling positions of diplomatic service employees
1. Job transfers of diplomatic service employees are carried out in accordance with official needs, taking into account qualifications, professional training, principles of rotation and specialization of personnel.
Vacant positions are filled in accordance with the current legislation of the state.
2. During the period of work in a foreign institution, a diplomatic service employee may be promoted no more than once, with the exception of cases when his period of stay abroad is extended due to official necessity.
Junior operational and diplomatic officers (attaché, assistant) during the period of work in a foreign institution can be promoted to the position of third secretary inclusive.
Article 15
Rotation of diplomatic service staff
1. In the diplomatic service, there is a rotation of employees in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and institutions abroad.
As part of the rotation, diplomatic service employees, taking into account their professional training and specialization, can be sent to various countries and carry out their activities in both functional and territorial divisions of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
2. The period of work of diplomatic service employees in units of the central apparatus of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the period between work in institutions abroad must be at least one year.
3. The period of continuous work of diplomatic service employees in institutions abroad should not exceed three years. The specified period, due to official necessity and with the consent of the diplomatic service officer, can be extended by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, but not more than for one year.
The procedure established by this article does not apply to persons sent to work as heads of foreign institutions.
4. The refusal of a diplomatic service employee to go to work in a foreign establishment without good reason is a disciplinary offense and may serve as a basis for imposing a disciplinary sanction.
The list of reasons recognized as valid for refusal to travel to work in foreign institutions is established by the Minister of Foreign Affairs.
Article 16
Restrictions on the joint service of relatives
Close relatives who are in direct service subordination to each other are not allowed to work in the diplomatic service.
Performance appraisal
1. Diplomatic service employees undergo performance assessment at least once every three years.
2. Diplomatic service employees sent to work in agencies abroad undergo performance evaluation upon return.
3. The procedure for passing performance certification is established by the Regulations on the certification of diplomatic service employees, approved by the Minister of Foreign Affairs.
Article 18
Referral to higher educational institutions, scientific institutions
1. Employees of the diplomatic service, with their consent, may be temporarily sent to higher educational institutions, scientific institutions of the state or other countries for professional training and internship, scientific development of current international problems. In this case, they are included in the reserve of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
2. Upon completion of an internship or scientific mission, a diplomatic service employee is appointed to a diplomatic position no lower than the one he held before joining the reserve.
Chapter 5 Rights, duties and responsibilities of diplomatic service employees
1. Employees of the diplomatic service enjoy all rights and bear all responsibilities provided for by the legislation of the state.
2. Employees of the diplomatic service, while working abroad, enjoy the privileges and immunities established for employees of the diplomatic service in accordance with the norms of international law.
3. Employees of the diplomatic service, while working abroad, are obliged to respect the laws, rules and traditions of the host country, conscientiously carry out the tasks assigned to them, and worthily represent the state.
Incentives for diplomatic service employees
1. In cases provided for by law, diplomatic service employees receive the following incentives:
1) promotion;
2) early promotion in diplomatic rank;
3) cash bonuses;
4) other forms of encouragement.
2. For special merits, employees of the diplomatic service may be nominated for state awards of the state.
Responsibilities of Foreign Service Officers
1. Employees of the diplomatic service in case of failure to perform or improper performance of their duties shall be liable in accordance with the legislation of the state.
2. The following disciplinary sanctions are applied to employees of the diplomatic service:
1) remark;
2) reprimand;
3) severe reprimand;
4) warning about incomplete official compliance;
5) delay of up to one year in assigning the next diplomatic rank or appointment to a higher position;
6) demotion in position or diplomatic rank;
7) deprivation of diplomatic rank;
8) dismissal;
9) dismissal with simultaneous deprivation of diplomatic rank.
3. A disciplinary sanction cannot be imposed for an act, the commission of which entails other liability provided for by legislative acts of the state.
Chapter 6 Providing diplomatic service. Guarantees and compensation, material, social and pension support for diplomatic service employees
Financial and logistical support of the diplomatic service
1. Financial support for the diplomatic service and its bodies on the territory of the state and abroad is carried out at the expense of state budget, as well as consular fees, the procedure for using which is established by the government of the state.
2. Material and economic support for the activities of diplomatic service bodies is carried out in the manner established by the legislation of the state.
3. The procedure for owning, using and disposing of real estate and other property on the territory of the state and abroad is established by state legislation.
Guarantees and compensations for diplomatic service employees during work
in institutions abroad
1. Material and social security for diplomatic service employees and their families is provided taking into account the complexity of the service, the risk associated with it, as well as the specific features foreign country.
Staying abroad should not entail any harm to the Foreign Service Officer and his family.
2. Diplomatic service employees and members of their families are provided with appropriate medical care.
3. Diplomatic service employees working in a foreign establishment and members of their families living with them have the right to round-trip payment of travel expenses associated with the provision of annual paid leave or with the death of one of the family members.
4. A diplomatic service employee must be provided with housing abroad, taking into account family members living with him, his official position, local situation.
5. In the event of armed or civil conflicts or in cases of threat to the security of institutions abroad and their personnel, as well as in cases of natural disasters or other situations at the locations of institutions abroad, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs shall take the necessary measures to ensure the safety and protection of diplomatic service personnel and persons living with them.
Damage caused to a diplomatic service employee or members of his family while abroad in the performance of his duties official duties or activities related to them are reimbursed in the manner established by state legislation.
6. The provisions of this article also apply to diplomatic service employees who are not members of the diplomatic service.
Regulation labor relations diplomatic service officers
Labor relations of diplomatic service employees are regulated by this law and other regulations. legal acts states.
Article 25
Remuneration of diplomatic service employees
1. Remuneration for diplomatic service employees working on the territory of the state is made in accordance with the legislation of the state.
2 The salary of diplomatic service employees and persons providing technical services and ensuring the functioning of diplomatic service bodies working abroad is determined by a unified remuneration system approved by the president of the state, taking into account the socio-economic and material conditions in the host country.
The remuneration conditions for these employees are determined by the state government.
Pension provision and social protection of diplomatic service employees
Pension provision and social protection of diplomatic service employees are carried out in accordance with state legislation.
Chapter 7 Termination of diplomatic service
1. The grounds for termination of diplomatic service are:
1) a person submits a resignation letter of his own free will;
2) expiration of the contract or termination of the contract on the grounds provided for by law;
3) the employee of the diplomatic service has reached the age limit for being in the diplomatic service established by the legislation of the state;
4) submission by an employee of the diplomatic service of knowingly false information about his income and property;
5) loss of citizenship of the state;
6) other grounds provided for by state legislation.
2. The dismissal of a diplomatic service employee is carried out by the appropriate official endowed with the right of appointment to a diplomatic position.
The text of the document is verified according to:
"Newsletter
Interparliamentary Assembly
states - participants of the CIS",
N 25, 2000
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
FEDERAL LAW
ABOUT THE FEATURES OF THE FEDERAL STATE CIVIL SERVICE IN THE SYSTEM OF THE MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
This Federal Law establishes the legal and organizational features of the federal state civil service in the system of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation.
Article 1. Basic concepts used in this Federal Law For the purposes of this Federal Law The following basic concepts are used:
1) diplomatic service - professional service activities of citizens of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as citizens) in positions of the federal state civil service in the central office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, diplomatic missions and consular offices of the Russian Federation, representative offices of the Russian Federation at international (interstate, intergovernmental) organizations (hereinafter referred to as the foreign agencies of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation), territorial bodies - representative offices of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation on the territory of the Russian Federation (hereinafter also referred to as territorial bodies of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation), related to ensuring the execution of the powers of the Russian Federation in the field of international relations;
2) diplomatic workers - federal state civil servants performing functions of a diplomatic nature and replacing federal state civil service positions in the central apparatus of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, foreign agencies of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, territorial bodies of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, for which the assignment of diplomatic diplomas is provided ranks;
3) employees of the diplomatic service - diplomatic workers, as well as other federal state civil servants, filling the positions of the federal state civil service in the central office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, foreign agencies of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, territorial bodies of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, for which assignment of class ranks of the federal state civil service;
4) family members of a diplomatic service employee - spouse, children under the age of eighteen, children over this age who became disabled before they reached the age of eighteen.
Article 2. Legal status (status) of a diplomatic service employee
1. The legal status (status) of a diplomatic service employee is regulated by Federal Law No. 79-FZ of July 27, 2004 “On the State Civil Service of the Russian Federation” (hereinafter referred to as the Federal Law “On the State Civil Service of the Russian Federation”), this Federal Law, and to the extent not regulated by these federal laws - Labor Code of the Russian Federation and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation containing labor law norms.
2. Employees of the diplomatic service, while working in foreign missions of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, enjoy privileges and immunities, established standards international law.
Article 3. Diplomatic ranks 1. Diplomatic employees, in accordance with their qualifications and the position they occupy in the federal state civil service, are assigned the following diplomatic ranks:
1) Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary; 2) Envoy Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary 1st class; 3) Envoy Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary 2nd class; 4) 1st class adviser; 5) 2nd class advisor; 6) first secretary 1st class; 7) first secretary of 2nd class; 8) second secretary 1st class; 9) second secretary of 2nd class; 10) third secretary; 11) attache. 2. The diplomatic ranks of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, Envoy Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the 1st class and Envoy Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the 2nd class are assigned by the President of the Russian Federation on the proposal of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. Other diplomatic ranks are assigned by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation.
3. The regulations on the procedure for assigning and maintaining diplomatic ranks are approved by the President of the Russian Federation.
Article 4. Restrictions related to entry into the diplomatic service and performance of the diplomatic service
A citizen cannot be accepted into the diplomatic service as a diplomatic worker, and a diplomatic worker cannot be in the diplomatic service in the cases established by Article 16 of the Federal Law "On the State Civil Service of the Russian Federation", as well as in the case of citizenship of another state or lack of citizenship Russian Federation from his wife (husband), or renunciation of the citizenship of the Russian Federation by his wife (husband), or acquisition of citizenship of another state by his wife (husband).
Article 5. Prohibitions related to the performance of diplomatic service In connection with the performance of diplomatic service, a diplomatic service employee, in addition to the prohibitions established by Article 17 of the Federal Law "On the State Civil Service of the Russian Federation", is prohibited from traveling outside the territory of the Russian Federation on private matters without notification. representative of the employer, as well as acquire shares in the authorized capital of foreign legal entities.
Article 6. Responsibilities of a diplomatic service employee during the period of work in a foreign establishment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation
In addition to the duties established by the Federal Law "On the State Civil Service of the Russian Federation", an employee of the diplomatic service, while working in a foreign office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, is subject to the following duties:
1) worthily represent the Russian Federation in the host state, comply with the laws and customs of the host state, generally accepted norms of behavior and morality, regime restrictions established by regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation for foreign agencies of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, including those relating to movement within the territory of the host state and departure to the territory of a third state, the rules of residence in force in the relevant foreign institution of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, and also ensure their compliance by members of their family;
2) carry out in the event of emergency circumstances in the host state (military operations, catastrophe, natural disaster, major accident, epidemic and other emergency circumstances), as well as in connection with official needs, instructions from the head of the foreign agency of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation related to the implementation of functions foreign institutions and those not included in job responsibilities diplomatic service employee, including during off-duty hours and without additional pay.
Article 7. Sending a diplomatic service employee to work in an international (interstate, intergovernmental) organization
1. An employee of the diplomatic service may be sent by a representative of the employer to an international (interstate, intergovernmental) organization (hereinafter referred to as the international organization) on the basis of international treaties of the Russian Federation for temporary work in the manner and under the conditions that apply in this international organization.
2. For the period of work in an international organization, the service contract concluded with a diplomatic service employee is suspended.
3. The period of work in an international organization is included in the length of service (total duration) of the state civil service of the Russian Federation of a diplomatic service employee to establish a monthly bonus to the official salary for length of service, to determine the duration of the annual additional paid leave for length of service, the amount of incentives for impeccable and efficient work. state civil service of the Russian Federation and for the appointment of a pension for long service.
Article 8. Rotation of diplomatic workers
1. Diplomatic employees are subject to mandatory rotation, that is, assignment to work from the central office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation or its territorial bodies to the foreign agencies of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, taking into account their qualifications, professional training and specialization.
2. A diplomatic worker is obliged to comply with the decision of the employer’s representative to be sent to work at a foreign establishment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation on a rotation basis, unless there are valid reasons preventing this.
3. The procedure for the rotation of diplomatic workers and the list of reasons recognized as valid for refusing to be sent to work at a foreign establishment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation are established by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation.
Article 9. Service contract with a diplomatic service employee sent to work at a foreign establishment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation
1. A fixed-term service contract for a period of up to three years is concluded with a citizen entering the federal state civil service to fill a position in the federal state civil service in a foreign institution of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. At the end of the specified period, the service contract can be renewed for a new term.
2. When sending a diplomatic service employee to work at a foreign establishment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, holding a position in the central office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation or its territorial body, changes are made to the service contract concluded with him regarding the term and conditions of his work in the foreign establishment of the Ministry Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. Upon completion of work at a foreign establishment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, such a diplomatic service employee must be provided with the previous or equivalent position, and in its absence, another position with the consent of the employee.
3. In exceptional cases, by decision of the employer’s representative, the term of work of a diplomatic service employee in a foreign office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation may be extended without his consent (if there is a corresponding condition in the service contract) for a period of up to six months beyond the period established by the service contract with the inclusion of corresponding change.
Article 10. Grounds for termination of work of a diplomatic service employee in a foreign establishment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation
1. The work of a diplomatic service employee at a foreign establishment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation is terminated due to the expiration of the period established when he was sent to work at a foreign establishment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, or the expiration of the term of a fixed-term service contract concluded with him.
2. The work of a diplomatic service employee at a foreign establishment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation may be terminated early on the following grounds:
1) occurrence emergency in the host state; 2) declaring a diplomatic service employee persona non grata or receiving a notification from the competent authorities of the host state about the inadmissibility of a diplomatic service employee in the host state;
3) reducing the established maximum number of personnel in the relevant foreign institution of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation;
4) non-compliance by an employee of the diplomatic service with the laws and customs of the host state, generally accepted norms of behavior and morality;
5) failure by an employee of the diplomatic service to ensure compliance by members of his family with the laws and customs of the host state, generally accepted norms of behavior and morality, regime restrictions established by regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation for foreign institutions of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, rules of residence in force in the corresponding foreign institution of the Ministry Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation;
6) a single gross violation of official duties, regime restrictions that are established by regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation for foreign agencies of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation and with which the diplomatic service employee was familiarized in the prescribed manner;
7) temporary disability lasting more than two months in a row or the presence of a disease that prevents work in a foreign institution of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, in accordance with the list of diseases approved by the federal executive body authorized by the Government of the Russian Federation.
3. In case of official necessity, the work of a diplomatic worker filling a position in the federal state civil service of the “managers” category at a foreign establishment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation may be terminated before the expiration of the period established when he was sent to a foreign establishment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, by decision of the Minister Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation.
4. Upon termination of work at a foreign establishment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation on one of the grounds provided for in Part 2 of this article, the dismissal of diplomatic service employees with whom a fixed-term service contract was concluded in accordance with Part 1 of Article 9 of this Federal Law is carried out in accordance with clause 2 of part 1 of article 33 of the Federal Law “On the State Civil Service of the Russian Federation”, and the dismissal of diplomatic service employees who were sent to work in a foreign office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation in accordance with part 2 of article 9 of this Federal Law can be made according to on the grounds provided for by the Federal Law "On the State Civil Service of the Russian Federation" or this Federal Law.
Article 11. Grounds for termination of a service contract with a diplomatic service employee at the initiative of the employer’s representative
At the initiative of the employer's representative, the service contract with a diplomatic service employee may be terminated, and the diplomatic service employee may be released from the position he is replacing and dismissed from the federal state civil service, in addition to the grounds provided for by the Federal Law "On the State Civil Service of the Russian Federation", on the following grounds:
1) refusal of a diplomatic worker, without good reason, to be sent, by decision of the employer’s representative, to work at a foreign establishment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation in the order of rotation;
2) non-compliance during the period of work at a foreign establishment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation with the regime restrictions established by the regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation for foreign establishments of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, or with the rules of residence in force at the relevant foreign establishment, with which the diplomatic service employee was familiarized in the prescribed manner;
3) refusal, upon completion of work at a foreign institution of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, from the position of the federal state civil service proposed for replacement in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
Article 12. Working and rest conditions for diplomatic service employees, working time regime in foreign establishments of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation
1. Working and rest conditions for diplomatic service employees working in foreign agencies of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation are determined regulations relevant foreign institution and service contracts, which cannot worsen the situation of diplomatic service employees in comparison with the situation established by the Federal Law "On the State Civil Service of the Russian Federation" and this Federal Law, and in the part not regulated by these federal laws - the Labor Code of the Russian Federation .
2. Depending on climatic and other working conditions in foreign countries, the Government of the Russian Federation may establish for individual foreign institutions of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation special treatment service time, including reduced duration of service time.
Article 13. Material support for diplomatic service employees during the period of work in foreign establishments of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation
1. Employees of the diplomatic service during the period of work in foreign establishments of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation are paid:
1) monetary support in foreign currency in the form of a monthly official salary in foreign currency, the amount of which is established by the Government of the Russian Federation, and a monthly supplement to the monthly official salary in foreign currency for special conditions work in the host state, the amount of which is established by the President of the Russian Federation;
2) a monthly salary in accordance with the position being filled in the federal state civil service in rubles and a monthly salary in accordance with the assigned class rank of the federal state civil service (diplomatic rank) in rubles, which constitute the monthly salary (hereinafter referred to as the salary), and also monthly and other additional payments (with the exception of monthly cash incentives) in rubles, provided for in Article 50 of the Federal Law “On the State Civil Service of the Russian Federation”, the amount of which is established by the President of the Russian Federation.
2. If a diplomatic service employee is sent to work at a foreign establishment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation for a period of more than one year, he is paid a lifting allowance when moving to his place of work:
1) in foreign currency - in the amount of the official salary in foreign currency for a position in the federal state civil service, filled in a foreign institution of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation;
2) in rubles - in double the amount of salary and monthly payments(except for monthly monetary incentives) provided for in Article 50 of the Federal Law “On the State Civil Service of the Russian Federation”, for positions in the federal state civil service filled in a foreign office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, as well as in the amount of 25 percent of the specified salary and payments - for each member of his family traveling together with a diplomatic service officer.
3. If an employee of the diplomatic service terminates work in a foreign office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation before the expiration of one year on his initiative or in the cases provided for in paragraphs 4 - 6 of part 2 of Article 10 of this Federal Law, the paid allowance is withheld from him.
Article 14. Additional state guarantees in the diplomatic service
1. To ensure legal and social protection employees of the diplomatic service, increasing the motivation for the effective performance of their official duties, forming highly qualified personnel of the diplomatic service, and in order to compensate for the restrictions provided for by this Federal Law and other federal laws, additional state guarantees are established for these employees.
2. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation takes the necessary measures to ensure the safety and protection of diplomatic service employees and members of their families living with them.
3. In case of illness, an employee of the diplomatic service working in a foreign office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation and members of his family living with him are paid for medical care (with the exception of dental prosthetics and planned operations), including during obstetrics and in cases requiring emergency placing the patient in a hospital facility.
4. A diplomatic service employee working in a foreign office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation is provided with housing in the host state, taking into account the number of his family members living with him, his official position, as well as local conditions according to the standards established by the Government of the Russian Federation.
5. An employee of the diplomatic service sent to work at a foreign establishment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, and members of his family traveling with him, are compensated for travel expenses associated with traveling to the host state and returning to the Russian Federation upon completion of work at the foreign establishment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. , including the carriage of baggage weighing no more than 500 kilograms per family, as well as with a trip to the Russian Federation and back in connection with the death of a family member, adult children or close relatives (mother, father, brother, sister). The procedure for payment and the amount of compensation for these expenses are established by the Government of the Russian Federation.
6. An employee of the diplomatic service working in a foreign office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation is compensated for the costs of paying for the education of minor school-age children living with him in the absence of free comprehensive schools in the host state that provide secondary education in accordance with state educational standards of the Russian Federation . The procedure for payment and the amount of compensation for these expenses are established by the Government of the Russian Federation.
7. If the health of a diplomatic service employee or a member of his family living with him is damaged during the employee’s work at a foreign establishment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation as a result of a terrorist act or other acts of a violent nature, the said employee is provided with a one-time cash payment in the amount of 12 to 84 salaries established on the day of payment, depending on the degree of disability in the manner determined by the Government of the Russian Federation.
8. In the event of the death of an employee of the diplomatic service while working in a foreign office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation or before the expiration of one year after termination of work in the specified foreign office due to damage to health received as a result of a terrorist act or other acts of a violent nature, his heirs ( upon presentation of a certificate of right to inheritance) a one-time cash payment is provided in the amount of 180 salaries of a diplomatic service employee established on the day of payment.
9. In the event of death (death) of a diplomatic service employee working in a foreign office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation:
1) expenses for preparation for transportation and transportation of remains to the burial place are carried out at the expense of the foreign institution of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation;
2) members of his family who lived with him are provided with a one-time cash payment in the amount of twice the monthly official salary of a diplomatic service employee in foreign currency, as well as reimbursement of expenses associated with their move to the Russian Federation, in the manner and on the terms provided for by this Federal law.
10. The President of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation may establish other guarantees for diplomatic service employees working in foreign missions of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation.
Article 15. Guarantees for diplomatic service employees working in foreign countries with difficult socio-political situations, during a state of emergency or during armed conflicts
1. An employee of the diplomatic service, while working in a foreign country with a difficult socio-political situation, is paid an increase to the official salary in foreign currency in the amount of 20 percent. The length of service in the state civil service of the Russian Federation of a diplomatic service employee during the specified period is calculated at the rate of one day of service per day and a half.
2. An employee of the diplomatic service, while working in a foreign country in a state of emergency or during armed conflicts, is paid an increase to the official salary in foreign currency in the amount of 40 percent.
The length of service in the state civil service of the Russian Federation of a diplomatic service employee during the specified period is calculated on the basis of one day of service for two days.
3. The list of states with a difficult socio-political situation, states that are in a state of emergency or in a state of armed conflict, as well as the procedure for providing additional guarantees and the amount of payments provided for in this article, are established by the Government of the Russian Federation.
4. The President of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation may establish other guarantees for diplomatic service employees working in foreign countries with a difficult socio-political situation, during a state of emergency or during armed conflicts.
Article 16. Financial support of state guarantees provided for by this Federal Law
Financial support for state guarantees provided for in Articles 13 - 15 of this Federal Law is carried out at the expense of budgetary allocations provided for in the federal budget to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation.
Article 17. Social guarantees for persons holding certain government positions of the Russian Federation in the system of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation
Until the adoption of a federal law defining the legal status (status) of persons holding government positions of the Russian Federation of the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Russian Federation to a foreign state and the Permanent Representative (representative, permanent observer) of the Russian Federation to an international organization (in a foreign state), by the Government of the Russian Federation for these persons, state guarantees are established, taking into account the specifics of remuneration for their work, similar to the guarantees provided for in Articles 13 - 15 of this Federal Law for employees of the diplomatic service.
Article 18. Entry into force of this Federal Law 1. This Federal Law comes into force one hundred and eighty days after the day of its official publication, with the exception of Part 7 of Article 14 of this Federal Law.
2. Part 7 of Article 14 of this Federal Law comes into force on January 1, 2012.
President
Russian Federation
D. Medvedev
Moscow, Kremlin
N 205-ФЗ
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The nomenklatura system of personnel work that operated in the country in the recent past projected onto itself personnel processes and the order of service relations in the diplomatic service system. Gradually, an elite political and diplomatic layer was created in it, which had enough strong positions and authority. It significantly influenced the resolution of personnel issues within the party-nomenklatura system of selection, placement and education of diplomatic personnel, which ultimately led to significant deformations in the personnel sphere of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
The perestroika processes began with the introduction of the “Regulations on the USSR Embassy”, the updated “Regulations on the main duties and rights of the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the USSR accredited in a foreign state”, “Regulations on the procedure for conducting performance appraisals of diplomatic employees of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs”. Based on these regulatory documents There was a search for more effective forms of diplomatic service and effective methods for assessing the business, professional and moral qualities of diplomatic staff. In January 1987, performance certification of diplomatic personnel of the central apparatus began, and in January 1989, certification of all diplomatic and consular employees abroad began.
The “Regulations on the service of diplomatic employees of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs” were also adopted. The previous similar provision was approved in April 1953 and, naturally, was in the spirit of the times of the cult of personality and could not in any way be used in the conditions of democratization of public relations and renewal of the diplomatic service. With its introduction, the regulatory and legal framework for staffing the diplomatic service was significantly updated within the framework of the historically established model of continuous diplomatic service. Many of its provisions and principles are still in effect today. Many traditions have also been preserved that do not contradict the norms and requirements of the federal law “On the Fundamentals of the Civil Service of the Russian Federation”, “Regulations on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation”, and other legal acts.
Diplomatic service is a special organizational and legal system, which includes an organic set of targeted actions for the selection, placement, education and rotation of diplomatic personnel, the exercise of official powers and quality control of the performance of official duties and control of the quality of performance of official duties in the civil service position of the diplomatic service. . The core of this system is the professional and official development of diplomatic service personnel, the intellectual and professional personnel progress of the diplomatic service, and the high spiritual and moral potential of each employee.
The main elements of the diplomatic service system can be presented as follows:
a) selection for service, assessment of applicants for public positions in the diplomatic service from the point of view of their professional qualifications, psychological, spiritual and moral suitability for work in the structures of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and foreign agencies of the Russian Federation;
b) procedure for confirmation of position (filling a government position in the diplomatic service);
c) professional adaptation through a probationary period, internships, advanced training and other activities;
d) assessment of performance, formation of healthy value systems for highly effective performance of official duties;
e) assignment of categories, ranks and titles;
f) professional development through in-house training, professional retraining and advanced training in educational institutions, in the process of self-training;
g) vertical promotion (including through the reserve), horizontal movement and rotation based on personal merit and merit;
h) regulation of interpersonal relationships and socio-psychological diagnostics of work relationships, the formation of efficiency and cooperation, a responsible attitude to business;
j) creation of favorable social, living, material and financial conditions for the use of personnel - labor protection, organization of medical and social services, provision of children's institutions, a range of sports and cultural services;
k) termination of official relations, resignation.
Passage of diplomatic service as a special form of professional socialization of an employee in a democratic state is focused not on the class-ideological, but on the democratic-legal nature of the state and its apparatus. Within its framework, the fundamental principles of the civil service of a democratic legal social state are implemented.
The procedure for completing the consular and diplomatic service is regulated by:
– the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the federal law “On the Fundamentals of the Civil Service of the Russian Federation”, the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the federal law “On Higher and Postgraduate Education”, other legislative acts;
– Vienna conventions on diplomatic and consular relations, other international legal acts;
– decrees of the President of the Russian Federation concerning the list and registers of government positions, qualification requirements for government positions in the federal civil service, holding a competition for filling a vacant public position in the civil service, certification of federal civil servants;
– decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation concerning the structure of the apparatus of federal executive bodies, issues of the financial and material situation of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, regulation of the working conditions of workers sent to work abroad, the organization of retraining and advanced training of civil servants of federal executive bodies;
– resolutions and orders of the Ministry of Labor, the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Education of Russia, and other departmental by-laws.
But this does not mean that the diplomatic service is based only on organizational and legal norms and purely personnel technologies. The basis of service is the daily practical implementation of official powers. In this sense, it is equivalent to the exercise of powers of a public position in the diplomatic service. From the moment of taking office, a diplomatic employee becomes a subject of law, receives formal and real powers in the implementation of relevant functions government agency. And this is a whole complex of socially and legally significant actions, for which the official structure becomes the supporting structure of the living organism of the diplomatic service. But the specialists filling the positions, their professional qualifications, practical experience, and moral potential give the service a dynamic character, turning the apparatus into a living, constantly developing organism.
The listed factors determine the success of a career, the direction of which can be different: upward, horizontal or downward.
The accumulated experience allows us to imagine main areas of professional activity during service in the structures of the central apparatus of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, foreign institutions and representative offices of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the territory of the Russian Federation:
– operational and diplomatic work in the field of international political, military, trade, economic, monetary and financial activities, border protection and customs relations;
– consular activities and resolution of citizenship issues;
– work with compatriots;
– information and analytical support for foreign policy activities, including work with the media and public relations;
– expert legal work;
– personnel support service of the diplomatic service;
– protocol work;
– security and regime service;
– administrative and economic work, including property management and operation of foreign facilities;
– financial and economic support service of the foreign policy department.
The implementation of the listed areas and the corresponding functions and job responsibilities represents the substantive side of the diplomatic service, taking into account, of course, the characteristics of each specific unit.
The staff of the Russian Foreign Ministry has a rather complex job structure. It is structured in full accordance with the requirements of the federal law “On the fundamentals of the civil service of the Russian Federation”, decrees of the President of the Russian Federation “On public positions of the Russian Federation” dated January 11, 1995 No. 32 and “On the list of public positions of the federal public service” dated September 3 1997 No. 981 with corresponding amendments 1998–early 2000s. .
The public position of the diplomatic service is a legally and organizationally formalized structural unit of the division of labor system in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which determines the status, place and functions of a diplomatic worker, the boundaries and content of his activities in the execution and professional support of the execution of the powers of the foreign policy department of the Russian Federation. In a certain sense, it is a “piece of power” that the state delegates to an employee and maintains from the state budget.
The positions of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Russian Federation (in a foreign state), Permanent Representative (representative, permanent observer) of the Russian Federation to an international organization (in a foreign state) are classified as category “A” government positions. These are political positions; their performance is not considered public service proper.
State positions of the diplomatic service are classified as state positions of the federal civil service of categories “B” and “C”. These positions have their own procedure for filling, their own system of classification and qualification and job requirements, and their own procedure for remuneration. They determine the social, legal, power-administrative and political status of a diplomatic worker, the content, limits and possibilities of his influence on the diplomatic process and international relations, and membership in one or another group of employees of the foreign policy department.
From the moment of appointment to a position, a person becomes a material bearer of state power and officially receives real rights to implement the relevant state functions.
In accordance with Art. 6 of the federal law “On the Fundamentals of the Civil Service of the Russian Federation” and the List of public positions of federal civil servants, diplomatic service positions are divided into five groups: senior, main, leading, senior and junior public service positions. Job structure Thus, it becomes a kind of supporting structure of the living organism of the diplomatic service. The official structure forms and maintains within certain boundaries service-personal relationships inside and outside the apparatus. The employees who occupy these positions give their own special meaning to the process of passing the diplomatic service, turning it into a flexible, constantly evolving mechanism.
The selection and appointment process is a critical component of the diplomatic service. This is a set of measures to ensure that the diplomatic service is staffed with specialists who, in their professional, social and personal qualities, correspond to the goals, objectives and characteristics of a specific unit or institution of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation.
The selection of candidates for diplomatic positions in foreign institutions of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is carried out primarily from among employees of the central office and foreign structures subordinate to the Ministry of institutions, students of the Diplomatic Academy, graduates of MGIMO (U) and some other universities of the country. Specialists recommended by structural divisions of the central apparatus of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, foreign institutions, representative offices and missions abroad, subordinate institutions and the Diplomatic Academy, as well as those who nominated themselves on their own initiative in the form of an application sent to the Personnel Department are allowed for consideration.
To carry out the selection of candidates, commissions are created headed by the Deputy Minister, supervising the relevant structures and foreign institutions. Proposals on the personal composition of commissions are made by the Deputy Minister who oversees personnel processes. The composition of the commissions is approved by the Minister or, on his instructions, by one of his first deputies. The commissions include heads (deputy heads) of the central office units and the Personnel Department supervising foreign establishments. The heads of the departments representing the candidates and the trade union committee are invited to the meetings of the commissions.
Persons who successfully pass all stages of competitive selection are included in plans for professional training, replacements and transfers of diplomatic personnel. Approved by the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs in charge of personnel issues, positions that remain vacant after the selection of candidates are filled in a routine manner by agreement between the Personnel Department, the relevant departments of the central apparatus and foreign agencies.
The selection for the diplomatic service from among university graduates has its own characteristics. The selection is organized in accordance with the “Regulations on the procedure for admitting to the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs graduates of higher educational institutions entering the public service for the first time,” approved by Order No. 2467 of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of March 14, 2001.
The competition is held on the basis of annually issued orders from the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which determine the timing of the competition and the competition commission. Information about the competition is published in the Diplomatic Bulletin, and is also posted on stands at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, MGIMO (U), Diplomatic Academy, Moscow State University, Institute of Asian and African Countries and other educational institutions. It necessarily notes that the competition is being announced for “filling vacant junior diplomatic positions in the federal civil service with graduates of higher educational institutions of the current year,” and emphasizes that the competition is held only for individuals. Graduates of “duly accredited higher educational institutions.” “Russian citizens” who speak “at least two foreign languages and have special knowledge in the field of international relations, international law, and regional problems” are allowed to participate in the competition.
Through participation in the competition, vacant diplomatic positions of assistants, senior assistants, attachés, and third secretaries are filled. Applicants must have a higher professional education in a “specialist” or “master” program. In some cases, “bachelors” who speak rare foreign languages are allowed to participate in the competition. Preferential right to enter the service is enjoyed by graduates who have a diploma with honors, as well as those who have undergone introductory or pre-graduate internship at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as well as those who have practical skills in working on a PC and in computer networks.
The initial appointment of a citizen to a public position of the diplomatic service in the apparatus of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation or his referral to fill such a position in a foreign establishment of the Russian Federation is carried out simultaneously with the conclusion of the contract and is formalized by order of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Any restrictions or advantages when entering the diplomatic service depending on gender, race, nationality, origin, property or official status, place of residence, attitude to religion, or membership in duly registered socio-political associations are not allowed.
The principle of social equality is an indispensable condition for a democratically constructed system of public service, ensuring a broad social basis for selection for service from the maximum possible number of applicants. The main priorities are citizenship of the Russian Federation. Relevant education and professionalism, civic and political maturity, analytical and organizational skills, knowledge foreign languages, moral and physical health.
But along with the introduction of licensing norms and social and legal guarantees, the legislation stipulates situations in which a Russian citizen cannot be accepted into the diplomatic service and remain in it. They boil down to the following:
– recognition of him as incompetent or partially capable by a court decision that has entered into legal force;
– in case of deprivation of his right to hold public positions in the civil service for a certain period of time by a court decision that has entered into legal force;
– presence of a confirmed conclusion medical institution illness that prevents him from performing his official duties;
– refusal to undergo the procedure for obtaining access to information constituting a state or other secret protected by law;
– close relationship with a civil servant of the diplomatic service, if the performance of official duties of one of them is associated with direct subordination or control of the other;
– having citizenship of a foreign state, except in cases where access to the service is regulated on a reciprocal basis by interstate agreements.
The legislation stipulates in detail not only the conditions for the passage, but also the termination of official relations. Termination of service can take place on one’s own initiative, on the initiative of the administration, or due to objective circumstances.
In addition to the grounds provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation on civil service and the Labor Code, the dismissal (resignation) of a civil servant from the diplomatic service can be carried out on the initiative of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the following cases:
a) loss of citizenship of the Russian Federation;
b) reaching the age limit established for filling the position of a civil servant of the diplomatic service (the age limit for holding a civil servant of the diplomatic service is 60 years);
c) a single violation of disciplinary and regime requirements determined by the current instructions and rules with which the employee was previously familiarized;
d) in connection with the liquidation, reorganization, reduction of staff of a government body and its structures;
e) providing knowingly false information about income and property;
f) the employee’s failure to comply with the laws and customs of the host state, as well as generally accepted standards of behavior and morality.
Currently, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation has developed a comprehensive and fairly flexible system for completing the consular and diplomatic service based on rotation of employees. Rotation is carried out within the framework of the concept of continuous, essentially lifelong diplomatic service. The principles and procedure for rotation are established by such regulations of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs as the “Regulations on the rotation of diplomatic personnel”, approved by order of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs of July 6, 1994 No. 3521. It follows from it that all official movements of diplomatic service employees are carried out a) in accordance with official needs; b) taking into account the qualifications and professional training and specialization of personnel; c) established procedural norms and principles of rotation.
Rotation of diplomatic personnel is the established rules and procedure for the official movement of diplomatic employees, taking into account their abilities, professional knowledge, language training, and experience of the diplomatic service. It is carried out in the interests of effective use of the professional potential of employees, creating favorable conditions for their career and professional growth, and ensuring equal opportunities for a diplomatic career in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Rotation is the most important component of the diplomatic service, the purpose of which is the most effective use of the existing intellectual and personnel potential of the diplomatic service. Objectives: systematic provision of all departments of the central apparatus, foreign institutions and diplomatic missions in Russia with trained personnel of the appropriate professional level, creation of favorable conditions for the career and professional growth of employees, their consolidation in the system of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Rotation also involves the fight against the so-called “localitis” - a phenomenon associated with a person’s long stay in diplomatic work in one country. On the one hand, the longer a diplomat works in one direction or in one region, the higher his professionalism, but frequent turnover reduces this professionalism. On the other hand, a long-term stay in a country causes the effect of addiction to this country, generates a special “love” for the culture, mentality, customs and traditions of its people. This is natural and objective; most often, against the will of the diplomat, it reduces the “threshold of his sensitivity” to the problems of the host country and reduces the quality of performance of official duties. This factor cannot be ignored.
The systematic rotation establishes the following terms of tenure in diplomatic positions:
a) in divisions (functional and territorial) of the central office during the period between trips abroad - at least 3 years;
b) in foreign institutions - 3 years (with a possible extension of no more than one year by prior decision at the center). This period in individual cases may be extended by decision of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, but this is not done only with the consent of the employee.
The established procedure for serving in foreign institutions does not apply to persons sent to work as heads of foreign institutions.
Rotation is carried out based on the following main requirements-principles: complexity and consistency of rotational activities; legality; strict adherence to regulatory rotation deadlines; democracy and openness; professionalism. Compliance with the listed principles ensures the rationality of personnel placement depending on their political science, legal, linguistic and regional studies training, diplomatic service experience, moral, ethical and personal qualities.
In order to maintain stability and continuity in the work of the departments of the ministry and foreign institutions, the rotation plan is developed taking into account a differentiated approach. Young specialists selected for work at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs are sent to work abroad mainly immediately after graduating from universities. Graduates with a diploma with honors are appointed to the position of attaché. In the future, their rotation is carried out in the usual manner. Before going on a long business trip, specialists recruited for diplomatic work from other institutions and organizations must work in departments of the central office for at least a year, thereby acquiring the necessary practical experience in the system of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
To carry out the rotation procedure, commissions are created headed by the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, who supervises the relevant foreign institutions. The commissions include the heads of the central office units and the Personnel Department supervising the foreign establishment. The work of the commissions must be attended by the heads of the candidates presenting replacements and representatives of the trade union committee.
Of course, drawing up rotation plans and the rotation procedure itself is not an easy matter and requires appropriate professionalism. The main thing is the ability to competently use the existing personnel potential, flexibility and thoughtfulness in managing diplomatic personnel, taking into account the fact that real Career opportunities narrow as you move from the lowest group of positions to the highest. Ultimately, the success of rotation depends on the ability to create real opportunities for each employee to demonstrate their abilities and professional qualities.
Security questions:
1. Give a definition and brief commentary on the concept of “diplomatic service.”
2. What are the main stages and structural elements of the diplomatic service system?
3. What is the principle of competitive selection and appointment to a diplomatic position in the Russian Foreign Ministry?
4. Who has the right to enter the diplomatic service?
5. In what case cannot a citizen of the Russian Federation be accepted into the diplomatic service?
6. What reasons can you name for termination of diplomatic service?
7. Describe the principles and features of personnel rotation in the diplomatic service system.
1. Constitution of the Russian Federation. – M., 1999.
2. On the fundamentals of the civil service of the Russian Federation. Federal Law No. 119-FZ of July 31, 1995, as amended by Federal Laws No. 35-FZ of February 18, 1999 and No. 135-FZ of November 7, 2000 // Collection of Legislation. – 1995. – No. 31.
4. Public service. Collection of normative documents. – M., 2001.
5. On some issues of regulating the working conditions of workers sent to work at the representative office of the Russian Federation abroad. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 2, 1994 No. 1337.
6. Internal labor regulations for employees of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Order of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of January 5, 1996 No. 76 A.
7. Regulations on the rotation of diplomatic personnel. Order of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of July 6, 1994 No. 3521.
8. New edition standard projects employment agreements (contracts) for employees holding public service positions in the central office of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in diplomatic missions and consular offices of the Russian Federation and representative offices of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Order of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of February 28, 2000 No. 1816.
9. Regulations on the Personnel Department of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Approved by order of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of August 13, 1996 No. 6369.
10. On the procedure for appointing to public positions persons entering work for the first time or again at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, diplomatic missions and consular offices of the Russian Federation. Order of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of March 16, 1999 No. 2189.
11. On the admission for the first time to the civil service in the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs of graduates of higher educational institutions. Order of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of March 14, 2001 No. 2467.
12. On strengthening labor discipline in teams of foreign institutions of the Russian Foreign Ministry. Order of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of May 16, 1997 No. 4703.
13. On the procedure for assigning diplomatic ranks to employees of the Russian Foreign Ministry system. Order of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of July 6, 1994 No. 3520.
14. On the organization of work on assigning qualification categories to federal civil servants holding government positions in the central apparatus of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Order of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of July 18, 1997 No. 8226.
15. On the procedure for nominating senior diplomatic officials of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs for assignment of the diplomatic ranks of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary and Envoy of the 1st and 2nd class. Order of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of February 11, 1999 No. 1294.
16. Borunkov A.F. Diplomatic protocol in Russia. – M., 2007.
17. Weber M. Politics as a calling and profession // Selected works. – M., 1990. – P. 569–570.
18. Vinogradov V.M. Episodes from diplomatic practice. – M., 1993.
19. Citizen V.D. Public service as a professional activity. – Voronezh, 1997.
20. Diplomatic service. Tutorial/ Ed. A.V. Torkunov. – M., 2002.
21. Eliseev I.I., Zharov Yu.F. Consular Service of the Russian Federation. Textbook / Ed. V.P. Vorobyova. – M., 2001.
22. Worker's book personnel service. Educational and reference manual. / Ed. E.V. Okhotsky and V.M. Anisimova. – M., 1998.
23. Nozdrachev A.F. Public service. Textbook. – M., 1999.
24. Training of diplomats in Russia and the USA // USA: economics, politics, ideology. – 1998. – No. 7. – P. 96–99.
25. Training, retraining and advanced training of civil servants. Collection of normative and methodological materials. For managers and organizers of studies, employees of personnel services of government agencies and educational institutions. – M., 1996–1998. – Vol. I–II.
26. Sakun O.F. Diplomatic craft. – M., 2008.
27. Collection of materials on consular issues. Documents and regulations. – M., 1997. – T. 1.
28. Service career. Educational and methodological manual/ Ed. E.V. Okhotsky. – M., 1998.
29. Smirnov G.N. Ethics of business relations. Textbook. – M., 2008.
30. Encyclopedic Dictionary HR worker / Ed. V.M. Anisimova. – M., 1999.
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The staff of the Russian Foreign Ministry has a rather complex job structure. It is structured in full accordance with the requirements of the federal law “On the Fundamentals of the Civil Service of the Russian Federation”, decrees of the President of the Russian Federation “On public positions of the Russian Federation” dated January 11, 1995 No. 32 and “On the list of public positions of the federal public service” dated September 3 1997 No. 981 with corresponding amendments 1998-2001.
Specifically, the formation of staff was carried out using generally accepted technologies for working with civil service personnel in accordance with the norms and requirements of the regulations on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, approved by the President of the Russian Federation of March 14, 1995 No. 271, on the Embassy of the Russian Federation, approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated October 28, 1996 No. 1497, on the consular office of the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated November 5, 1998 No. 1330. The standards established by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation “On the structure of the central apparatus of federal executive bodies” dated 5 November 1995 No. 1094: the number of leading positions of civil servants should not exceed 10%, senior positions - 40% of the total number of employees of the ministry’s apparatus and its foreign agencies. It is also taken into account that the staffing level of a department should not be less than 35 units, a department - less than 20 units, a department - less than 10 units, a department within a department - less than 5 units.
The President of the Russian Federation also approved a special register of positions that established government positions in the diplomatic service. It was put into effect by the Decree “On the introduction of additions to the consolidated list of government positions of the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of January 11, 1995 No. 32, and on approval of the list of government positions of the federal civil service category “B” in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation , diplomatic missions and consular offices of the Russian Federation" dated December 20, 1996 No. 1748.
As you know, the concept of “public office” was legislatively enshrined in paragraph 1 of Art. 1 of the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of the Civil Service of the Russian Federation”. But we must admit that it is not entirely successful. Therefore, in the scientific literature we find more full interpretation this concept, which captures not only the fact that these are positions in government bodies with monetary support from the state budget, but also that this is a state institution that determines the status and content of the position. The position ensures the unity of the employee’s rights, duties, guarantees and responsibilities, his social and legal status, and the boundaries of his competence. Taking into account, of course, certain restrictions that the state, in our case, the diplomatic service, assumes.
The public position of the diplomatic service is a legally and organizationally formalized structural unit of the division of labor system in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which determines the status, place and functions of a diplomatic worker, the boundaries and content of his activities in the execution and professional support of the execution of the powers of the foreign policy department of the Russian Federation. In a certain sense, this is a “part of power” that the state delegates to an employee employed in the diplomatic service system and supported by the state budget. The position accumulates the power and professional capabilities of the official, determines the boundaries and specific content of his powers, real opportunities and scope of participation in the implementation of the competence of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The effectiveness of Russian diplomacy as a whole ultimately depends on these capabilities and volumes.
The positions of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Russian Federation (in a foreign state), Permanent Representative (representative, permanent observer) of the Russian Federation to an international organization (in a foreign state) are classified as category “A” government positions. These are political positions; their performance is not considered public service proper.
State positions of the diplomatic service are classified as state positions of the federal civil service of categories “B” and “C”. These positions have their own procedure for filling, their own system of classification and qualification and job requirements, and their own procedure for remuneration. They determine the social, legal, power-administrative and political status of a diplomatic worker, the content, limits and possibilities of his influence on the diplomatic process and international relations, and membership in one or another group of employees of the foreign policy department.
A government diplomatic service position is created by the state. Moreover, on an ongoing basis and in order to solve a specific range of state diplomatic tasks, i.e. is created not for the individual, but for the function of the state diplomatic apparatus. Therefore, the establishment, reorganization, and abolition of government positions in the diplomatic service are regulated by federal legislation and relevant federal regulations. The President of the country determines the political, legal, and financial status of a public position, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs establishes the scope of powers of the position, its place in the structure of the apparatus, forms and methods of exercising the powers of this position.
From the moment of appointment to a position, a person becomes a material bearer of state power and officially receives real rights to implement the relevant state functions.
In accordance with Art. 6 of the federal law “On the Fundamentals of the Civil Service of the Russian Federation” and the List of public positions of federal civil servants, diplomatic service positions are divided into five groups: senior, main, leading, senior and junior public service positions. The official structure thus becomes a kind of supporting structure of the living organism of the diplomatic service. The official structure forms and maintains within certain boundaries service-personal relationships inside and outside the apparatus. The employees who occupy these positions give their own special meaning to the process of passing the diplomatic service, turning it into a flexible, constantly evolving mechanism.
Highest position
diplomatic service
(5th group of government positions
diplomatic service)
These positions are established only in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, diplomatic missions and consular offices of the Russian Federation. They are occupied by the first deputy minister, deputy minister, ambassador for special assignments, and director of the department. These are positions of a leading, relatively speaking, directive and management authority.
Main position
diplomatic service
(4th group of government positions
diplomatic service)
In the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, diplomatic missions and consular offices this is: head of department, first deputy Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation to the UN; Deputy Director of the Department, Head of the Mission of the Russian Federation, Charge d'Affaires of the Russian Federation, Minister-Counselor, Consul General of the Russian Federation, Deputy Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation to an international organization;
In representative offices of the Russian Federation and representative offices of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs abroad, these are: trade representative of the Russian Federation and Commissioner of the Russian Federation;
In the territorial bodies of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs this is: Representative of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs;
From the point of view of management science, these are positions of coordination and control authority.
Leading position
diplomatic service
(3rd group of government positions
diplomatic service)
In the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, diplomatic missions and consular offices these are: deputy head of a department, chief adviser, consul of the Russian Federation, head of a department, head of a department (administration), deputy head of a department, deputy head of a department (administration), senior adviser, consultant, adviser, consul-advisor, first secretary, consul, trade adviser.
In the bodies of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs this is: first secretary;
In representative offices of the Russian Federation and representative offices of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs abroad, these are: the head of the representative office of the federal executive body, deputy trade representative of the Russian Federation, deputy head, head of the department, head of the department, senior expert of the representative office of the federal executive body abroad.
In the territorial bodies of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs these are: Deputy Representative of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, adviser, first secretary;
These are positions of decisive authority; their implementation ensures the stability and strength of the diplomatic service system.
Senior position
diplomatic service
(2nd group of government positions
diplomatic service)
In the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, diplomatic missions and consular offices these are: second secretary, chief specialist, vice-consul, consular agent, third secretary, leading specialist, attaché, specialist of the first category, senior assistant, specialist of the second category, assistant, specialist;
In the bodies of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs these are: second secretary, third secretary, attache;
In representative offices of the Russian Federation and representative offices of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs abroad, these are: expert, chief specialist, leading specialist.
In the territorial bodies of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs these are: second secretary, third secretary, attaché;
These are positions of an advisory and administrative authority that provide solutions to operational issues of the diplomatic and consular service.
Junior position
diplomatic service
(1st group of government positions
diplomatic service)
In the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, diplomatic missions and consular offices these are: diplomatic courier of category I, diplomatic courier of category II, leading inspector-document keeper, diplomatic courier of category III, senior inspector-document keeper, diplomatic courier of category IV, inspector-document keeper;
In the bodies of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs this is: senior assistant, assistant;
In representative offices of the Russian Federation and representative offices of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs abroad, these are: senior assistant, senior foreign correspondent, specialist of the first category, assistant, foreign correspondent, specialist of the second category, specialist;
In the territorial bodies of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs this is: senior assistant, assistant.
Employees filling junior positions do not perform legally significant actions; they act in the order of executing specific instructions from managers.
The distribution of employees of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs system according to the specified categories and groups of government positions as of January 1, 2002 can be presented in the following table:
As we can see, the senior management level, which determines the main directions of activity of the foreign policy department and the nature of the diplomatic service, employs a little more than 70 people (less than 3% of the total personnel of the diplomatic service). The vast majority are employees occupying leading and senior positions (89%). Every third responsible employee of the department holds leading positions - deputy heads of departments, chief advisers, consuls, heads of departments, consultants, expert specialists. In senior positions there are even more - more than half of diplomatic workers. These are the main and leading specialists, second and third secretaries of embassies, attachés, i.e. those who bear the main burden of solving the current tasks of the diplomatic service. Only 3.2% of diplomatic workers are employed in junior positions. It is in these positions that the largest number of young workers under the age of 30 years is found.
The existing hierarchy of positions determines the logic of the internal promotion of a diplomatic employee and creates favorable conditions for realizing the career potential of almost every specialist. With such a system, the selection of personnel and placement of people, their assessment and professional training are facilitated. It simplifies the determination of staffing standards and boundaries of responsibility, work planning and distribution of responsibilities, speeds up the flow of information, and increases the clarity of execution control.
The categories and groups of positions listed above, in their organic totality, give the diplomatic service organizational certainty and determine the sequence of official promotion of the employee. With such a system, the established procedure for recruiting personnel, placing personnel in the diplomatic service, and assessing the quality of their professional activities becomes clear. It is also clear that the most acceptable scheme for filling government positions in the diplomatic service is: in the lower level - young specialists with higher, incomplete higher and secondary specialized education; on average - nominees from the diplomatic service, employees occupying junior and senior positions, as well as those hired from outside on the basis competitive tests; in higher- management employees holding main and senior positions, reserve students.
Public positions of the diplomatic service are divided not only into groups, but also into categories depending on their specialization. The MFA system uses phrases operational-diplomatic staff(ODS) and administrative and technical personnel (ATP). Initially, these concepts were based on the provisions of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 1961, which provided for three categories of personnel of diplomatic missions (diplomatic, administrative, technical and service), which differed in the scope of the immunities granted. Since before the adoption of the Convention the USSR, unlike a number of other countries, provided immunity service personnel, allocation of such employees to separate category was considered inappropriate and was not consolidated either in the practice of foreign institutions or in internal ministerial personnel work.
Currently, the operational-diplomatic staff of the Russian Foreign Ministry includes all employees performing diplomatic functions, i.e. those who hold positions from senior assistant to minister, from senior assistant to the head of a foreign agency. All other employees are classified as administrative and technical personnel. In accordance with this official division, employees of foreign institutions are issued passports: UDF employees - as a rule, diplomatic ones, ATP employees - service ones. An exception is made for recent university graduates going abroad for the first time - junior operational diplomatic officers (senior assistants), who, despite performing the duties of a diplomat, are issued service passports.
Civil servants of the diplomatic service are divided not only into groups of positions, but also depending on their specialization and their official activities. Each category of diplomatic servants, in accordance with its specialization, requires the availability of appropriate education, knowledge of foreign languages, legal and political science training, and relevant practical experience. The principle of unity of the diplomatic position and the personal and qualification characteristics of the applicant for it applies here. The greater the scope and level of authority in a position, the more qualified, experienced and morally mature the employee holding it should be. For a civil servant of the diplomatic service, especially at the highest level, a strategic vision and a comprehensive perception of what is happening, the ability for a comprehensive analysis and scientific assessment of processes and phenomena, and a high legal culture must be indispensable.
In accordance with the federal law “On the Fundamentals of the Civil Service of the Russian Federation,” citizens of the Russian Federation who have reached 18 years of age and apply for public positions in the diplomatic service are subject to a set of specific requirements: for their educational, general cultural, professional and personal qualities. IN general view it is formulated as qualification requirements to civil servants holding government positions in the diplomatic service. In general they boil down to the following:
Knowledge of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal legislation in relation to the group and specialization of the position, the nature of the official duties performed;
Availability of relevant specialty and specialization, knowledge in the field of international law, principles, priorities and features of Russian foreign policy, regional studies, history and current state of international relations, as well as knowledge and practical skills in the field of diplomacy and diplomatic service, in other areas of practical interest for the corresponding unit of the central office, representative office in a constituent entity of the Russian Federation or foreign structure;
The level of proficiency in Russian, as well as a foreign language (foreign languages) in relation to the requirements of the position, region or country of intended assignment (working language of an international organization) or another foreign language that allows full work in the relevant foreign institution, is not lower than the operational level according to the VKIYA certificate;
Experience in the federal state (including diplomatic) service and work experience in the specialty: highest public position - at least two years of civil service experience in the main government positions or at least five years of work experience in a specialty; home public position - at least two years of civil service experience in leading government positions or at least three years of professional experience; presenter public position - at least two years of civil service experience in senior government positions or at least three years of professional experience; eldest public position - work experience in the specialty for at least three years; younger public position - without requirements for length of service.
Certain requirements are also imposed on the state of health: the main thing is that the applicant for the position must not have medical contraindications for occupying this position or traveling to this country.
The list of these and other qualification requirements is established by federal legislation, as well as relevant departmental regulations. In each specific case they are clarified and detailed. Therefore, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is developing appropriate lists of qualification requirements for groups of government positions, and has approved a profile of professional education specifying qualification requirements that take into account the specifics of official activities in departments, divisions and specific positions. The presence of such lists streamlines work with personnel and is a good guide in the selection of specialists in accordance with the requirements for each position.
The process of selection and appointment to a position is the most important component of the diplomatic service. This is a set of measures to ensure that the diplomatic service is staffed with specialists who, in their professional, social and personal qualities, correspond to the goals, objectives and characteristics of a specific unit or institution of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation.
The implementation of these activities is a rather complex process. There are still many weaknesses and shortcomings here. They are associated with the undeveloped legal framework regulating personnel processes in the public service system as a whole, the strong influence of personal preferences of managers, subjectivity in personnel assessment and the lack of fair material incentives for quality work. It is with this kind of phenomenon that most expert analysts associate the weaknesses of personnel work in the diplomatic service system.
However, it has already become firmly established practice that many positions in the central apparatus and the vast majority of positions in foreign agencies are filled on a competitive basis. Although in some cases, by decision of the leadership of the ministry, an employee may be nominated for a position or sent on a business trip abroad without a competition.
In accordance with Art. 21 (clause 7) and art. 22 (clause 4) of the federal law “On the Fundamentals of the Civil Service of the Russian Federation”, the appointment of first-time or newly-entered civil service (including in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs system) is carried out:
For government positions in the civil service of category “B” - on the proposal of the relevant persons holding positions in category “A”. The procedure for selecting candidates is determined by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in accordance with the current regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation;
For civil service positions of the 1st group of category “B” - by the Minister of Foreign Affairs. The procedure for selecting candidates is determined by the relevant regulatory legal acts. The selection of candidates from among university graduates to fill vacant diplomatic positions in the Russian Foreign Ministry is carried out by a competition commission headed by the Deputy Minister. The competition is regulated by the Regulations on the procedure for admission to the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs of university graduates entering the civil service for the first time;
For public positions in the civil service of the 2nd group of positions of category “B” by the relevant official on the basis of a competition of documents;
b) for civil service positions of the 3rd, 4th and 5th groups of positions of category “B” - based on the results of the test competition.
For a citizen hired for the first time to a public position in the civil service, in case of transfer to a position of another group or specialization, it is established probation from three to six months in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation on public service. The probationary period does not include the period of temporary disability and other periods when the employee was absent from service for valid reasons.
If the test result is unsatisfactory, the employee may be transferred, with his consent, to his previous or another public position in the civil service, and if the transfer is refused, he may be dismissed. If the probation period has expired and the civil servant of the diplomatic service continues his diplomatic service, he is considered to have passed the test and subsequent dismissal is allowed only on the grounds provided for by federal law.
The selection of candidates for diplomatic positions in foreign institutions of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is carried out primarily from among employees of the central apparatus and foreign structures subordinate to the Ministry of institutions, students of the Diplomatic Academy, graduates of MGIMO (U) and some other universities of the country. Specialists recommended by structural divisions of the central apparatus of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, foreign establishments, representative offices and missions abroad, subordinate institutions and the Diplomatic Academy, as well as those who nominated themselves on their own initiative in the form of an application sent to the Personnel Department are allowed for consideration.
To carry out the selection of candidates, commissions are created headed by the Deputy Minister, supervising the relevant structures and foreign institutions. Proposals on the personal composition of commissions are made by the Deputy Minister who oversees personnel processes. The composition of the commissions is approved by the Minister or, on his instructions, by one of his first deputies. The commissions include heads (deputy heads) of the central office units and the Personnel Department supervising foreign establishments. The heads of the departments representing the candidates and the trade union committee are invited to the meetings of the commissions.
Persons who successfully pass all stages of the competitive selection are included in plans for professional training, replacements and transfers of diplomatic personnel, approved by the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs in charge of personnel issues. Positions that remain vacant after the selection of candidates are filled in working order by agreement between the Personnel Department, the relevant departments of the central office and foreign agencies.
As shown many years of experience, competition is one of the most democratic and socially fair forms of personnel selection and methods of obtaining a position in the government apparatus. This is the only possible mechanism for selection for service without external influence on personnel decisions, ensuring the right of equal access to the federal public service in accordance with the abilities and professional training of a person. Competitive selection ensures the democratic nature of personnel decision-making, increases the influx of professionals into the Ministry of Foreign Affairs system and further increases the prestige of the diplomatic service, and guarantees high objectivity in assessing professional suitability for work in the Foreign Ministry apparatus.
The selection for the diplomatic service from among university graduates has its own characteristics. The selection is organized in accordance with the “Regulations on the procedure for admitting to the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs graduates of higher educational institutions entering the public service for the first time,” approved by Order No. 2467 of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of March 14, 2001.
The competition is held on the basis of annually issued orders from the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which determine the timing of the competition and the composition of the competition commission. Information about the competition is published in the Diplomatic Bulletin, and is also posted on stands at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, MGIMO (U), Diplomatic Academy, Moscow State University, Institute of Asian and African Countries and other educational institutions. It obligatorily notes that a competition is being announced for “filling vacant junior diplomatic positions in the federal civil service with graduates of higher educational institutions of the current year,” and emphasizes that the competition is held only for persons who graduated from “duly accredited higher educational institutions.” “Russian citizens” who speak “at least two foreign languages and have special knowledge in the field of international relations, international law, and regional problems” are allowed to participate in the competition.
Through participation in the competition, vacant diplomatic positions of assistants, senior assistants, attachés, and third secretaries are filled. Applicants for positions must have a higher professional education in a “specialist” or “master” program. In some cases, “bachelors” who speak rare foreign languages are allowed to participate in the competition. Preferential right to enter the service is enjoyed by graduates who have a diploma with honors, as well as those who have undergone introductory or pre-graduate internship at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as well as those who have practical skills in working on a personal computer and in computer networks.
All applicants must speak at least two foreign languages (the level of proficiency of which is confirmed by a state exam according to the program of linguistic universities); have a high level of knowledge in the field of international relations or other areas necessary to perform diplomatic functions. They should not have diseases that would prevent them from performing future job duties.
The requirements, as we see, are quite serious, but this does not reduce the interest in this kind of professional testing. The number of participants in the competition is constantly growing. In 2001, 130 graduates of 13 higher educational institutions of the country successfully competed for vacant positions, incl. MGIMO (U), Diplomatic Academy, Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow State Linguistic University.
The competition is held in three stages:
Stage I - preliminary selection of candidates by the Human Resources Department in accordance with the requirements (April - May);
Stage II - interviews with them in departments of the ministry, where employment is expected and approval of selected candidates with the relevant departments of the central apparatus (April-June);
Stage III - consideration of candidates by the competition commission (June-July, August-September) and the final decision on the admission of university graduates to work in the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The evaluation of competition participants is carried out on the basis of a) documents on education, b) recommendations of universities, c) reviews based on the results of practice in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs or other government agencies and organizations, d) results of interviews with the heads of structural divisions of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and testing at the Diplomatic Academy, e) certification in foreign languages, f) conclusions of the medical commission. The received data is entered into the competition sheet. Each participant in the competition is informed about the results of the competition personally. The decision of the competition commission is the basis for appointment to a public position of the diplomatic service or for refusal of such appointment.
Those hired are, as a rule, distributed among departments of the central office and foreign institutions, depending on what specialty and what faculty they graduated from, what foreign languages they studied. Personal interests in one or another type of diplomatic activity are also taken into account.
From the first days of its practical activities they deal with contemporary international issues. A young specialist immediately finds himself in the thick of major international events, quickly accumulates production experience, and over time he has great opportunities for growth and career advancement.
A more “difficult” start to their careers is experienced by those specialists who are assigned to units involved in routine organizational and technical work, to departments that oversee small countries, or to embassies and consulates general of countries that are not at the center of world politics. The opportunity to quickly gain the necessary career experience and prove oneself in a big business is somewhat more difficult in such teams; career advancement is slow. It is no coincidence that many young employees make proposals to create more favorable conditions for the rotation of young personnel, to create equal conditions for a successful official and professional career for each employee.
The initial appointment of a citizen to a public position of the diplomatic service in the apparatus of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation or his referral to fill such a position in a foreign establishment of the Russian Federation is carried out simultaneously with the conclusion of the contract and is formalized by order of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Any restrictions or advantages when entering the diplomatic service depending on gender, race, nationality, origin, property or official status, place of residence, attitude to religion, or membership in duly registered socio-political associations are not allowed.
The principle of social equality is an indispensable condition for a democratically constructed system of public service, ensuring a broad social basis for selection for service from the maximum possible number of applicants. The main priorities are citizenship of the Russian Federation, appropriate education and professionalism, civic and political maturity, analytical and organizational skills, knowledge of foreign languages, moral and physical health.
But along with the introduction of licensing norms and social and legal guarantees, the legislation stipulates situations in which a Russian citizen cannot be accepted into the diplomatic service and remain in it. They boil down to the following:
Recognition of him as incompetent or partially capable by a court decision that has entered into legal force;
If he is deprived of the right to hold public positions in the civil service for a certain period of time by a court decision that has entered into legal force;
The presence of a disease confirmed by the conclusion of a medical institution that prevents him from performing his official duties;
Refusal to undergo the procedure for obtaining access to information constituting a state or other secret protected by law;
Close relationship with a civil servant of the diplomatic service, if the performance of official duties of one of them is associated with direct subordination or control of the other;
Having citizenship of a foreign state, except in cases where access to the service is regulated on a reciprocal basis by interstate agreements.
Information submitted upon a citizen's admission to the diplomatic service is subject to verification in the manner prescribed by federal law. If circumstances are established that impede entry into the diplomatic service, the specified citizen is informed in writing about the reasons for the refusal to accept him for service.
The employment contract provides for the following main obligations of the parties.
The state, represented by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, undertakes:
Ensure the protection of the rights of the employee and members of his family during their stay abroad to the immunities and privileges provided for by the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 1961;
Pay the employee a salary in the form of an official salary in foreign currency, as well as bonuses and other payments provided for by the current remuneration system;
Pay the cost of travel for the employee and his family members when traveling to the place of work and returning to Russia;
Provide annual paid leave;
Create necessary conditions for retraining (requalification) and advanced training while maintaining pay for the period of study;
Provide compulsory state insurance in case of damage to health and property in connection with the performance of official duties.
The social, material and technical conditions of work, the procedure for the provision of transport services and housing, the volume of medical and sanatorium-resort services, pensions for long service and pensions for family members in the event of his death occurring in connection with the performance of official duties are also discussed. etc.
All this together constitutes guarantees for a civil servant of the diplomatic service.
For his part, the civil servant undertakes:
Ensure the implementation of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws in the interests of the Russian Federation, strengthening its constitutional system;
Comply with official, production and performance discipline, internal labor regulations, laws of the host country, generally accepted standards of behavior and morality;
Carry out the duties and functions assigned to him conscientiously and skillfully;
Execute orders, instructions and instructions in the order of subordination of managers given within the limits of their official powers, with the exception of illegal ones;
Ensure compliance and protection of the rights and legitimate interests of citizens; timely consider appeals from citizens and public associations, as well as enterprises, institutions and organizations, state bodies and local governments, make decisions on them in the manner established by federal laws;
Maintain a level of qualifications sufficient to perform high-quality job duties;
Keep state and other secrets protected by law, and also not disclose information obtained during the diplomatic service that affects private life or the security of the state.
But it is possible to fulfill official duties only if the employee is endowed with the appropriate rights. Rights are a system of generally binding norms that determine the social and legal status and legal regulation of the capabilities of a civil servant within the limits of his official powers. The framework of rights is determined by the relevant norms of the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of the Civil Service of the Russian Federation”, the Labor Code, collective agreement, internal labor regulations, regulations on structural divisions, and other regulatory documents. Rights are divided into general civil, functional and status.
The legislation stipulates in detail not only the conditions for the passage, but also the termination of official relations. Termination of service can take place on one’s own initiative, on the initiative of the administration, or due to objective circumstances.
In addition to the grounds provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation on civil service and the Labor Code, the dismissal (resignation) of a civil servant from the diplomatic service can be carried out on the initiative of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the following cases:
a) loss of citizenship of the Russian Federation;
b) reaching the age limit established for filling the position of a civil servant of the diplomatic service;
c) a single violation of disciplinary and regime requirements determined by the current instructions and rules with which the employee was previously familiarized;
d) in connection with the liquidation, reorganization, reduction of staff of a government body and its structures;
e) provision of knowingly false information about income and property.
f) the employee’s failure to comply with the laws and customs of the host state, as well as generally accepted standards of behavior and morality.
Termination of work in a foreign institution may be carried out due to the expiration of the period established when transferring the employee or concluding a fixed-term contract with him employment contract, as well as on other grounds provided for by current legislation. In the event of early termination of employment due to the employee committing guilty actions, he is obliged to return the full amount of money received by him in connection with moving to his place of work.
The dismissal of an employee of the diplomatic service is carried out by the relevant official vested with the right of appointment to a public position of the diplomatic service.
Resignation from the diplomatic service is carried out in the manner established by federal legislation. The age limit for holding a government position in the diplomatic service is 60 years. Extension of stay in the diplomatic service of civil servants holding senior, main and leading diplomatic positions and who have reached the age limit is permitted by a decision of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. A one-time extension of the period of stay in the diplomatic service is allowed for no more than a year. Extension of the diplomatic service of a civil servant of the diplomatic service who has reached 65 years of age (men) and 60 years of age (women) is not allowed.
After reaching the specified age, he can continue to work in the system of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation in a position not related to civil service positions, under the terms of a fixed-term employment contract. In this case, the contract is concluded for a period of up to three months (with a possible extension) subject to the application of the head of the department and the presence of vacant positions in it. The final decision is made by the head of the Personnel Department of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
There are some features of dismissal from the diplomatic service in connection with the liquidation, reorganization, or downsizing of a government agency. In our case, this applies to the central apparatus of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and its structures, embassies, consulates, diplomatic missions and missions abroad, and representative offices of the Ministry on the territory of the Russian Federation. In this case, the employee (with his consent) can be included in the personnel reserve of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and sent for retraining for a period of three to six months. During the period of study, he retains the salary for the previously held diplomatic position, total length of service and guarantees for employment on a competitive basis. The costs of his retraining are borne by the state. But with all this, you need to know that “direction for advanced training or retraining is not an obligation to find employment in the public service.”
