Their life activity and why. Human life mode - what is it? General concept. Classification of dangerous and harmful factors

The way of human existence. Human life takes place in constant contact with the environment, surrounding objects, and people. The living environment can have a beneficial or unfavorable effect on a person’s health, well-being and performance. Environmental parameters that create the best living conditions for the human body are called comfortable.

In the life cycle, a person and the environment surrounding him form a constantly operating system “man - environment”.

Habitat is the environment surrounding a person, currently determined by a combination of factors (physical, chemical, biological, social) that can have a direct or indirect, immediate or remote impact on human activity, his health and offspring.

Acting in this system, a person continuously solves at least two main tasks: provides his needs for food, water and air; creates and uses protection from negative influences both from the environment and from its own kind.

The human impact on the environment, according to the laws of physics, causes response from all its components. The human body tolerates certain influences painlessly as long as they do not exceed the limits of adaptation. BZD considers:
- safety in the home environment;
- safety in the industrial sector;
- life safety in the urban environment (residential area);
- safety in the natural environment;
- emergency situations in peacetime and wartime.
The household environment is the entire sum of factors affecting a person in everyday life. The body's reaction to everyday factors is studied in such branches of science as municipal hygiene, food hygiene, hygiene of children and adolescents.
The production environment is a set of factors affecting a person in the process labor activity.
Safety in the natural environment is one of the branches of ecology. Ecology studies the patterns of interaction of organisms with the environment.

Man and his environment interact harmoniously and develop only in conditions where the flows of energy, matter and information are within limits that are favorably perceived by man and the natural environment. Any excess of the usual flow levels is accompanied by negative impacts on humans and/or the natural environment. Under natural conditions, such impacts are observed during climate change and natural phenomena. In the technosphere, negative impacts are caused by elements of the technosphere (machines, structures, etc.) and human actions. By changing the value of any flow from the minimum significant to the maximum possible, you can go through a number of characteristic states of interaction in the “person - environment” system:

comfortable (optimal), when flows correspond to optimal interaction conditions: create optimal conditions activities and recreation

acceptable when flows, affecting humans and the environment, do not have a negative impact on health, but lead to discomfort, reducing the efficiency of human activity

dangerous when flows exceed permissible levels and have a negative impact on human health, causing disease during prolonged exposure, and/or lead to degradation of the natural environment;

extremely dangerous, when flows of high levels in a short period of time can cause injury, lead a person to death fatal outcome, cause destruction in the natural environment.

Of the four characteristic states of human interaction with the environment, only the first two (comfortable and acceptable) correspond to the positive conditions of everyday life, while the other two (dangerous and extremely dangerous) are unacceptable for human life processes, conservation and development of the natural environment.

Question 2. Pathogenic situations and risk factors. Classification and medical characteristics of environmental factors. Health and illness.

Risk factors- these are potentially hazardous to health factors of the behavioral, biological, genetic, environmental, social nature of the environmental and industrial environment, increasing the likelihood of developing diseases, their progression and unfavorable outcome. Unlike the direct causes of diseases (causal factors - bacteria, viruses, etc.), risk factors act indirectly, creating a favorable background for the development of diseases.

The whole variety of risk factors affecting health can be divided into two main groups: internal - endogenous (genetically determined) and external - exogenous (natural and social). The actions of the others are determined by factors of social order, but all factors are interconnected (Petrova N.A., 1985). Therefore, the division into internal and external factors is purely conditional.

. Classification of dangerous and harmful factors.

According to the existing classification, dangerous and harmful factors, based on the nature of their impact on humans, are divided into 4 groups: physical, chemical, biological and psychophysiological.

To physical factors include: moving machines and mechanisms, parts of equipment; collapsing structures, collapsing rocks; placement of workplaces at height; increased dust and gas pollution in the air; increased level of noise, vibration, infrasound, ultrasound, ionizing radiation, infrared and ultraviolet radiation; increased or decreased temperature of air, materials, surfaces; barometric pressure, humidity, ionization, air speed; insufficient lighting, pulsation of light flux.

Chemical factors classified depending on the nature and strength of the effect on the human body. Penetration of chemicals into the body occurs through the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, skin and mucous membranes.

Biological factors include pathogenic (disease-causing) microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, plants, animals) and their metabolic products.

Psychophysiological factors are divided into:

Physical overload (static, dynamic);

Neuropsychic overload (mental, emotional overload, analyzer overload, monotony of work).

The above classification is not exhaustive.

In case of accidents, breakdowns, or natural disasters, several dangerous and harmful factors can operate simultaneously (example).

The contribution of each of these factors to the development of diseases is very variable and depends on the type of disease being analyzed. According to WHO experts (1997), 23% of all diseases and 25% of all cancer cases are caused by exposure to environmental factors

According to another classification , highlight:
1) socio-economic factors (living conditions, living conditions, material well-being, etc.);
2) socio-biological factors (age of parents, gender, course of the antenatal period, etc.);
3) environmental and natural-climatic factors (habitat pollution, average annual temperature, level of solar radiation, etc.);
4) organizational and medical factors (quality of medical care, availability of medical and social care, etc.).

II. Criteria:
1) alternative (absence - presence; +, -);
2) quantitative (maximum permissible concentrations, maximum permissible limits, maximum permissible limits, maximum permissible limits, maximum permissible limits, OBUV, standards, indicators, etc.);
3) semi-quantitative (rank) - scoring or comparative (good, satisfactory, bad, extreme, etc.);
4) complex (landscape, medical-geographical, integral indicators of health and environment).

Based on the frequency of their effects on people, environmental risk factors can be divided into:
■ relatively permanent (low atmospheric pressure in the mountains, air pollution in large cities, thermal anomalies);
■ periodically repeating (cyclical) (cycles of solar activity, seasonality of natural phenomena, biological rhythms, change of generations, pandemics and epidemics);
■ increasing or decreasing (demographic and epidemiological transition periods, depletion of flora and fauna resources, desertification, etc.);
■ acyclic (earthquakes, tsunamis, industrial disasters).

According to the removability of the influence of risk factors on people’s life activities, they can be divided into:
■ removable;
■ difficult to remove;
■ partially removable;
■ fatal.

Health- this is the main value of life, it occupies the highest level in the hierarchy of human needs..

According to experts from the World Health Organization (WHO), health is a state of complete physical, spiritual and social well-being, and not just the absence of illness and physical defects.

Disease - This is a life disrupted in its course by damage to the structure and function of the body under the influence of external and internal factors during the mobilization of its compensatory and adaptive mechanisms. The disease is characterized by a general or particular decrease in adaptability to the environment and restrictions on the patient’s freedom of life.

QUESTION 3. The concept of life safety and human adaptation.

Life safety is a system of scientific knowledge that studies natural and man-made hazards and makes it possible to develop protection against them. In this system, safety acts as the “goal” of the science “Life Safety”. And “life activity” is like a “means” that ensures the safety of life. The security of someone or something is understood as a state in which they are in a position of reliable security.

Life safety is an area of scientific knowledge that covers the theory and practice of protecting humans from dangerous and harmful factors in all spheres of human activity, maintaining safety and health in the living environment. This discipline solves the following main tasks:
- identification (recognition and quantitative assessment) of negative impacts of the habitat;
- protection from dangers or prevention of the impact of certain negative factors on humans;
- elimination of negative consequences of exposure to dangerous and harmful factors;
- creation of a normal, that is, comfortable state of the human environment.
Human adaptation is a process of active interaction between man and nature, contributing not only to optimal life activity, but also to the further normal biological and social development of humanity. Human adaptation includes several levels: biological, physiological, psychological, social. Human biological adaptation is an elementary, lower and at the same time fundamental level, which has a significant impact on all higher and more complex levels and types of human adaptation to the environment and to oneself. Man is a complex natural-biological and socio-spiritual system, which determines the characteristics of his adaptation at various levels. Thus, the biological adaptation of humans, in contrast to the biological adaptation of animals, has a number of significant features.

The main difference between human biological adaptation is that man is the only living species that not only adapts to natural environmental factors, but also adapts the environment without changing its basic biological properties. This active transformative activity of man determines the differences between man and animals: a) the presence of consciousness and labor as a conscious activity, b) the social nature of human life. The universality of the essence of man as a social being is that he is both a self-aware and feeling subject, and at the same time practical, objectively active, transforming both the environment and himself.
By transforming the natural into the social, creating artificial nature - culture - man creates and forms the foundation of social adaptation. Thus, on the basis of the universality of biological adaptation, mechanisms of social adaptation arise in humans, formed on the basis of its specific characteristics - the presence of consciousness, social habitat, work activity, social communication. Hence the universality of human adaptation as a socio-biological being, who adapts to the environment and adapts it to himself, thereby being an “adaptive system” (Markaryan). This expresses the active and dual nature of human activity, which, thanks to the emergence of culture, is a universal transformative mechanism.

Question 4. System for ensuring human life safety. Types of safety.

Providing safety and security- this is a complex process. It consists of solving both scientific and practical (engineering) problems. The first ones come down to theoretical analysis and development of methods for identifying dangerous and harmful factors generated by elements of the “man-environment-machine-emergency” system; comprehensive assessment of their multifactorial influence on human performance and health; optimization of conditions for activity and rest; implementation of new protection methods; modeling of dangerous and emergency situations, etc. The practical tasks of life safety are the choice of principles and methods of protection, the development and rational use of human protection and PS from the negative impacts of these factors, as well as means that ensure a comfortable state of the living environment.

At the beginning of providing life safety, elementary components (idea, thought, basic provisions) are identified, called principles. With their help, the level of knowledge about the dangers of the “man-environment-machine-emergency” system is determined and, consequently, requirements for carrying out protective measures and methods for their calculation are formed. They allow you to find optimal solutions for protecting against hazards based on comparative analysis competing options.

There are many principles for ensuring safety and security, as they are determined by the specifics of production, features technological processes, variety of equipment, etc. Based on their implementation, they are divided into orienting, technical, managerial and organizational.

Orienting principles define the underlying ideas for finding safe solutions. They serve as a methodological and information base for BJD. These include the principles of operator activity, humanization of activities, operator replacement, classification, elimination or reduction of danger, systematicity, etc.

Technical the principles are aimed at preventing the action of dangerous and harmful factors and are based on the use of physical laws. These include the principles of blocking, vacuuming, sealing, distance protection, compression, strength, weak link, phlegmatization, reducing ground potential or touch voltage, etc.

Managerial the principles make it possible to determine the interrelationships and relationships between individual stages and stages of the process of ensuring safety and security. These include the principles of control, adequacy, feedback, responsibility, planning, stimulation, management, efficiency, unambiguity, etc.

Organizational the principles implement the provisions of the NOT. These include the principles of incompatibility, ergonomics, personnel selection, consistency, redundancy, rationing, compensation, information, time protection, rational labor organization in the Republic of Moldova, etc.

According to the scope of implementation, all principles of ensuring safety and security are divided into groups: social-methodological, medical-biological and engineering-technical.

Social and methodological principles are applied in all areas of activity. These include the principles of consistency, information, classification, organization, planning, control, analysis, management, efficiency, training, etc.

Medical and biological principles include the principles of standardization harmful substances, sanitary zoning, medical preventive warning, compensation, etc.

The most numerous principles are engineering and technical: shielding, strength, weak link, inaccessibility, blocking, redundancy, duplication, vacuuming, restrictions, incompatibility, etc.

Safety- the state of protection of the vital interests of the individual, society and state from internal and external threats.
The following types of security exist:

· Environmental safety

· National Security

· Industrial safety

· Fire safety

· Information security

· Economic security

· Military security

· Internal security

· External security

· National Security

Environmental safety - a set of states, processes and actions that ensures ecological balance in the environment and does not lead to vital damage.

National Security - a set of officially accepted views on the goals and state strategy in the field of ensuring the security of individuals, society and the state from external and internal threats of a political, economic, social, military, man-made, environmental, information and other nature, taking into account available resources and capabilities

Industrial safety , industrial safety of hazardous production facilities - the state of protection of the vital interests of the individual and society from accidents at dangerous production facilities and the consequences of these accidents.

Fire safety - the state of an object, characterized by the ability to prevent the occurrence and development of a fire, as well as the impact of dangerous fire factors on people and property. The fire safety of the facility must be ensured by fire prevention and fire protection systems, including organizational and technical measures.

Information security - this is the state of security of the information environment, information protection is an activity to prevent leakage of protected information, unauthorized and unintentional impacts on protected information, that is, a process aimed at achieving this state.

Economic security orfinancial security - this is the state of a subject, characterized by the presence of a stable income and other resources that make it possible to maintain a standard of living at the current moment and in the foreseeable future.

National Security - this is the security, first of all, of the Russian nation, as well as other nations living on the territory of Russia

Question 5. Types of regulatory legal acts adopted in the Russian Federation.

1. ConTypes of regulatory legal acts

Classification of normative legal acts is made on various grounds: by legal force; by content; by the volume and nature of the action; to the entities publishing them.

All in legal force regulations laws and regulations are divided into two large groups.

According to the scope and nature of action, regulatory legal acts are divided into:

On acts of general action, covering the entire set of relations a certain type in this territory;

For acts of limited validity - apply to part of the territory

For acts of exceptional (extraordinary) action. Their regulatory capabilities are implemented only upon the occurrence of exceptional circumstances for which the act is designed (military actions, natural disasters.)

According to the subjects publishing them, they are divided into:

Acts of legislative power (law)

Acts executive branch(by-laws);

Acts of the judiciary (jurisdictional acts of a general nature).

Law- is issued by the highest representative body in special order a normative legal act that has the highest legal force and regulates the most important social relations.

By-law usually defined as an act adopted in accordance with the law to specify and supplement its provisions. It is sometimes said that by-laws are adopted “in pursuance of the law.” By-laws in Russian Federation, in addition to the President of the Russian Federation, are issued by executive authorities at the federal and regional levels, as well as local government bodies.

In the literature, by-laws published in the Russian Federation are divided into three groups: federal acts, acts of constituent entities of the Federation, acts of local governments.

Types of legal acts of the Russian Federation

1.Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Federation adopted on December 12, 1993, is the basis of all Russian legislation. The highest normative legal act, having supreme legal force, supremacy and direct effect throughout the country. She must comply all laws and other legal acts adopted in the Russian Federation(Article 15 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation) .

The Constitution of the Russian Federation defines the Russian Federation as a democratic federal state with a republican form of government.

2. Federal laws Russian Federation - they also have supremacy throughout its territory and have supreme legal force in relation to other normative acts (except for the Constitution of the Russian Federation) issued in the Russian Federation on issues within its jurisdiction and joint jurisdiction of the Federation and its subjects (Articles 71-72 Constitution of the Russian Federation) and its subjects.

3. Presidential Decrees Russian Federation- issued by the President for a wide range of powers of the head of state provided for by the Constitution (Chapter 4 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).

Unlike laws, Presidential decrees can be both normative and individual legal acts. The latter include, for example, decrees on awarding citizens with orders and medals.

4. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation. According to V.M. Raw, every year the Government adopts more than 1000 regulations on various issues. Approximately every third federal law contains instructions to the Government to develop “for its implementation” certain regulations.

5. Regulatory acts of ministries and others federal bodies executive power (departments). Their peculiarity is that ministries and departments can issue orders and instructions containing legal norms in cases and within the limits provided for by the laws of the Russian Federation, Presidential decrees, and Government resolutions.

6. Regulatory acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local self-government. Local acts. The authorities and management bodies of the subjects of the Federation, solving the problems that confront them, and according to their competence, make decisions, expressing them in normative legal acts. The regulatory legal acts they issue apply only to the territories of the relevant regions. Adopted in accordance with current federal laws and cannot contradict them

7. Regulatory agreement. Regulatory agreement - an agreement with the participation of authorized government bodies, containing legal norms. Mandatory for a large number of formally undefined circles of people, designed for repeated use.

8. Custom as a source of law.

Legal custom- a generally accepted rule that has developed as a result of long-term application, not officially recorded in a regulatory legal act.

The peculiarity of a custom is that it is a rule of behavior that has become a habit. From a legal point of view, custom is an unwritten source of law, characterized by disorder, plurality and diversity.

State-sanctioned custom is a very rare form of law.

9. Precedent- a rule, a legal provision of a general nature newly formulated in a court decision, which is given a generally binding meaning, serves as a standard when courts consider similar cases. Published for public information in official publications of the highest judicial bodies.

Question 6. Legal basis human life safety. Life safety culture.

The legal basis for ensuring life safety is made up of the relevant laws and regulations adopted by the representative bodies of the Russian Federation (until 1992 RSFSR) and its member republics, as well as by-laws: presidential decrees, resolutions adopted by the governments of the Russian Federation (RF) and its constituent republics state entities, local authorities authorities and specially authorized bodies. Among them, first of all, the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation, State Committee Russian Federation for Environmental Protection, Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Ministry of the Russian Federation for civil defense, emergency situations and disaster relief and their territorial bodies.

The legal basis for environmental protection in the country and ensuring necessary conditions labor is the law of the RSFSR “On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population” (1991), in accordance with which sanitary legislation was introduced, including the specified law and regulations establishing criteria for the safety and (or) harmlessness of environmental factors for humans and requirements for ensuring favorable conditions for his life. A number of requirements for labor protection and environmental protection are fixed in the RSFSR Law “On Enterprises and entrepreneurial activity"(1991) and in the Russian Federation Law "On the Protection of Consumer Rights" (1992).

The most important legislative act, aimed at ensuring environmental safety, is the Russian Federation Law “On Environmental Protection” (2002).

Among other legislative acts in the field of environmental protection, we note the Water Code of the Russian Federation (1995), the Land Code of the Russian Federation (2001), the laws of the Russian Federation “On Subsoil” (1992) and “On Environmental Expertise” (1995). ). life safety

Among the legislative acts on labor protection, we note Labor Code of the Russian Federation, establishing basic legal guarantees regarding labor protection.

Legal basis for organizing work in emergency situations and in connection with the elimination of their consequences, they draw up the laws of the Russian Federation “On the protection of the population and territory from emergency situations of natural and man-made nature” (1994), “On fire safety"(1994), "On the use of atomic energy" (1995). Among the by-laws in this area, we note the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation “On a unified state system for the prevention and liquidation of emergency situations” (1995).

Life safety culture- this is the state of development of a person, a social group, a society, characterized by an attitude towards issues of ensuring a safe life and work activity and, most importantly, active practical activities to reduce the level of danger.

The main activities of KBZh:

scientific and methodological support for the formation of a life safety culture;

patriotic and moral education of youth, popularization of the activities of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations;

scientific and methodological support of information policy in the field of life safety;

scientific, educational and methodological support for training the population and specialists in the field of civil defense, protection of the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies;

development modern methods educating the population and training specialists, including using technical media, advanced information and communication technologies and distance learning;

improving the organization of training for the younger generation in the field of safe life activities;

development of educational and methodological literature, multimedia aids, computer training programs;

popularization of the profession of rescuer and firefighter.

7. Rights and obligations of citizens in the field of life safety and health protection

way of existence and normal daily activities and human rest. Life activities take place in constant contact with the environment. Comfortable are those environmental parameters that make it possible to create the best living conditions for a person. In the process of his activity, a person is in connection with all elements of his habitat, which can be divided into household and industrial. In a production environment, a person, interacting with machines and other people, earns his means of subsistence through labor. Physical labor occurs due to muscle activity. Muscular activity is divided into: dynamic - variable muscle effort with changes in muscle length and changes in body position; to static - constant force without changing the length of the muscle. With static muscle load for a long time are in the same state, and, compared to a dynamic load, when alternating muscle contractions and relaxations occurs, it is more tiring. When muscles are excited, the potential energy of nutrients (carbohydrates, fats and proteins) and oxygen is converted into work with the release of heat. In the everyday environment, one can distinguish both functions that are non-specific for humans (nutrition and excretion) and specific for some mammals (sleep, sex for pleasure). To carry out life activities, a person must expend a certain amount of energy, which he receives from food. If nutritional deficiency is short-term, then it affects a person’s life insignificantly and, as nutrition is restored, as a rule, does not have negative consequences. To ensure the normal functioning of the average person, the calorie intake must always be above 2500 kcal/day. A caloric intake of less than 2500 kcal/day is insufficient, and 1000-1500 kcal/day leads to critical vital activity and a significant decrease in life expectancy. Depending on the level of energy consumption, three types of life activity are distinguished: optimal - with a consumption of 2700-3500 kcal/day; insufficient - 1500-2500

Preservation of life and the conditions necessary to support it is a natural need of all living beings. As the human population developed, social life support systems emerged: armed and legal protection, medicine, production and distribution food products, clothing and other means of supporting life. In the 19th and especially the 20th centuries, the production of technology and the surge in urbanization of society required the creation of new systems to support people's livelihoods.

Currently, “life activity” is usually understood as a set of processes occurring in any organism and constituting the essence and manifestations of life.

At its core, life activity is a process of interaction between factors of the internal environment of the body and the external environment.

The most well-known manifestations of the activity of most biological systems, as a rule, include: intercellular communication, cellular recognition, physiological processes of the cell, development, biological reproduction, interaction between organisms and other processes.

Unlike other organisms, manifestations of human activity more numerous. Their detailed scientific knowledge is possible only with a clear systematization of knowledge based on the use of a classification method according to certain criteria. At the same time, other points of view also have the right to exist. For example, from the position of sociological sciences, the phenomenon of human life “is a set of processes of conscious, purposeful, transformative influence on the world and on the person himself, based on material production and carried out in the system of social relations, to ensure his existence, functioning, and development.”

Depending on the target setting of the body, its functions can be basic or auxiliary.

For example, in the general biological aspect, the main function of the organism is the reproductive function, which ensures the reproduction of its own kind, and the auxiliary function is the function of survival in real-life conditions.

The survival function, in turn, integrates many processes and phenomena that ensure the maximum duration of existence of a particular organism, its life expectancy. Within the framework of this integral function, two groups of auxiliary functions can be distinguished: consumption functions and protection functions.

The integral consumption function includes the functions of providing the body with nutrients, water, oxygen, energy, information, etc.

The integral protection function is represented by the functions of reaction or recognition of danger and the function of reaction or elimination of harmful effects.

Recognition of danger is carried out by the human body through foresight (forecasting), the functioning of the senses, the immune system and other functional systems of the body.

The function of the body's protective reaction is represented by groups of functions for the isolation, neutralization and removal of dangerous objects.

During the evolution of the reproductive and survival functions in humans, systems of active conscious activity were formed, i.e. functional systems for performing physical and mental work.

Efficiency (capacity for work, combat capability) and its duration acquire special social significance when considering a person in the social aspect, when his body is used as a tool for performing political, economic and other tasks. The duration of working capacity, as well as life in general, depends on the survival rate of the individual, being to a certain extent the result of the integral survival function.

It is well known that the effectiveness of socially significant functional systems for ensuring human reproduction, performance and survival largely depends on the emotional state of the body, the basis of which is emotional reactivity - the body’s ability to respond to changes in the surrounding and internal environments by the emergence of emotions.

Thus, the life of a person, as a biological and social being, is manifested mainly by reproduction, survival, performance and emotional reactivity, and under "human life activity" one should understand not only the totality of processes occurring in his body, but also the processes carried out by a person in the environment in order to satisfy his biological and social needs.

According to the Federal Law “On Environmental Protection”, the term « environment» one should understand the totality of components of the natural environment, natural, natural-anthropogenic objects and anthropogenic objects.

In turn, natural environment (nature) is a set of components of the natural environment, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects.

Components of the natural environment called land, subsoil, soil, surface and underground water, atmospheric air, vegetation, fauna and other organisms, as well as the ozone layer of the atmosphere and near-Earth space, which together provide favorable conditions for the existence of life on Earth.

Natural objects are called natural ecological systems, natural landscapes and their constituent elements that have retained their natural properties.

Natural-anthropogenic object- this is a natural object, changed as a result of economic and other activities, and (or) an object created by man, possessing the properties of a natural object and having recreational and protective significance.

Anthropogenic object- an object created by man to meet his social needs and does not have the properties of natural objects.

In relation to nature and man-made objects, the environment can be favorable and unfavorable. A favorable environment is the quality of which ensures the sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems, natural, natural-anthropogenic and anthropogenic objects. The environment becomes unfavorable when it changes, for example, due to pollution.

Pollution is understood as the entry into the environment of substances and (or) energy, the properties, location or quantity of which have a negative impact on its components and objects. Pollutant is a substance or mixture of substances, the quantity and (or) concentration of which exceeds the standards established for chemical substances, including radioactive substances, other substances and microorganisms, and has a negative impact on the environment.

The environment surrounding a person, that is, the environment in which he carries out his life activities, is called the habitat. According to the school's life safety fundamentals, Wednesday habitat- the environment surrounding a person, caused at the moment by a combination of factors that can have a direct or indirect, immediate or remote impact on human activity, his health and offspring.

Like the environment, the human environment can be favorable and unfavorable. A favorable environment is one whose factors do not have a harmful effect on humans. The environment and its factors with negative effects are usually called unfavorable.

A person, carrying out his life activities, not only depends on his environment, but also influences it, also having a favorable or unfavorable effect. Therefore, human relations with the environment should be considered in terms of reciprocity.

With a more detailed analysis of the relationship of an organism with its environment, more complex cause-and-effect relationships are revealed, for example, their interactions can be vital, useful, indifferent, harmful and even dangerous for both parties.

In modern Russian, the word “danger” denotes the possibility, the threat of something very bad, some kind of misfortune.

The most widespread definition of “danger” is the possibility of occurrence of phenomena or processes that can kill people, cause them material damage, or have a destructive effect on the environment.

In the field of ensuring human life safety danger- this is a potential property of the environment, its individual elements, manifested in causing harm to the object of protection, which can be the source of danger itself. All systems that have energy, chemically or biologically active components, as well as characteristics that do not correspond to human living conditions are dangerous.

In technical literature devoted to the problems of human survival in the technosphere, danger is understood as “a phenomenon, process or object that can, under certain conditions, cause damage to human health.” At the same time, the identification of the concepts “danger” and “factor” is obvious. Moreover, in the system of occupational safety and occupational safety management, the term “hazard” is understood as “an environmental and labor process factor that may cause injury, acute illness or sudden sharp deterioration in health, as well as a source, situation or action that potentially may cause harm to a person or cause deterioration in health, or a combination of the above.”

In the field of occupational safety, as well as in preventive medicine, the adverse effects of the working environment are characterized as harmful and dangerous. According to Russian labor legislation: harmful production factor - a production factor, the impact of which on an employee can lead to illness; hazardous production factor - a production factor, the impact of which on a worker can lead to injury.

When an interaction with the environment is unfavorable (harmful or dangerous) for the human body, certain functions of the body are limited or lost - the person loses working capacity or becomes ill. This situation is called pathogenic, i.e. leading to painful (pathological) conditions. A pathological situation is usually preceded by a threat or risk of its occurrence.

The concept, borrowed from the French word “risk”, meaning “action at random, in the hope of a happy outcome”, in modern Russian language was transformed into “possible danger”, and in professional technical - into “the likelihood of danger taking into account possible sizes harm."

Specialists in the field of creating technical systems distinguish and study individual, collective, social, environmental, professional, production, motivated and unmotivated, acceptable and other types of risk.

The most widely used phrase is “risk factor”. A risk factor is usually a factor of any nature that, under certain conditions, can provoke or increase the risk of developing health problems. For example, according to world statistics from the World Health Organization for 2010, the following are recognized as preventable risk factors for death and disease:

- undrinkable water and lack of sanitation facilities;
- use of solid fuels in households;
- low birth weight;
- incorrect feeding practices for young children;
- insufficient nutrition of children;
- overweight or obesity;
- harmful use of alcohol;
- tobacco use;
- unsafe sex.

The Concept for the Development of the Healthcare System in the Russian Federation until 2020 states that in Russia “there are four main risk factors: high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, the contribution of which to the structure of overall mortality is 87.5%” .

The main external risk factors for death in Russia are also excessive consumption of strong alcoholic beverages, road traffic accidents and suicide.

Risk factors for the occurrence and development of hypertension include: hereditary predisposition, smoking, physical inactivity, obesity, drunkenness, stress, old age and other factors.

In popular scientific literature, harmful factors are often divided into household, industrial and environmental.

By impact on human health It is advisable to divide all environmental factors into 5 groups: vital, useful, indifferent, harmful and dangerous.

Vital factors are elements of the environment without which human life is impossible: air, water, nutrients, microorganisms and others. Their absence leads to death. Their deficiency leads to a pathological condition (disease).

Beneficial factors are elements of the living environment, without which normal functioning of the body is impossible: solar radiation, music, sexual partner, physical activity and others. Their absence or deficiency leads to a pathological condition (disease).

Indifferent factors are elements of the environment whose influence on the body, most likely, has not yet been studied. Their presence or absence in the human environment does not have any impact on health.

Harmful factors are elements of the environment, the impact of which on a person, under certain conditions, leads to illness or other health problems, including poor health of offspring: mechanical impurities in the inhaled air, ultraviolet radiation, noise, ethanol, carcinogens, smoking and other.

Hazardous factors are elements of the environment, the impact of which on a person, under certain conditions, leads to acute illness, injury or other sudden sharp deterioration in health, death: ionizing radiation, chemical warfare agents, moving objects, the Ebola fever virus and others.

When assessing environmental factors, one must remember that any factor, even a vital one, depending on the intensity (dose) or duration (time) of exposure, can become harmful and dangerous.

By composition elements Environmental factors can be combined into 2 groups: single and complex. This is a purely theoretical classification. It is needed for scientific and educational purposes. In fact, the human body is exposed to a combination of factors.

In accordance with the classification of components and environmental objects, complex factors can be divided into 3 main groups and their subgroups.

The following can be studied as complex factors of natural and natural-anthropogenic objects:

- land, subsoil, soils;
- ground and surface waters;
- atmospheric air;
- flora and fauna;
- ozone layer of the atmosphere;
- radiant energy (radiation) and others.

In the group of complex factors of anthropogenic objects great value To ensure the safety of human life, it is necessary to distinguish subgroups of social factors, habitability factors of anthropogenic objects and nutritional factors.

In the subgroup of social factors, it is advisable to highlight such complex factors as the way of life of society, social, professional and family groups, as well as the way of life of the individual (“lifestyle”). In the lifestyle of professional groups, of particular interest is the complex of harmful and dangerous production factors, in the subgroup of nutritional factors - insufficient and excessive intake of nutrients into the body, etc.

In accordance with the classification of forms of motion of matter, individual environmental factors can be divided into physical, chemical, biological and psychophysiological factors. This classification is based on the Classification of harmful and dangerous production factors (GOST 12.0.003-74) and is essentially its modification.

The group of physical factors includes:

- mechanical (moving objects, stationary dangerous items, air movement, air impurities);
- acoustic vibrations of the environment;
- thermal factors;
- electromagnetic factors;
- barometric pressure;
- other physical factors.

Chemical factors, in turn, distribute:

- by chemical structure (chemical elements, chemical compounds);
- depending on the route of penetration into the human body (substances penetrating through the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract and skin, mucous membranes);
- by character negative impact on the human body (toxic or generally toxic substances, irritating substances, sensitizing substances, carcinogenic substances, mutagenic substances and substances affecting reproductive function).

In the group of biological factors, it is advisable to distinguish:

- biological substances (allergens, prions, viruses);
- microorganisms and their metabolic products (bacteria, protozoa, fungi);
- macroorganisms (plants, fungi, animals).

Among the psychophysiological factors, two subgroups are distinguished: physical and neuropsychic stress. In turn, among physical loads, static and dynamic loads are distinguished, and among neuropsychic loads, intellectual, sensory and emotional loads, monotony, and activity mode are distinguished.

The result of the interaction of an organism with the environment is its state. The specific features of its factors, as a rule, determine characteristic features state of the body.

Conditions of health and illness are familiar to every person. And every person knows that it is possible to be both sick and healthy at the same time, that our sensations reflect only isolated, partial and not always significant violations of certain functions of the body. Despite the fact that a person sometimes seems to be completely ill, it is quite obvious that there is no universal disease. Naturally, there cannot be universal health.

For purposes Federal Law of the Russian Federation of November 21, 2011 N 323-FZ "On the fundamentals of protecting the health of citizens in the Russian Federation" in its test it is given following definition health: “health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being of a person, in which there are no diseases, as well as disorders of the functions of organs and systems of the body.”

Economic activity individual person, groups of people and society as a whole is carried out under certain conditions, in a certain situation, economic environment.

The theory of the human economic environment distinguishes between the natural and social environments.

This is explained by the fact that people’s economic activities are limited and conditioned

on, firstly, by nature, and secondly, by social organization.

The natural environment determines the natural conditions of management. These include climatic and soil characteristics, heredity, population size, quality of food, housing, clothing, etc. We already know that human activity takes place under conditions of natural limited resources. Thus, it is known that the area of the globe is 510.2 million square meters. km, and most of it (3/4) falls on the seas. At the same time, the soils are different earth's crust, the volume of mineral resources is not the same, the flora and fauna are diverse, climatic conditions life activities of people. Thus, the hot zone of the earth's surface is 49.3%, moderate - 38.5%, cold - 12.2%. All this determines characteristic features. Climate determines the duration and effectiveness of agricultural work. The duration of agricultural work in Europe ranges from 11 to 4 months. (in Russia - 4, in Germany - 7, in Southern England - 11 months).

According to A. Humboldt's calculations, a field of bananas growing in these latitudes can feed 133 times more people than an equal-sized field of wheat. The amount of precipitation also affects the yield. Thus, in the Tula region with a relatively dry climate (no more than 250 mm of rain per year), in rainy years the yield increases almost 1.5 times. Regions with average precipitation (from 250 to 1000 mm per year) are considered the most favorable for economic activity, these include Central and Western Europe, Eastern China, and the eastern half of the United States.

Heredity plays a very significant role in achieving certain economic results. IN Ancient Sparta children of weak constitution were killed, and on the island of Candia there was a law according to which girls and boys distinguished by beauty and strength were forced to marry in order to improve the “breed” of man. Science today certainly recognizes the laws of heredity. Children inherit not only external resemblance, but also mental qualities, not only health, but also diseases (diabetes, arthritis, cancer, sclerosis, epilepsy, hysteria, etc.). Poverty associated with poor nutrition and poor hygienic conditions affect the increase in mortality and illness not only of the present, but also of future generations. It is very important to remember that measures to improve the situation of the population do not have a beneficial effect immediately, but gradually.

From the standpoint of modern science about human life in the natural environment, it is necessary to take into account the connection between man and space, which has been suspected for a long time. At the end of the 17th century. The Dutch scientist H. Huygens noted in his work “Cosmoteoros” that life is a cosmic phenomenon. This idea was fully developed in the works of the Russian scientist V.I. Vernadsky on the noosphere. The noosphere is a new concept on Earth. In the noosphere, man for the first time becomes the largest geological force, because with his work and thought he can radically restructure his life, change living conditions in comparison with the past.

The power of man on Earth, according to this theory, is connected not with his physical strength, but with his brain, mind and work guided by the mind.

It is possible to separate man from nature only mentally. Not a single living organism is found in a free state on Earth. Everything is inextricably and continuously connected, first of all, by nutrition and breathing with the surrounding material and energy environment. The Earth and other planets are not isolated, but are in interaction. Cosmic matter falls on the Earth and affects people, and earthly matter (the results of life activity) goes into outer space (the so-called breath of the Earth). The state of the biosphere depends entirely on life activity on Earth. The creation of forms of management that increasingly enhance the influence of life on the environment leads to a new state of the biosphere - the noosphere (the kingdom of the human mind).

Biological unity and equality of all people is a law of nature. Hence, the implementation of the ideal of equality, and in economic life - the principle of social justice, is natural and inevitable. It is impossible to go against the conclusions of science with impunity.

In the 20th century humanity is becoming a single whole, because today there is not a single corner of the Earth where there is no communication, radio, television, computers, etc. In these conditions, for the first time

The plan puts forward universal human values, and in the development of the world economy, global human problems become the main problems.

It should be noted that the XX century. was characterized not only by rapid economic development, but also by a gradual deterioration in the quality of the habitat, an increasing danger to human life and health, and the existence of flora and fauna. The negative impact of human economic activity on the environment has increased so much that the global scientific community has sounded the alarm. Today, the level of anthropogenic loads on the biosphere has approached critical levels, which threatens the Earth with irreversible consequences.

In the history of mankind one can find many examples of how unreasonable human actions led to severe environmental disasters, which sometimes changed the lives of large groups of people and even entire nations. The burning of forests for pastures and crops periodically caused terrible forest fires. Grazing of large herds of farm animals without taking into account the ability of natural complexes to self-heal has led to pasture soil degradation and desertification. The destruction of bush vegetation for fuel and construction needs also led to desertification.

Unlike previous eras of the 20th century. became a century of man-made disasters of extraordinary scale, the consequences of which can be compared with the consequences of natural disasters. In the second half of the 20th century. There is one major accident on Earth every 2 years on average. For example, as a result of the accident at the Mayak plant (Chelyabinsk-40) near the city of Kishtamya, where plutonium was produced for nuclear weapons, 2.1 million curies of radioactive substances were released into the environment, contaminating an area of 15,000 square meters. km. Several villages with a population of more than 10,000 were evicted. The consequences of the accident continue to be studied.

In 1976, in Sevese, near Naples, an extremely toxic gas, dioxin, was released at a chemical plant. A poisonous cloud, spreading over the city, led to the poisoning of several dozen citizens. The population of the city was urgently evacuated, and a restricted zone was formed around the city. But even after several years, suspicious cases of sheep deaths are observed in this area.

1979 was marked by a major explosion of tanks containing poisonous gas on the railway tracks in the Canadian city of Mississauga. In a short time, 230 thousand city residents were urgently evacuated, and the affected area was 120 square meters. km cordoned off.

One of the worst accidents associated with chemical production occurred in 1984 in the Indian city of Bhopal at the Union Carbide plant. Due to technical problems, a leak of toxic gases occurred, which formed a gas cloud over the city: 2.5 thousand people died immediately, and 500 thousand were poisoned. In 70 thousand people, the poisoning was so severe that they became disabled. The release occurred at night, when the city was sleeping, which aggravated the situation.

In 1986, in Basel, water used to extinguish a fire at the warehouse of the Sandos chemical concern plant washed away about 30 tons of toxic substances, including insecticides, herbicides, solvents, and about 50 kg of mercury. The explosion of barrels of poisonous gases formed a toxic cloud over Basel, which quickly dissipated. However, the Rhine was polluted for many tens of kilometers right up to its mouth. More than 25 thousand residents of a number of cities in Germany and Holland were left without drinking water for several days. Great damage was caused to aquatic and coastal flora and fauna. About 150 thousand eels alone died. According to experts, it will take many years to restore the affected ecosystems.

The importance and significance of the natural environment for economic activity is unconditional, but their influence should not be exaggerated, because man is so cleverly created that his organs adapt to emerging conditions, knowledge about the properties of materials and the ability to use them develop. Achievements of science and technology, the growth of the level of social culture can not only facilitate, but also complicate human interaction with nature.

Economic activity of people is carried out within the framework of certain rules of the game, the main of which are property relations. It is these relationships that determine the social environment, which is reflected in business performance. Adam Smith wrote that “a man who is unable to acquire any property can have no other interest than to eat more and work less.” The motivation to work here is either extremely weak or completely absent. This theoretical position is confirmed by the economic practice of “post-communist” countries, where until recently “nobody’s” public property prevailed. Private property creates conditions for free competition and encourages proactive, creative and more productive work.

Various types of activities have a significant impact on economic activity. government organizations establishing laws, business rules regulating working conditions, as well as societies, partnerships, parties and trade unions demanding their improvement. Replacing an absolutely bureaucratic economic system with free institutions, as it were, “cleanses” the social atmosphere, freeing business executives from the oppressive sense of coherence and subordination, awakening in them personal initiative, business scope, and among hired workers, raising their self-esteem.

Property relations give rise to differentiation of producers. There are poor and rich. Upbringing, education and average life expectancy in these social groups are different. Upbringing and education contribute to the physical and mental development of the human body, make it more capable of work and affect heredity. The French physiologist Florence argued that under favorable conditions a person at the end of the 19th century. could have lived 100 years, but the average life expectancy then was 40 years (for comparison: today in France - 76; in Russia - 59 years). The French doctor Dipson showed that the average life expectancy of the rich at the end of the 19th century. was 57 years old, poor - 37 years old.

Property relations largely determine working conditions. Even the ancients understood that a person cannot work without rest. The commandment of Moses states that the seventh day of the week is to be dedicated to rest: a You shall not do any work on that day, neither you, nor your son, nor your daughter, nor your male servant, nor your maidservant, nor your ox, nor your donkey, nor anyone. your livestock, nor the stranger who is in your gates.” In addition to the Sabbath day, the Jews also had a Sabbath year (every seventh and 50-year anniversary). At this time, it was commanded to forgive debts under pain of great punishment.

During the emergence of capitalism, the working day was 15, 16, 17 or more hours a day. Today, Russian farmers work just as hard.

The desire for an “unreasonable” increase in working hours is caused by the erroneous belief that profit depends on the length of the working day. A person can and should work without harming his body only a certain number of hours a day. It is assumed that during the day he should work 8 hours, sleep 8 hours, rest 8 hours. If these boundaries are violated, the life period during which a person will be able to work is reduced. He becomes a victim of premature death.

Thus, the behavior of “economic man” is determined not only by natural, but also by social conditions, and, consequently, not only by social laws, but also by the laws of biology, space and the entire system of laws of natural science. The difference between economic laws and the laws of nature is that the first manifest themselves through the activities of people with consciousness, and tend to be historically transitory in nature.

3. Damaging factors of modern types of weapons

Social and personal safety plan

1. Dangers and their effects on the body

2. System of measures to ensure the safety of organized teams

3. Measures to ensure the personal safety of citizens

Emergencies. Medical and health consequences of emergencies plan

1. Basic concepts and definitions of emergency situations

2. Emergency classification

3. Medical and health consequences of the emergency

4. Phases of emergency development and damaging factors

5. Forecasting methods and situation assessment

Objectives and principles of organizing the Unified State System for the Prevention and Elimination of Emergency Situations plan

1. Objectives and principles of organizing the Unified State System for the Prevention and Elimination of Emergency Situations (RSChS)

2. Organizational structure of RSChS

Day-to-day management bodies of RSChS

Continuous management bodies of RSChS

3. Operating modes of the RSChS and the procedure for their introduction

4. Tasks and composition of forces and means of the RSChS

Functions of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

5. Main measures to prevent and eliminate the consequences of emergency situations RSChS

6. All-Russian Disaster Medicine Service

Fundamentals of organization and measures to protect the population from harmful and dangerous factors of natural, anthropogenic and man-made origin plan

Introduction

1. Harmful and dangerous factors of natural, anthropogenic and technogenic origin

2. Means and methods of control and monitoring of harmful and dangerous factors of natural, anthropogenic and technogenic origin

4.Technical personal protective equipment

5. Personal medical protective equipment

6. Sanitation and special treatment

Harmful and dangerous factors of natural, anthropogenic and technogenic origin. Classification and brief description.

Measures and methods of protecting the population.

Classification of shelters.

Basic principles and legal framework for protecting the population and territories from emergency situations. The civil defense system and the main directions of its activities plan

1. Regulatory and legal framework for protecting the population from emergency situations of various types

2. Basic principles of protecting the population from emergency situations of various types

3. The civil defense system and the main directions of its activities

1. In the field of public education.

2. Basic measures to alert the population about dangers.

3. Basic measures to prepare for the evacuation of the population, material and cultural assets to safe areas.

4. Basic measures to provide the population with shelters and personal protective equipment.

5. Basic measures for carrying out emergency rescue operations.

6. Basic measures to provide for the affected population.

7. Basic measures to combat fires.

8. Basic measures to detect and mark areas of radioactive, chemical, biological and other contamination.

9. Basic measures for sanitary treatment of the population and special treatment (cleaning, neutralization) of buildings, structures, equipment and territory.

10. Basic measures to restore and maintain order in the affected areas.

11. Main measures to restore the functioning of public utilities.

12. Basic measures to preserve objects necessary for the sustainable functioning of the economy and the survival of the population in wartime.

13. Basic measures for the urgent burial of corpses in wartime.

14. Main measures to ensure the constant readiness of forces and means of civil defense formations.

4. Basics of organizing rescue and other urgent work in emergency situations

Fundamentals of organizing medical and psychological support for the population, medical workers and rescuers in emergency situations plan

1. Psychotraumatic emergency factors

2. Features of the development of neuropsychic disorders among the population and rescuers in emergencies of various types

3. Fundamentals of organizing medical and psychological support for the population, medical workers and rescuers in emergency situations

Occupational safety plan for medical personnel

1. Characteristics of threats to the life and health of medical workers

2. Occupational health and safety system in medical organizations

3. Features of ensuring occupational safety for medical staff

5. In case of injections and cuts during medical procedures, it is necessary to urgently

6. When serving patients, the physician must be constantly vigilant regarding

7. Washing of sanitary and hygienic clothing of medical personnel must be carried out

Health care safety plan

1. Characteristics of threats to the life and health of patients during the provision of medical services

2. System for ensuring patient safety in medical organizations

3. Features of ensuring patient safety

- Identifying the patient’s arterial hypertension, taking antihypertensive medications and prescribing sedative medications;

1. The concept of human life

Preservation of life and the conditions necessary to support it is a natural need of all living beings. As the human population developed, social life support systems were formed: armed and legal protection, medicine, production and distribution of food, clothing and other means of supporting life. In the 19th and especially the 20th centuries, the production of technology and the surge in urbanization of society required the creation of new systems to support people's livelihoods.

Currently under "life activity", as a rule, understand totality processes, occurring in any body and components of the essence and manifestations of life.

The essence of life lies in the evolution of a specific metabolic order through matrix synthesis of structure. Metabolism is an indispensable condition for maintaining and reproducing the structure. Structure, in turn, is an indispensable condition for the implementation of metabolism and the maintenance of its specificity. Life ends with the destruction of the structure specific to each type of organism. Life changes with a change in structure.

The specificity of structure and metabolism is determined and supported by information contained in genetic programs that reproduce in a matrix way. Evolutionary and random changes in the body occur in the process of exchange of matter and energy with the environment. At its core, life activity is a process of interaction between factors of the internal environment of the body and the external environment.

Unlike other organisms, manifestations of human activity more numerous. Their detailed scientific knowledge is possible only with a clear systematization of knowledge based on the use of a classification method according to certain criteria. At the same time, other points of view also have the right to exist. For example, from the perspective of sociological sciences, the phenomenon of human activity « is a set of processes of conscious, purposeful, transformative influence on the world and on man himself to ensure his existence, functioning, and development, based on material production and carried out in the system of social relations.”

Specialists in the field of creating complex technical systems, using the modeling method to understand human life, consider it as a process. In their opinion, “the model of the activity process consists of two elements: a person and the environment, which have direct connections - the impact of a person on the environment, and reverse connections, determined by the universal law of reactivity of the material world.” At the same time, the “person-environment” system has a dual purpose: achieving a certain effect (all types of human activity: work, leisure, everyday life, sports, etc.) and eliminating undesirable consequences (damage to human health and life, fires, accidents , disasters, etc.).

From the perspective medical science It is advisable to consider the human body as an open self-regulating multifunctional supersystem, and its vital activity as a set of processes that ensure the implementation of life-sustaining functions, that is, vital functions.

According to the theory of functional systems by academician P.K. Anokhin, the implementation of each function is ensured by a temporary or permanent specific system of various processes and structures. For example, to rotate the head, a functional system is temporarily created, including: the brain and spinal cord, motor nerves, the musculoskeletal system of the neck, as well as systems that constantly ensure metabolism in the body. One of the permanent systems is a functional system that maintains optimal levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen for metabolism and for this purpose combines the respiratory organs, heart, circulatory system and blood, digestive and excretory organs, endocrine glands, etc.

Depending on the target setting of the body, its functions can be basic or auxiliary.

For example, in the general biological aspect, the main function of an organism is the reproductive function, which ensures the reproduction of its own kind, and the auxiliary function is the function of survival in real-life conditions.

The integral consumption function includes the functions of providing the body with nutrients, water, oxygen, energy, information, etc.

The integral protection function is represented by the functions of reaction or recognition of danger and the function of reaction or elimination of harmful effects.

Recognition of danger is carried out by the human body through foresight (forecasting), the functioning of the senses, interoreceptors, the immune system and other functional systems.

The function of the body's protective reaction is represented by groups of functions for the isolation, neutralization and removal of dangerous objects (factors, components, elements, substrates, etc.).

During the evolution of the reproductive and survival functions in humans, systems of active conscious activity were formed, i.e. functional systems for performing physical and mental work. Efficiency (capacity for work, combat capability) and its duration acquire special social significance when considering a person in the social aspect, when his body is used as a tool for performing political, economic and other tasks. The duration of working capacity, as well as life in general, depends on the survival rate of the individual, being to a certain extent the result of the integral survival function.

According to the Federal Law “On Environmental Protection”, the term "environment" one should understand the totality of components of the natural environment, natural, natural-anthropogenic objects and anthropogenic objects.

In turn, natural environment (nature) is a set of components of the natural environment, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects.

Components of the natural environment refers to the earth, subsoil, soils, surface and underground waters, atmospheric air, flora, fauna and other organisms, as well as the ozone layer of the atmosphere and near-Earth space, which together provide favorable conditions for the existence of life on Earth.

Natural objects are called natural ecological systems, natural landscapes and their constituent elements that have retained their natural properties.

Natural-anthropogenic object – this is a natural object, changed as a result of economic and other activities, and (or) an object created by man, possessing the properties of a natural object and having recreational and protective significance.

Anthropogenic object - an object created by man to meet his social needs and does not have the properties of natural objects.

The environment surrounding a person, that is, the environment in which he carries out his life activities, is called the habitat. According to the school's life safety fundamentals,habitat – the environment surrounding a person, currently determined by a combination of factors that can have a direct or indirect, immediate or remote impact on human activity, his health and offspring.

In modern Russian, the word “danger” denotes the possibility, the threat of something very bad, some kind of misfortune.

In the field of ensuring human life safety danger – this is a potential property of the environment, its individual elements, manifested in causing harm to the object of protection, which can be the source of danger itself. All systems that have energy, chemically or biologically active components, as well as characteristics that do not correspond to human living conditions are dangerous.

In the medical environment, it is common to use the term “danger” as the possibility of causing harm to the body - illness, injury, worsening the course of an illness or other health disorder, as well as the possibility of death. The most common phrases are: “danger of disease”, “danger of complications”, “danger of injury”, “danger of death”, etc.

In the field of occupational safety, as well as in preventive medicine, the adverse effects of the working environment are characterized as harmful and dangerous. According to Russian labor legislation: a harmful production factor is a production factor, the impact of which on an employee can lead to illness; hazardous production factor - a production factor, the impact of which on a worker can lead to injury.

The concept, borrowed from the French word “risk”, meaning “action at random, in the hope of a happy outcome”, in modern Russian has been transformed into “possible danger”, and in professional technical language - into “the likelihood of danger taking into account the possible extent of harm” .

In Russian healthcare, the term “risk” has also been used: “health risk” is the likelihood of developing a pathological effect in a person or group of people exposed to a certain adverse effect.

Undrinkable water and lack of sanitation facilities;

Use of solid fuels in households;

Low birth weight;

Poor feeding practices for young children;

Inadequate nutrition of children;

Overweight or obesity;

Harmful use of alcohol;

Tobacco use;

Unsafe sex.

The main external risk factors for death in Russia are also excessive consumption of strong alcoholic beverages, road traffic accidents and suicide.

Risk factors for the occurrence and development of hypertension include: hereditary predisposition, smoking, physical inactivity, obesity, drunkenness, stress, old age and other factors.

Since the phenomenon of environmental hazards for human life is considered by scientists from various positions, the published classifications of factors affecting the body are diverse and contradictory.

Before the formation of modern environmental science, demographic and social factors were often considered as the main factors influencing morbidity and mortality, and sociologists and clinicians continue to consider them. Demographic factors usually include age, race and ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, and place of residence. Social factors usually include: socio-economic status, culture and upbringing, religious beliefs, life events, social mobility, social connections, etc.

In popular scientific literature, harmful factors are often divided into household, industrial and environmental.

The given classifications of factors influencing human health were developed in the process of practical medical activity and, of course, have the right to exist. At the same time, they only partially reflect the cause-and-effect relationships of pathological processes and do not fully reflect the dangers and threats of human daily life. .

From the standpoint of ensuring human life, the main criterion in the distribution of factors should be the result of influence.

By impact on human health It is advisable to divide all environmental factors into 5 groups: vital, useful, indifferent, harmful and dangerous.

Vital Factors– elements of the environment without which human life is impossible: air, water, nutrients, microorganisms and others. Their absence leads to death. Their deficiency leads to a pathological condition (disease).

Helpful Factors- elements of the habitat, without which normal functioning of the body is impossible: solar radiation, music, sexual partner, physical activity and others. Their absence or deficiency leads to a pathological condition (disease).

Indifferent factors- elements of the environment, the influence of which on the body, most likely, has not yet been studied. Their presence or absence in the human environment does not have any impact on health.

Harmful factors– elements of the environment, the impact of which on a person, under certain conditions, leads to illness or other health problems, including the health of offspring: mechanical impurities in the inhaled air, ultraviolet radiation, noise, ethanol, carcinogens, smoking and others.

Hazardous factors– elements of the environment, the impact of which on a person, under certain conditions, leads to acute illness, injury or other sudden sharp deterioration in health, death: ionizing radiation, chemical warfare agents, moving objects, the Ebola fever virus and others.

When assessing environmental factors, one must remember that any factor, even a vital one, depending on the intensity (dose) or duration (time) of exposure, can become harmful and dangerous.

In accordance with the classification of components and environmental objects, complex factors can be divided into 3 main groups and their subgroups.

The following can be studied as complex factors of natural and natural-anthropogenic objects:

Earth, subsoil, soils;

Groundwater and surface water;

Atmospheric air;

Flora and fauna;

Ozone layer of the atmosphere;

Radiant energy (radiation) and others.

In the group of complex factors of anthropogenic objects, the identification of subgroups of social factors, habitability factors of anthropogenic objects and nutritional factors is of great importance for ensuring the safety of human life.

A special place is occupied by the group of combinations of complex factors, which are currently practically not studied.

The group of physical factors includes:

Mechanical (moving objects, stationary dangerous objects, air movement, air impurities);

Acoustic vibrations environment;

Thermal factors;

Electromagnetic factors;

Barometric pressure;

Other physical factors.

Chemical factors, in turn, distribute:

By chemical structure (chemical elements, chemical compounds);

Depending on the route of penetration into the human body (substances penetrating through the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract and skin, mucous membranes);

According to the nature of the negative impact on the human body (toxic or generally toxic substances, irritating substances, sensitizing substances, carcinogenic substances, mutagenic substances and substances affecting reproductive function).

In the group of biological factors, it is advisable to distinguish:

Biological substances (allergens, prions, viruses);

Microorganisms and their metabolic products (bacteria, protozoa, fungi);

Macroorganisms (plants, fungi, animals).

The result of the interaction of an organism with the environment is its state. The specific features of its factors, as a rule, determine the characteristic features of the state of the body.

There is no definition of health as a norm of human existence that could be unconditionally accepted by scientists of all specialties. Physicians and philosophers, sociologists and economists, considering this abstract-logical category from different positions, define it in their own way, focusing on aspects of purely professional interest.

In Russian medical literature, the opinion has become widespread that The definition of human health was given in 1946 with the creation of the World Health Organization. However, in the preamble of the charter, which we usually refer to, only the principles are set out that the authors of the text considered fundamental “for happiness, harmonious relations between all peoples and for their security.” One of them is formulated as follows: “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not just the absence of disease and physical defects.” Admittedly, this principle is a successful political slogan and, as such, is successfully used in the management of state and interstate structures of the world community.

There is not even a hint of interpretation of the word “health” in the preamble and in the entire English text of the Constitution of the World Health Organization. But it is available in the updated translation of the 26th edition of the English-Russian Medical Encyclopedic Dictionary by T. Stedman (2000): “ Health– health - The state of the body with optimal functioning of organs and tissues, without signs of disease or abnormalities.”

A similar concept exists in Russian. For example, in Explanatory dictionary living Great Russian language by Vladimir Dahl (2nd edition, 1880) it is written: “ HEALTH or healthy i e Wed the state of the animal body (or plant), when all vital functions are in perfect order; absence of illness or disease."

With this interpretation, the word “health” takes on the meaning of a scientific medical term, since the state of the body can be studied and assessed at the molecular, cellular, organismal and social levels.

For the purposes of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of November 21, 2011 N 323-FZ “On the fundamentals of protecting the health of citizens in the Russian Federation”, its test provides the following definition of health: “health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being of a person in which there are no diseases , as well as disorders of the functions of organs and systems of the body.”

In order for the above definition of health to acquire practical significance, a detailed description of the basic functions of the human body is necessary from the position of their significance for human life and society. Depending on the level of research of the organism, the criteria of human health can be biological, medical-biological and socially significant. Biological indicators of the state of the body include biochemical, histochemical, cytochemical and others. Medical and biological are indicators of the state of physiological systems, immunological reactivity and others, socially significant are indicators of reproduction, survival, performance, emotional reactivity.

Socially significant indicators of the main functions of the body are integral, including the characteristics of medical, biological and biological indicators that reflect the state of auxiliary functions. Interpretation of the results of organoleptic, laboratory and instrumental studies of the body based on knowledge of functional systems provides the opportunity to objectively assess the level of human health.

Hence, health - this is a state of the body with optimal functioning of organs and tissues, that is, a state that ensures the implementation of vital functions. Respectively, disease - this is a state of the body with unsatisfactory functioning of organs and tissues, that is, a state of the body that limits the implementation of vital functions.