Memo “Speech and grammatical errors. Speech errors: types, causes, examples

Even literate people make grammatical mistakes. It is easy to notice that some rules of Russian do not cause difficulties, while others regularly trip up the majority. It's not so much that these rules are complicated. Rather, they are simply inconvenient, and some have so many exceptions and peculiarities of application that their presentation takes up an entire page - it seems that it is impossible to learn them without being an academician.

Let's consider the most typical mistakes in the Russian language, committed not by schoolchildren, but by fairly literate people.

What is considered a grammatical error?

A grammatical error is a violation of a generally accepted established norm. Grammar refers to any errors related to word formation (for example, the wrong suffix is used), morphology (for example, the wrong declension of a verb), syntax (for example, inconsistent with the main sentence

It should be distinguished grammatical errors from spelling or speech.

The most common mistakes are related to punctuation:

1. Many people are accustomed to highlighting “however” with commas and are very surprised when Word underlines the comma after it as an error. More attentive people will notice that a comma after “however” is considered an error only when it appears at the beginning of a sentence. Indeed, if the meaning of this word is similar to “still”, “nevertheless”, and it is in the middle of a sentence, then it is considered introductory and must be separated by commas. If it means “but”, as, for example, in the sentence “However, she did not understand him” (= “But she did not understand him”), then there is no need to put a comma.

2. There is often confusion with the dash and colon signs. Many, faced with a missing conjunction, intuitively understand that they need to use a more “solid” sign than a comma. But which one exactly? The rule is actually quite simple. You need to choose the most suitable words to replace the missing conjunction.

If words such as “what”, “namely” are suitable in meaning, then you need to put a colon. A colon is also placed if the first sentence ends with words denoting perception and suggesting that they will be followed by a description. These can be words: see, understand, feel, etc.

I remember (that): it was evening, a quiet pipe was playing.

He was a complex person (namely): hot-tempered, bilious, gloomy.

I recognized him immediately: (because) he was wearing one yellow shoe.

I see: a barge is floating, on it is a barefoot boy, tanned, unfamiliar, but sparkling with a smile and the very next second he waves his hand at me.

If you can insert words such as “a”, “but”, “and”, “as if”, “it”, “therefore”, “as if”, then you need to use a dash.

He took a wide step - his pants tore.

Across the sea, the heifer (this) is half a piece, and carries a ruble.

The wind blew - (therefore) the old forest groaned and creaked.

A dash is also used when the words “if” or “when” can be added at the beginning of a sentence.

(When) I thought about Grisha - he was right there.

(If) I get a fee, we’ll go to sea!

Grammatical errors related to morphology

Difficulties arise with the “nn” in suffixes (although everyone remembers glass, tin, and wood); it is especially difficult to deal with the double “n” in adverbs. And also many people are confused by the use of particles not/nor. Quite a few educated people, unbeknownst to themselves, make mistakes in management. Which is correct, “control for” or “control over”? Confusion between the two is another popular grammatical error. Example:

quality control;
control over the execution of orders;
water level control.

Which option is correct? All. This or that type of control in this case is selected depending on the characteristics of the subsequent word. For example, “control over” is used before verbal nouns (perform - execution). There are other subtleties.

This article does not cover all common grammatical errors. It is quite possible to learn not to commit them by studying the rules. We hope we were able to demonstrate that learning the secrets of your native language is a fascinating thing, and sometimes a superficial acquaintance with a rule is enough to understand all its logic and expediency. We also hope that you noticed the use of the rules described above in the article itself, and not just under the headings “examples”.

The most common mistakes in the Unified State Examination in the Russian language:

Classification of errors according to FIPI

Grammar errors.
Speech errors.
Logical errors
Factual errors.
Spelling errors.
Punctuation errors.
Graphic errors.

grammatical error– this is an error in the structure of a linguistic unit: in the structure of a word, phrase or sentence; This is a violation of any grammatical norm: word formation, morphological, syntactic.

For example:

slip instead of slip, nobility instead of nobility– here an error was made in the word-formation structure of the word, the wrong prefix or suffix was used;
no comment, go instead of go,more easier– the form of the word is formed incorrectly, i.e. the morphological norm is violated;
pay for travel, awarded– the structure of the phrase is broken (management standards are not followed);
After skating on the skating rink, my legs hurt; In the essay I wanted to show the importance of sports and why I love it– incorrectly constructed sentences with participial phrase(1) and with homogeneous members (2), i.e., syntactic norms are violated.

Unlike grammatical speech errors– these are errors not in the construction, not in the structure of a linguistic unit, but in its use, most often in the use of a word. These are mainly violations of lexical norms, for example:

Stolz is one of the main characters in Goncharov’s novel of the same name “Oblomov”;
They lost their only two sons in the war.

A speech error can only be noticed in context, this is what distinguishes it from a grammatical error, for the detection of which context is not needed.

Below are generally accepted classifiers of grammatical and speech errors.

Types of grammatical errors:

Erroneous word formation - Trudol beam oh, over laugh.
Erroneous formation of a noun form - Many miracles A technology, not enough time I.
Erroneous formation of the adjective form - More interesting, more beautiful.
Erroneous formation of the numeral form - WITH five hundred rubles
Erroneous formation of the pronoun form - Theirs pathos , ihi children.
Erroneous formation of the verb form - They travel, want, write about the life of nature.
Violation of agreement - I know a group of guys who are seriously into... imisya jazz.
Impaired control - You need to make your nature more beautiful.
Narrates readers.
Disruption of connection between subject and predicate - Majority objected against such an assessment of his work.
Violation of the way of expressing the predicate in individual constructions - He wrote a book that epic.
Everyone was glad, happy and funny.
Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members - Country loved And was proud poet.
In the essay I wanted to say about the meaning sport and why I love it.
Errors in constructing sentences with participles - Reading the text , there is such a feeling...
Errors in constructing sentences with participial phrases - The narrow path was covered failing snow under your feet.
Errors in construction complex sentence - This book taught me to appreciate and respect friends, which I read as a child. It seemed to the man That that this is a dream.
Mixing direct and indirect speech - The author said, that I I do not agree with the reviewer's opinion.
Violation of supply boundaries - When the hero came to his senses. It was already late.
Violation of types of temporal correlation verb forms - Freezes for a moment the heart and suddenly will knock again.

Types of speech errors:

Using a word in a meaning that is unusual for it - We were shocked great game actors.
Thought develops on continuation the entire text.
Failure to distinguish shades of meaning introduced into a word by prefix and suffix - My attitude to this problem is not has changed.Were accepted spectacular measures.
Non-distinction of synonymous words - IN final In the sentence, the author uses gradation.
The use of words of a different stylistic coloring - The author, addressing this problem, tries to guide people A little to another track.
Inappropriate use of emotionally charged words and phraseological units - Astafiev every now and then resorts to the use of metaphors and personifications.
Unjustified use of colloquial words - Such people always succeed burn others.
Violation of lexical compatibility - Author increases impression. Author uses artistic peculiarities(instead of funds).
The use of unnecessary words, including pleonasm - The author conveys the beauty of the landscape us using artistic techniques.Young young man, Very beautiful.
The use of words with the same root in a close context (tautology) - In this the story is told about real events.
Unjustified repetition of a word - Hero story does not think about his actions. Hero He doesn’t even understand the depth of what he’s done.
Poverty and monotony of syntactic constructions - When the writer came to the editorial office , he was accepted editor-in-chief. When they talked, the writer went to the hotel.
Poor use of pronouns - This text was written by V. Belov. He refers to artistic style.I immediately had a picture of his imagination.

Typical grammatical errors (K9)

This errors associated with the use of verbs, verb forms, adverbs, particles:

Errors in the formation of personal forms of verbs: They are driven by a feeling of compassion(follows: moves);
Incorrect use of tense forms of verbs: This book gives knowledge about the history of the calendar, teaches you how to make calendar calculations quickly and accurately(follows: ...give.., teach... or...gives.., teaches...);
Errors in the use of active and passive participles: Streams of water flowing down amazed the author of the text(follows: flowing);
Errors in the formation of gerunds: Having walked onto the stage, the singers bowed(norm: going out);
Incorrect formation of adverbs: The author here was wrong(norm: here);

These errors are usually associated with violations of the laws and rules of grammar and arise under the influence of vernacular and dialects.

Typical ones include grammatical and syntax errors :

Disruption of connection between subject and predicate: The main thing that I now want to pay attention to is the artistic side of the work(norm: ... this is the artistic side of the work); To benefit the Motherland, you need courage, knowledge, honesty(norm: ... courage, knowledge, honesty are needed);
Errors associated with the use of particles, for example, unjustified repetition: It would be nice if the artist’s signature was on the picture; separation of a particle from the component of the sentence to which it relates (usually particles are placed before those members of the sentence that they should highlight, but this pattern is often violated in essays): The text reveals two problems"(the restrictive particle “total” must come before the subject: “... only two problems”);
Unjustified omission of a subject (ellipsis): His courage (?) to stand up for honor and justice attracts the author of the text;
Incorrect construction of a complex sentence: The author of the text understands intelligence not only as enlightenment, intelligence, but also with the concept of “smart” the idea of free-thinking was associated.

Typical speech errors (K10)

These are disorders associated with underdevelopment of speech: pleonasm, tautology, speech cliches; unmotivated use of colloquial vocabulary, dialectisms, jargon; unsuccessful use of expressive means, clericalism, non-distinction (mixing) of paronyms; errors in the use of homonyms, antonyms, synonyms; polysemy not eliminated by the context.

The most common speech errors include:

Non-distinction (mixing) of paronyms: In such cases, I look at the Philosophical Dictionary(verb take a look usually requires the control of a noun or pronoun with the preposition "to" ("to look at someone or something"), and the verb take a look(“quickly or furtively look somewhere, look in order to find out, find out something”), which must be used in the above sentence, controls a noun or pronoun with the preposition “in”);
Errors in choosing a synonym: The name of this poet is familiar in many countries(instead of the word known its synonym was mistakenly used in the sentence familiar); Now our press devotes significant space to advertising, and this does not appeal to us(in this case, instead of the word space it is better to use its synonym - place; And foreign word impresses also requires synonymous replacement);
Errors in the selection of antonyms when constructing an antithesis:In the third part of the text, a cheerful, not major motif makes us think(antithesis requires precision when choosing words with opposite meanings, and the words “cheerful” and “major” are not antonyms;
Destruction of the figurative structure of phraseological units, which happens in an unsuccessfully organized context: Do not put your finger in the mouth of this undoubtedly talented writer Zoshchenko, but just let him make the reader laugh.

Logical errors

Logical errors associated with a violation of the logical correctness of speech. They arise as a result of a violation of the laws of logic, committed both within one sentence, judgment, and at the level of the entire text.

comparison (contrast) of two logically heterogeneous (different in scope and content) concepts in a sentence;
as a result of a violation of the logical law of identity, the substitution of one judgment for another.

Composition and text errors

Bad start. The text begins with a sentence containing an indication of the previous context, which is absent in the text itself, by the presence of demonstrative word forms in the first sentence, for example: In this text the author ...
Errors in the main part.
- Bringing together relatively distant thoughts in one sentence.
- Lack of consistency in presentation; incoherence and violation of sentence order.
- The use of sentences of different types in structure, leading to difficulty understanding the meaning.
Bad ending. Duplication of conclusion, unjustified repetition of previously expressed thoughts.

Factual errors

Factual errors- a type of non-linguistic error, which consists in the fact that the writer cites facts that contradict reality, gives incorrect information about factual circumstances, both related and not related to the analyzed text (background knowledge)

Distortion of the content of a literary work, incorrect interpretation, poor choice of examples.
Inaccuracy in the quote. No indication of the author of the quotation. Incorrectly named author of the quote.
Ignorance of historical and other facts, including time displacement.
Inaccuracies in the names, surnames, and nicknames of literary characters. Distortions in names literary works, their genres, an error in the indication of the author.

Spelling, punctuation, graphic errors

Errors are taken into account when testing literacy (K7-K8)

To the rules learned;
Non-rough (two non-rough ones count as one):
- in exceptions to the rules;
- in writing capital letters in compound proper names;
- in cases of separate and continuous writing not with adjectives and participles,
- acting as a predicate;
- in writing And And s after prefixes;
- in difficult cases of distinguishing between not and neither ( Where did he turn! Wherever he turned, no one could give him an answer. No one else...; none other than…; nothing else is...; nothing more than...etc.);
- in cases where one punctuation mark is replaced by another;
- in the omission of one of the combined punctuation marks or in violation of their sequence;

It is also necessary to take into account the repeatability and uniformity of errors. If an error is repeated in the same word or in the roots of words with the same root, then it is counted as one error.

Same type(the first three errors of the same type are counted as one error, each subsequent similar error is counted as an independent one): errors per one rule, if the conditions for choosing the correct spelling are contained in grammatical ( in the army, in the grove; prick, fight) and phonetic ( pie, cricket) features of this word. Important!!!
- The concept of errors of the same type does not apply to punctuation errors.
- Errors for such a rule are not considered to be of the same type, in which, to clarify
Repetitive(a repetition in the same word or in the root of words with the same root is considered one mistake)

Spelling errors

In word wrapping;
Letters e/e after consonants in foreign words (racket, plein air) and after vowels in proper names (Marietta);
Uppercase or lowercase letters
- in names associated with religion: M(m)aslenitsa, R(r)Christmas, B(b)og.
- with the figurative use of proper names (Oblomovs and Oblomovs).
- in proper names of non-Russian origin; spelling surnames with first
- parts of Don, Van, Saint... (Don Pedro and Don Quixote).
Continuous / hyphen / separate writing
- in names, with in complex nouns without a connecting vowel (mostly borrowings), not regulated by rules and not included in the minimum dictionary ( Lend-Lease, Lula-kebab, know-how, papier-mâché, tumbleweed, Walk-City paperweight, but beef Stroganoff, head waiter, sedan chair, price list);
- to rules that are not included in the school curriculum. For example: in spill, scold behind your back, to match, on the run, in installments, on the back foot, as a curiosity, by touch, on the hook, put on the butt(cf. the current spelling recklessly, scattered);

Punctuation errors

Dash in incomplete sentence;
Isolation of inconsistent definitions related to common nouns;
Commas in restrictive and emphatic phrases;
Distinguishing between homonymous particles and interjections and, accordingly, not highlighting them or separating them with commas;
In the transmission of the author's punctuation;

Graphic errors

Graphic errors– various techniques for abbreviating words, using spaces between words, various underlinings and font selections. These include: various clerical errors and typos caused by the inattentiveness of the writer or haste in writing.

Common graphic errors:

Omission of letters, for example: the entire novel is based on this conflict (follows: built);
Rearranging letters, for example: new product names(follows: products);
Replacing some alphabetic characters with others, for example: legendary Ice battle(follows: legendary);
Adding extra letters: That is why it is important in any, even the most difficult, conditions...(follows: even).

grammatical error– this is a violation of the norms of word formation, inflection, construction of phrases and sentences.

grammatical error

I . Grammatical errors in word structure may be associated with incorrect word formation and morphology.

1) Errors in word formation are the incorrect formation of a word according to the models available in the language, when the writer or speaker uses the wrong suffix or the wrong prefix, “loses” a morpheme, invents words that do not exist in the language and does not motivate this in any way: fawns, mocks, slipped

2) Errors in the formation of word forms appear when the speaker or writer changes the word in a way that is not typical for him. Each part of speech has its own difficult cases of formation. Let's look at examples of errors.

a) Noun: form formation plural (engineer, contract); forms R.p. plural (hollows, bottoms, socks, stockings).

b) Adjective: formation of the form of degrees of comparison ( more impressive, deepest).

c) Pronouns: formation of possessive pronoun forms their(theirs, theirs); the use of the initial letter “n” in 3rd person pronouns ( thanks to him, instead of her).

d) Numeral name: declension of cardinal numerals ( with five hundred and sixty-seven subjects); Declension of ordinal numbers ( in two thousand eight); use of collective numerals ( two participants, both functions).

e) Verbs: use of colloquial forms ( measures, pinches); formation of forms of 1st person ( I'll win, I'll vacuum); formation of participles ( sleeping, eating).

II. Grammatical errors in the structure of the phrase.

a) Violation of approval norms: Described the types of essays used in Russian language lessons.

b) Violation of management norms, that is, placing the dependent word in a different case ( laughs at me, head of the department, I missed you), incorrect use of prepositions when forming the case form of a dependent word ( pay for participation in the conference).

III.Grammatical errors in sentence structure.

1) Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate ( Those whoresearched verbal aggression, came to the conclusion...; The relationship between the theme and the main idea of the text becomes obvious to me.).

2) Violations of the way of expressing the predicate ( I found a quote in the article thatfriend ).

3) Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members: the use of a common object with homogeneous predicates when they require different cases of the dependent word ( We love and are passionate about psychology); use as homogeneous circulation and subordinate clause (This was an article written by I. Brandt and which I studied).

4) Errors in constructing sentences with participial phrases ( The data presented in the article...).

5) Errors in constructing sentences with adverbial verbs ( After reading the text, it seems to me that...; After studying the statistics, the conclusions have changed).

6) Errors in the construction of complex sentences ( The research data is reflected in the publications that he received during many years of practice).

7) Errors in transmitting someone else’s speech ( Academician L. Shcherba wrote that: “Replicas are absolutely not characterized by complex sentences, which are the domain of only a monologue»).

8) Violation of word order in a sentence ( He not only studied written speech, but also oral).

Speech error– this is the incorrect use of a linguistic unit: a word, phraseological unit, phrase. Such errors are associated with a poor or passive vocabulary, the inability to choose the right word to express a thought, the use of speech cliches, and the inability to eliminate the possibility of ambiguous understanding of a phrase due to the context.

Syntactic errors consist of incorrect construction of phrases, violation of the structure of simple, complicated and complex sentences.

Errors in the structure of phrases:

1. Violation of agreement with the main word in gender, number and case of the dependent word, expressed by an adjective, participle, ordinal number, pronoun: “This summer I was in the steppe Trans-Volga region.”

2. Impaired control. Errors in unprepositioned management (wrong choice of preposition): “If you touch a birch tree on a hot day, you will feel the cool trunk.”

3. Wrong choice of case with a correctly chosen preposition: “He looked like a deathly tired man.”

4. Omission of a preposition: “After a hasty lunch, I sat at the helm and drove (?) to the field.”

5. Using the unnecessary pretext “Thirst for fame.”

6. Omission of the dependent component of the phrase: “He gets into the hot cabin again, turns the steering wheel shiny from his palms again, (?) drives.”

Errors in the structure and meaning of the sentence:

1. Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate: “But neither youth nor summer last forever,” “The sun had already set when we returned.”

2. Lack of semantic completeness of the sentence, violation of its boundaries: “Once upon a time during the war. A shell hit the poplar.”

3. Syntactic ambiguity: “Their (the girls’) dream came true, they (the fishermen) returned.”

4. Violation of the type-temporal correlation of verbs in the sentence: “Grinev sees Pugachev getting into the carriage.”

Errors in a simple two-part sentence:

Subject:

– Pronominal duplication of the subject: “Children sitting on an old boat with its keel overturned, they are waiting for their father.”

– Violation of agreement between the subject and the pronoun replacing the subject in another sentence: “Apparently, there is a storm at sea, so it is full of dangers.”

Predicate:

– Errors in the construction of the predicate: “Everyone was happy.”

– Violation of the agreement of the predicate in gender and number with the subject, expressed collective noun, quantitative noun phrase, interrogative and indefinite pronoun: “My mother and I stayed at home,” “A sheaf of sun rays entered the room.”

– Pronominal duplication of the addition: “Many books can be read several times.”

Definition:

– Incorrect use inconsistent definition: “On the right hang a lamp and my portrait from the kindergarten.”

- A conglomeration of agreed upon and inconsistent definitions relating to one member of the sentence: “The huge, wonderful world of life in our country and our peers opens up in millions of books.”

– Incorrect choice of morphological form of the adverbial form: “I study my lessons on the table” (at the table).

Errors in one-part sentences:

1. The use of two-part structures in place of one-part ones.

2. Using an adverbial phrase in an impersonal sentence: “When I saw the dog, I felt sorry for it.”

Sentences with homogeneous members:

1.Usage different parts speeches in the role of homogeneous members of the sentence: “I like the room because it is bright, large, clean.”

2. Inclusion in a series of homogeneous terms of words denoting heterogeneous concepts: “When it’s spring and a clear day, the sun illuminates my whole room.”

3. Incorrect use coordinating conjunctions to connect homogeneous members: “The boy was big-faced, but serious.”

4. Incorrect attachment of logically heterogeneous secondary members to one main member: “There are books in the closet, newspapers and glassware on the shelves.”

5. Errors in coordinating homogeneous subjects with the predicate: “Anxiety and melancholy froze in her eyes.”

6. Violations in the area of homogeneous predicates:

a) the use of different types of predicates as homogeneous: “The sea after the storm is calm, gentle and plays with the rays of the sun”;

b) violation of the uniform design of components nominal predicates: use of different case forms the nominal part of homogeneous compound nominal predicates: “Their father was an experienced fisherman and a brave sailor”; joining homogeneous verbal predicate an addition that is controlled by only one of the predicates: “Everyone is really waiting and worried about the soldiers”; the use of short and long forms of adjectives and participles in the nominal part: “My room has recently been renovated: whitewashed and painted.”

7. Combining members and parts of different sentences as homogeneous ones: “Mushrooms and berries grow under the birch tree, snowdrops bloom in the spring.” “The children were waiting for their father and when his boat would appear.”

Sentences with introductory words and introductory constructions:

1. Wrong choice of introductory word: “The girls peered intensely into the distance of the sea: probably a boat would appear on the horizon.”

2. Using an introductory word that leads to ambiguity: “According to the fishermen, there was a storm at night, but now it’s calm.”

3. Using the introductory sentence as an independent one: “A book is a source of knowledge. As many say."

Offers with separate members:

1. Violation of word order in sentences with participial phrases.

– Separation of the participial phrase from the word being defined: “But again a misfortune happened to the tree: its low branches were cut off.”

– Inclusion of the defined word in the participial phrase: “Girls have their eyes fixed on the sea.”

2. Violation of the rules for constructing participial phrases.

– Construction of a participial phrase following the example of a subordinate clause: “The picture shows a girl who has just gotten up.”

- Using a participial phrase instead of a participial phrase: “And every time we returned back, we sat down under a poplar tree and rested.”

3. Errors in sentences with isolated circumstances expressed by adverbial verbs: Resting in a chair, the painting “March” hangs in front of me.

Methods of transmitting direct speech. Direct and indirect speech:

3. Mixing direct indirect speech: Grandfather said that in childhood they had the following law: on birthdays we gave only what we made with our own hands.”

4. Errors when introducing quotes: K. Paustovsky said that “A person who loves and knows how to read is a happy person.”

Complex sentences:

1. Violation of the logical-grammatical connection between the parts of a complex sentence: “My father did not forget this story for a long time, but he died.”

2. Use of a pronoun in the second part of a complex sentence, leading to ambiguity: “May hopes come true and they will return.”

3. Errors in using complex conjunctions:

a) connective - to connect parts of a complex sentence in the absence of adversative relations between them: “Yesterday there was a storm, and today everything was calm.”

b) adversatives - to connect parts of a complex sentence in the absence of adversative relations between them: “We have a birch tree growing in our yard, but buds are also swelling on it”;

c) double and repeated: “Either a bird has landed on the water, or the wreckage of a broken boat is floating on the sea”;

d) unjustified repetition of conjunctions: “And suddenly the girls saw a small black dot, and they had hope”;

e) unsuccessful choice of alliances: “Mitrasha was just over ten years old, but her sister was older.”

Complex sentences:

1. Inconsistency between the type of the subordinate clause and the meaning of the main one: “But they will still wait for their father, since the fishermen must be waited on the shore.”

2. Using composition and subordination to connect parts in a complex sentence: “If a person does not play sports, he ages quickly.”

3. Weightening of structures by “stringing” subordinate clauses: “The sail appeared in the sea as happy news that the fishermen were all right and that the girls would soon be able to hug their parents, who were delayed at sea because there was a strong storm.”

4. Omission of the required demonstrative word: “Mom always scolds me for throwing my things around.”

5. Unjustified use of a demonstrative word: “I have an assumption that the fishermen were delayed by the storm.”

6. Incorrect use of conjunctions and allied words when choosing them correctly:

a) the use of conjunctions and allied words in the middle of a subordinate clause: “There is a TV on the nightstand in the room, on which I watch entertainment programs after school”;

b) violation of the agreement of the conjunctive word in the subordinate clause with the replaced or attributive word in the main clause: “On two shelves there are fiction, which I use when preparing for lessons.”

7. Use of the same type of subordinate clauses with sequential subordination: “Walking along the shore, I saw two girls sitting on an overturned boat, which was lying upside down on the shore.”

8. Using a subordinate clause as an independent clause: “The girls are worried about their relatives. That’s why they look so sadly into the distance.”

Non-union complex sentence:

1. Violation of the unity of construction of homogeneous parts in a non-union complex sentence: “The picture shows: early morning, the sun is just rising.”

2. Decomposition of parts of a non-conjunctive complex sentence into independent sentences: “The girls are dressed simply. They are wearing summer cotton dresses. The eldest has a scarf on her head.”

3. Simultaneous use of non-union and union connections: “The girls’ clothes are simple: the older ones with a scarf on their heads, in a blue skirt and gray blouse, the younger ones without a scarf, in a purple dress and a dark blue blouse.”

Complex sentence with various types connections:

1. Violation of the order of parts of the sentence: “The waves are still foaming, but they calm down near the shore; the closer to the horizon, the darker the sea; and therefore the girls have hope that their father will return.”

2. Using pronouns that create ambiguity: “We see that the girl's bed is not made, and she confirms that the girl just got up.”

Speech is a channel for the development of intelligence,
the sooner the language is acquired,
the easier and more completely the knowledge will be absorbed.

Nikolai Ivanovich Zhinkin,
Soviet linguist and psychologist

We think of speech as an abstract category, inaccessible to direct perception. Meanwhile, this is the most important indicator of a person’s culture, his intelligence and way of cognition complex connections nature, things, society and the transmission of this information through communication.

It is obvious that when learning and already using something, we make mistakes due to inability or ignorance. And speech, like other types of human activity (in which language is an important component), is no exception in this regard. All people make mistakes, both in speech and in speech. Moreover, the concept of speech culture, as the idea of “”, is inextricably linked with the concept of speech error. In essence, these are parts of the same process, and, therefore, striving for perfection, we must be able to recognize speech errors and eradicate them.

Types of speech errors

First, let's figure out what speech errors are. Speech errors are any cases of deviation from current language norms. Without their knowledge, a person can live, work and communicate normally with others. But the effectiveness of the actions taken in certain cases may suffer. In this regard, there is a risk of being misunderstood or misunderstood. And in situations where our personal success depends on it, this is unacceptable.

The author of the classification of speech errors given below is Doctor of Philology Yu. V. Fomenko. Its division, in our opinion, is the simplest, devoid of academic pretentiousness and, as a result, understandable even to those who do not have a special education.

Types of speech errors:

Examples and causes of speech errors

S. N. Tseitlin writes: “The complexity of the mechanism for generating speech acts as a factor contributing to the occurrence of speech errors.” Let's look at special cases, based on the classification of types of speech errors proposed above.

Pronunciation errors

Pronunciation or spelling errors arise as a result of violation of the rules of spelling. In other words, the reason lies in the incorrect pronunciation of sounds, sound combinations, individual grammatical structures and borrowed words. These also include accentological errors - violation of stress norms. Examples:

Pronunciation: “of course” (and not “of course”), “poshti” (“almost”), “plotlit” (“pays”), “precedent” (“precedent”), “iliktrichesky” (“electric”), “colidor” ("corridor"), "laboratory" ("laboratory"), "tyshcha" ("thousand"), "shchas" ("now").

Accent: “calls”, “dialogue”, “agreement”, “catalogue”, “overpass”, “alcohol”, “beets”, “phenomenon”, “driver”, “expert”.

Lexical errors

Lexical errors are violations of the rules of vocabulary, first of all, the use of words in meanings that are unusual for them, distortion of the morphemic form of words and the rules of semantic agreement. They come in several types.

Using a word in a meaning that is unusual for it. This is the most common lexical speech error. Within this type there are three subtypes:

Mixing words that are similar in meaning: “He read the book back.”
Mixing words that sound similar: excavator - escalator, colossus - colossus, Indian - turkey, single - ordinary.
A mixture of words that are similar in meaning and sound: subscriber - subscription, addressee - addressee, diplomat - diploma holder, well-fed - well-fed, ignorant - ignoramus. “Cashier for business travelers” (required – business travelers).

Word writing. Examples of errors: Georgian, heroism, underground, spender.

Violation of the rules of semantic agreement of words. Semantic coordination is the mutual adaptation of words along their line real values. For example, you cannot say: “ I raise this toast", since “to lift” means “to move,” which is not consistent with the wish. “Through a door that is ajar” is a speech error, because the door cannot be both ajar (open a little) and wide open (wide open) at the same time.

This also includes pleonasms and tautologies. Pleonasm is a phrase in which the meaning of one component is entirely included in the meaning of another. Examples: “the month of May”, “traffic route”, “residence address”, “huge metropolis”, “be on time”. Tautology is a phrase whose members have the same root: “We were given a task,” “The organizer was a public organization,” “I wish you long creative life.”

Phraseological errors

Phraseological errors occur when the form of phraseological units is distorted or they are used in a meaning that is unusual for them. Yu. V. Fomenko identifies 7 varieties:

Changing the lexical composition of a phraseological unit: “As long as the matter is the case” instead of “As long as the trial is the case”;
Truncation of phraseological units: “It was just right for him to hit the wall” (phraseological unit: “beat his head against the wall”);
Expansion of the lexical composition of phraseological units: “You have come to the wrong address” (phraseological unit: go to the right address);
Distortion grammatical form phraseological unit: “I can’t stand sitting with my hands folded.” Correct: “folded”;
Contamination (combination) of phraseological units: “You can’t do everything with your sleeves folded” (a combination of phraseological units “carelessly” and “hands folded”);
Combination of pleonasm and phraseological unit: "Random stray bullet";
Use of phraseological units in an unusual meaning: “Today we will talk about the film from cover to cover.”

Morphological errors

Morphological errors are incorrect formation of word forms. Examples of such speech errors: “reserved seat”, “shoes”, “towels”, “cheaper”, “one and a half hundred kilometers away”.

Syntax errors

Syntactic errors are associated with violation of the rules of syntax - the construction of sentences, the rules of combining words. There are a lot of varieties, so we will give just a few examples.

Incorrect matching: “There are a lot of books in the closet”;
Mismanagement: “Pay for travel”;
Syntactic ambiguity: “Reading Mayakovsky made a strong impression”(have you read Mayakovsky or have you read Mayakovsky’s works?);
Design offset: “The first thing I ask of you is your attention.” Correct: “The first thing I ask of you is your attention”;
Extra correlative word in the main clause: “We looked at those stars that dotted the whole sky.”

Spelling errors

This type of error occurs due to ignorance of the rules of writing, hyphenation, and abbreviation of words. Characteristic of speech. For example: “the dog barked”, “sit on the chairs”, “come to the train station”, “Russian. language", "gram. error".

Punctuation errors

Punctuation errors - incorrect use of punctuation marks when...

Stylistic errors

We have dedicated a separate section to this topic.

Ways to correct and prevent speech errors

How to prevent speech errors? Work on your speech should include:

Reading fiction.
Visiting theaters, museums, exhibitions.
Communication with educated people.
Constant work to improve speech culture.

Online course “Russian language”

Speech errors are one of the most problematic topics that receive little attention in school. There are not so many topics in the Russian language in which people most often make mistakes - about 20. We decided to devote the course “to” to these topics. During the classes, you will have the opportunity to practice competent writing skills using a special system of multiple distributed repetitions of material through simple exercises and special memorization techniques.

Sources

Bezzubov A. N. Introduction to literary editing. – St. Petersburg, 1997.
Savko I. E. Basic speech and grammatical errors
Sergeeva N. M. Speech, grammatical, ethical, factual errors...
Fomenko Yu. V. Types of speech errors. – Novosibirsk: NSPU, 1994.
Tseytlin S. N. Speech errors and their prevention. – M.: Education, 1982.