Participle as a verb form. Participle (linguistics)

Sacrament Participles established by the Lord Himself last supper- the last meal with the disciples on Easter night before His capture and crucifixion.

“And while they were eating, Jesus took bread, and blessed it, and broke it, and gave it to the disciples, and said, Take, eat: this is My body. And, taking the cup and giving thanks, he gave it to them and said: drink from it, all of you, for this is My Blood of the New Testament, which is shed for many for the remission of sins" (Matthew 26:26-28), "...do this in remembrance of Me" (Luke 22:19). In the Sacrament of the Flesh and Blood of the Lord ( Eucharist - Greek. “thanksgiving”) there is a restoration of that unity between the nature of the Creator and the creation that existed before the Fall; this is our return to paradise lost. We can say that in Communion we receive, as it were, the embryos of future life in the Kingdom of Heaven. The mystical mystery of the Eucharist is rooted in the Savior's Sacrifice on the Cross. Having crucified His Flesh on the cross and shed His Blood, the God-man Jesus offered the Sacrifice of Love for us to the Creator and restored fallen human nature. Thus, the communion of the Body and Blood of the Savior becomes our participation in this restoration. « Christ is risen from the dead, death by death trampled down, and gave life to those in the tombs; and giving us eternal life...”

Eating the Flesh and Blood of Christ in the Sacrament of the Eucharist is not a symbolic action (as Protestants believe), but quite real. Not everyone can accommodate this secret.

« Jesus said to them, “Truly, truly, I say to you, unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink his blood, you have no life in you.”

He who eats My Flesh and drinks My Blood has eternal life, and I will raise him up on the last day.

For My Flesh is truly food, and My Blood is truly drink.

He who eats My Flesh and drinks My Blood abides in Me, and I in him.

Just as the living Father sent Me, and I live through the Father, so he who eats Me will also live through Me.

This is the bread that came down from heaven. Not as your fathers ate manna and died: whoever eats this bread will live forever.

…………………………………………

Many of His disciples, hearing this, said: What strange words! who can listen to this?

…………………………………………

From that time on, many of His disciples departed from Him and no longer walked with Him” (John 6:53–58, 60, 66).

Rationalists try to “bypass” the mystery, reducing mysticism to a symbol. The proud perceive what is inaccessible to their reason as an insult: Leo Tolstoy blasphemously called the sacrament “cannibalism.” For others it is a wild superstition, for others it is an anachronism. But the children of the Church of Christ know that in the Sacrament of the Eucharist, under the guise of bread and wine, they truly partake of the Body and Blood of Christ in Their essence. Indeed, it is not human nature to eat raw flesh and blood, and therefore at Communion the Gifts of Christ are hidden under the image of bread and wine. Nevertheless, hidden under the outer shell of perishable matter is the incorruptible substance of the Divine nature. Sometimes, by special permission, the Lord lifts this veil of mystery and allows those in doubt to see the true nature of the Holy Gifts. In particular, in my personal practice there were two cases when the Lord wanted to allow those who were communing to see His Body and Blood in their authentic form. Both times were first communions; in one case, a person was sent to the Church by psychics for their own reasons. In another, the reason for coming to the temple was very superficial curiosity. After such a wonderful event, both became faithful children of the Orthodox Church.

How can we at least approximately understand the meaning of what is happening in the Sacrament of Communion? The nature of creation was created by the Creator akin to Himself: not only permeable, but also, as it were, inseparable from the Creator. This is natural given the holiness of created nature - its original state of free unity and submission to the Creator. The angelic worlds are in this state. However, nature our the world is distorted and perverted by the fall of its guardian and leader - man. Nevertheless, she did not lose the opportunity to reunite with the nature of the Creator: the clearest evidence of this is the incarnation of the Savior. But man fell away from God voluntarily, and he can also reunite with Him only through free will (even the incarnation of Christ required the consent of a person - the Virgin Mary!). At the same time deification inanimate, without free will, nature, God can do it naturally, without permission . Thus, in the divinely established Sacrament of Communion, the grace of the Holy Spirit at the established moment of the service (and also at the request of a person!) descends on the substance of bread and wine and offers them into a substance of a different, higher nature: the Body and Blood of Christ. And now a person can accept these highest Gifts of Life only by showing his free will! The Lord gives Himself to everyone, but those who believe Him and love Him—the children of His Church—accept Him.

So, Communion is the grace-filled communion of the soul with the highest nature and in it with eternal life. Reducing this greatest mystery to the realm of an everyday image, we can compare Communion with the “nutrition” of the soul, which it should receive after its “birth” in the Sacrament of Baptism. And just as a person is born into the world by flesh once, and then feeds for the rest of his life, so Baptism is a one-time event, and we must resort to Communion regularly, preferably at least once a month, possibly more often. Communion once a year is the minimum acceptable, but such a “hungry” regime can bring the soul to the brink of survival.

How is Communion celebrated in the Church?

It is necessary to properly prepare for participation in the Eucharist. A meeting with God is an event that shakes the soul and transforms the body. Worthy communion requires a conscious and reverent attitude towards this event. There must be sincere faith in Christ and an understanding of the meaning of the Sacrament. We must have reverence for the Savior’s Sacrifice and awareness of our unworthiness to accept this great Gift (we accept It not as a well-deserved reward, but as a manifestation of the mercy of a loving Father). There must be reconciliation of the soul: you need to sincerely forgive in your heart everyone who has “saddened us” in one way or another (remembering the words of the Lord’s Prayer: “And forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors”) and try, if possible, to reconcile with them ; This applies even more to those who, for one reason or another, consider themselves offended by us. Before Communion, one should read the prayers defined by the Church and compiled by the holy fathers, which are called: “Following to Holy Communion”; These prayer texts are present, as a rule, in all editions of Orthodox prayer books (collections of prayers). It is advisable to discuss the exact amount of reading of these texts with the priest to whom you turn for advice and who knows the specifics of your life. After the Sacrament of Communion is performed, it is necessary to read “Prayers of Thanksgiving for Holy Communion.” Finally, preparing to accept into yourself - into your flesh and into your soul - the Mysteries of the Body and Blood of Christ, terrible in their greatness, you must cleanse yourself with body and soul. Fasting and Confession serve this purpose.

Corporal fasting involves abstaining from eating savory food. The duration of fasting before Communion is usually up to three days. Directly on the eve of Communion, one must abstain from marital relations and from midnight one must not eat any food (in fact, one must not eat or drink anything in the morning before the service). However, in specific cases, significant deviations from these norms are possible; They should, again, be discussed individually.

Communion in Church

The Sacrament of Communion itself takes place in the Church at a service called liturgy . As a rule, the liturgy is celebrated in the first half of the day; The exact start time of services and the days they take place should be found out directly in the temple you are going to go to. Services usually begin between seven and ten o'clock in the morning; The duration of the liturgy, depending on the nature of the service and partly on the number of communicants, is from one and a half to four to five hours. In cathedrals and monasteries, liturgies are served daily; in parish churches on Sundays and church holidays. It is advisable for those preparing for Communion to attend the service from the beginning (for this is a single spiritual action), and also to attend the evening service the day before, which is prayerful preparation for the Liturgy and the Eucharist.

During the liturgy, you need to stay in the church without going out, prayerfully participating in the service until the priest comes out of the altar with a cup and proclaims: “Approach with the fear of God and faith.” Then the communicants line up one after another in front of the pulpit (first children and the infirm, then men and then women). Hands should be folded crosswise on the chest; You are not supposed to be baptized in front of the cup. When your turn comes, you need to stand in front of the priest, say your name and open your mouth so that you can put in a spoon with a particle of the Body and Blood of Christ. The liar must be thoroughly licked with his lips, and after wiping his lips with the cloth, reverently kiss the edge of the bowl. Then, without venerating the icons or talking, you need to move away from the pulpit and take a drink - St. water with wine and a particle of prosphora (in this way, it is as if the oral cavity is washed, so that the smallest particles of the Gifts are not accidentally expelled from oneself, for example, when sneezing). After communion, you need to read (or listen in Church) prayers of thanksgiving and in the future carefully guard your soul from sins and passions.

The participle is used in many Indo-European languages, Arabic, Hungarian, and also in many Eskimo languages ​​(for example, Sireniki). In other languages, together with the gerund, it forms a special part of speech - English. Participle, German Partizip.

In Russian

The question of the status of the participle has been and is being resolved ambiguously in Russian studies, but linguists agree that participles are formed from a verb. The formation of participles is closely related to the category of aspect and transitivity. For example, present and past participles can be formed from imperfect verbs, but only past participles can be formed from perfect verbs. In addition, passive participles can only be formed from transitive verbs. Present participles are formed from the present tense stem. Active voice forms are formed using suffixes -ush- growing) And -asch- holding). Forms passive voice present tense are formed using suffixes -om- , -eating- for verbs of the first conjugation ( slave) And -them- - for verbs of the second conjugation ( persecuted).

Past participles are formed from the stem of the infinitive. Active participles are formed using a suffix -vsh- for verbs whose stem ends in a vowel ( holding). Using a suffix -sh- such participles are formed from verbs with a stem on a consonant ( growing up).

Some verbs have specificity in the formation of participles; such verbs include verbs in -is , during the formation of which the original base is truncated ( sat down). From verbs with suffix -Well- It is possible to form two forms of participles, for example, extinguished - extinguished.

Passive past participles are formed using suffixes -nn- (from verbs to -at : read, lost), -enn- (from verbs to -it And -whose : baked), -T- (from monosyllabic verbs: crumpled).

Passive participles usually have full ( verified) and short ( verified) shapes. Short forms vary by gender and number. However, not all present passive participles have a short form. Since passive present participles ( slave, readable) relate primarily to book speech; there are some stylistic restrictions on the formation of such forms. Therefore, from colloquial and some neutral verbs (for example, beat, cover, feed and so on) often passive present participles are not formed. Also, not all verbs form passive past participles in Russian.

Adjectivation

Adjectivation is called the transition of various parts of speech into an adjective, but it is participles that are subject to adjectivization to a greater extent. When adjectivated, participles lose their verbal categories and begin to denote a constant, static, unchanging feature, thus a rethinking of participles occurs. Highlight:

• participles turned into adjectives with a figurative meaning ( brilliant career);
• participles that have turned into adjectives with new, additional meanings ( thinking creature);
• participles that have turned into adjectives denoting the intended purpose of performing some action ( typewriter);
• participles turned into adjectives with the meaning of the ability to be subjected to any influence ( inflected nouns);
• participles turned into adjectives with the meaning of a state caused as a result of some action ( condensed milk).

Grammatical features

The participle changes according to the characteristics of the adjective. It changes by numbers, by cases, by gender in the singular. The participle can be perfect or imperfect, past or present tense; these signs do not change; for the sacrament they are constant.

Examples of active participle

• Rain, watering land.
• Horror, flying on the wings of the night.
• Human, read book.
• fallen leaves from the tree.
• Birch, leaning over wet bushes.

Examples of passive participle

• Earth, watered rain.
• Plant, grown in the garden.
• Book, read everyone.

Perfect

The short form of the passive past participle of perfective verbs is used in Russian to form passive perfect forms: the book has been read(present perfect), the house was built(past perfect) the road will be paved(future perfect).

Subjunctive participle

The question of the existence of participles in Russian subjunctive mood, formed by adding a particle to the active past participle would, is debatable. However, similar forms are sometimes found in the works of N.V. Gogol, and in the form of a stable circulation would be an honor- from many other authors.

Participial phrase

A participle with dependent words is called participial phrase. In a sentence, the participial phrase and the participle are a separate or non-separate agreed definition.

In Russian, the participial phrase is often separated by commas. If the participial phrase comes after the word being defined, it is separated by commas on both sides. When the participial phrase stands before the word being defined, commas are not placed, except in cases where the word being defined is expressed by a personal pronoun.

• Program, written in haste, performed an illegal operation.
• Written in a hurry The program performed an illegal operation.

Complex sentences can be overloaded with participial phrases:

• Woodpecker, hammering tree, growing in the forest, buried snow, falling from the branches, very cold.

In Russian it is a form of a verb, but also has the characteristics of an adjective. Therefore, not all linguists distinguish the participle as a separate part of speech.

But in schools, a participle is a special one that has many features of an adjective. In addition to the fact that the participle answers questions about adjectives, it also

denotes a sign of an object, but this sign is associated with an action and is also called a verbal sign or a sign of action. For example, falling snow is snow that falls.

Students become familiar with what a sacrament is in the 6th grade. Before this, it is not distinguished from an adjective. Like adjectives, participles can be of any kind, and can also be in plural. The participle has an initial form. It has gender and number. For example, the word "flying" can have the form "flying", "flying" and "flying". Participles are also declined according to cases and can be in a short form, for example, “opened”, “painted”. It is always a definition in a sentence, just like an adjective.

What is a participle from the point of view of verb features? There are present and past participles, but there are no future participles. For example, “sitting now” and “sitting before.” Another verbal feature is aspect, and in phrases constructed according to the control type, participles require a noun in the accusative case. There are reflexive participles, for example, “stumbling.”

It is very important to correctly determine the conjugation of the verb from which the participle was formed, otherwise you may make a mistake in writing the suffix. It is also important to be able to determine the basis of transitivity and know what reflexive verbs are. Therefore, before studying what a participle is, you need to study the topic “Verb” in detail.

All participles are divided into two large groups. They are active and passive. They can be distinguished not only by meaning, but also by suffixes. indicate that the object itself does something. The suffixes -ush-, -yush-, -ash-, -yash- are added to the stem of the present tense verb, and for the past tense verb -vsh- and -sh-. For example, sleeping, chewing, flying.

If the action is performed not by the object itself, but by someone else, then the sign of this action is indicated by passive participles. The suffixes -nn-, -enn-, -t- are involved in their formation. For example, licked, closed, turned on. Passive participles are not formed from all verbs. For example, the verb “take” does not have a passive participle form; intransitive verbs also do not form such participles. But only passive participles form a short form.

Students experience great difficulties not from completing the topic “What is a participle” itself, but from the inability to correctly write participle suffixes. Students make especially many mistakes when writing the double letter "n".

What the sacrament is, you need to remember and know even after school. To use words correctly in written and oral speech, you need to be able to form them.

A participle is a special part of speech, which is a verbal form and denotes a characteristic by action. It should be noted that, being a verbal form, pr-ie has some morphological characteristics of a verb: the aspect and tense of each verbal form, transitivity and reflexivity can be distinguished in some verbal forms.

Part of speech features

The participle answers the question:

• Which?
• What do you do?
• What did he do?
• What did he do?

Here are some examples: melting snow (what did he do?), melted snow (what did he do), melted snow (what did he do?), a sown field (what?). It should be noted that the question “which?” can be asked for all of the above.

Since this part of speech answers the question “which?” And denotes a sign by action, it has several morphological features of an adjective: number, gender, case.

This part of speech has its own special morphemic features - suffixes:

• ushch (yushch) - ashch (box)
• vsh (sh)
• eat-im (ohm)
• enn (yonn)

These suffixes can be used to distinguish it from other parts of speech.

In a sentence it plays the role of an agreed definition or predicate.

For example:

• There's a melting snowflake in my palm. In this sentence, "melting" is an agreed adjective and is emphasized by a wavy line.
• Snowflake melting. In this sentence, "melting" is part of the compound nominal predicate with an omitted linking verb (present tense modality).

About half of all participles have a short form. The short form is formed from the full form by truncation of the morphemic suffix. It is important not to confuse the form of a short adjective with the form of a short participle.

In Russian, this part of speech is of two types: active and passive.

Active participle

The active participle denotes the object or person who himself performs the action.

For example: A running person (the person performs the action independently), melting snow (the snow performs the action independently).

• Present tense suffixes: ush-yush, ush-yush.
• Past tense suffixes: wsh (w).

These suffixes will help determine the tense and type of participle. All active present participles are formed from the stem of verbs of the same form.

It should be noted that the suffixes ush (yush) form this part of speech from the verb of the first conjugation, and the suffixes asch-yashch are from the verb of the second conjugation. For example: “sowing” is formed from the verb “to sow” of the first conjugation of the present tense using the suffix "yushch".

Passive participle

Passive form denotes a sign based on the action of an object that does not itself perform this action (experiences this action from another object or person).

For example: reeds shaken by the wind (reeds that shake the wind, the reeds themselves did not perform this action), a sown field (a field that someone sowed, the field itself did not perform this action).

• Present passive suffixes: um-em-im
• Passive past tense suffixes: nn, t.

Passive present participle is formed similarly to the real one, only other suffixes are used. When forming the past participle using suffixes nn, t the basis of the infinitive from which this part of speech was formed is preserved.

Exception! When forming a passive participle from a verb ending in “it”, the base of the infinitive will be cut off and a suffix will be added to it enn.

The passive participle can be formed from a single intransitive verb. For example: The words managed and driven are formed from the verbs manage and lead, which are intransitive.

The past passive form is formed from full verbs perfect and imperfect. However, there are very few participles formed from imperfective verbs in the Russian language.

It is impossible to form such forms from verbs: search, take, love, write, sew, revenge, beat. The verb “to give” has the singular form “given”.

It should be noted that there are several verbs in -sti- and -st-, the forms of which are formed from the stem of the future tense.

• Example: Bring - brought, spin - spun

A reflexive postfix can be added to the passive tenses of the present and past tenses "Xia"

• Example: Selling (books, buns), arrogant (children, athletes).

Participial phrase

Before you find out the role of these parts of speech in a turnover, you need to understand what a turnover is. So, a participle phrase is the creation of a phrase with dependent words. Both in complex and simple sentences the participial phrase can be found:

• Before the defined word;
• After the defined word.

Please note that the participial phrase is always a single member of the sentence, namely the agreed upon common definition.

For example:

Painting, , hangs in the hall of our museum. In this sentence the participial phrase “ painted by a famous artist" comes before the word being defined, "picture," and is the agreed upon common definition.

We hope that our article helped you improve your knowledge of the Russian language and understand what the full passive participle is.

For the rest.

Interpretations of participles vary. Some authors believe that participles are a special form of the verb, others consider them as an independent part of speech. These views are reflected in textbooks. Therefore, do not be surprised if, when you pick up a textbook by another author, you see a different interpretation. The answer to several questions depends on deciding which point of view to follow:

1. How many parts of speech are there in the Russian language?
2. What form: the indefinite form of the verb or the participle in the form of m.r. units I.p. - considered the initial form?
3. What are the boundaries of verb words, how many forms does a verb have?

• Because he sees no reason to separate them into a separate part of speech.
• Because he patriotically adheres to the views cultivated at the Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov.
• Because he considers this position not only scientifically substantiated and consistent with common sense and the broader linguistic context, but also practically useful for the guys.

My scientific preferences may not interest anyone, but practical considerations are relevant to many. Therefore, it is worth dwelling on the last statement. For practical literacy, it is important that children easily and automatically correlate participles with the verbs from which they are formed. This is necessary, firstly, to determine the conjugation of the verb: the writing of suffixes of present participles depends on this information. Secondly, to determine the stem of the infinitive: the suffix of the verb stem of the infinitive must be known to determine the vowels in the past participles. The ability to correctly find the indefinite form of the corresponding verb is one of the universal skills. It will be required constantly: from 6th grade to 11th grade. If we consider the participle to be a verbal form, then the question of finding the initial form, which constantly arises during training, will contribute to the child’s development, awareness of the unified nature of verbal forms, the uniqueness of verbal categories of aspect, transitivity, reflexivity, tense, conjugation. In this case, children better feel the verbal nature of these categories and are more easily oriented in distinguishing participles and verbal adjectives. Finally, this is important for the development of linguistic thinking in general, the study foreign languages(the attribution of participles to verbal forms has common origins), since such an interpretation is supported by the material of foreign languages, for example English.

§2. General characteristics of the sacrament

1. Meaning: a sign of an object by action. Questions: which one? what is he doing? what did he do? what did he do?

2. Morphological characteristics: Features of the morphological form: participles have the characteristics of both a verb and an adjective.

• Constant (unchangeable) signs are the signs of a verb:
  • type: NE and NSV,
  • transitivity,
  • repayment,
  • tense (present and past),
  • pledge.
• Non-permanent (changeable) signs are signs of an adjective:
  • number,
  • case,
  • completeness-brevity (for passive participles).

3. Syntactic role in a sentence. In a sentence, full participles, like full adjectives, are a modifier or part of the predicate, and short participles, like short adjectives, are only part of the predicate.

More details:
for verbal morphological features, see Section 11. Morphology. Verb.
for morphological features of an adjective, see Section 8. Morphology. Adjective.

§3. Participle forms

Participles are: active and passive.

What does it mean?
We know that the participle denotes the attribute of an object by action.
A noun denoting an object is a defined word, and a participle is a definition that expresses the attribute of an object by action. By action - means that the participle does not express any attribute, but only one that in a real situation is associated with the action. Loving mother- this is the one who loves, sleeping Baby- this is the baby who sleeps, studied at school items- these are the subjects that are studied. In this case, two fundamentally different situations are possible:

1) the action is carried out by the object itself,
2) the action is carried out on the object by some producer of the action.

Active participles

If the action is carried out by the object itself, then the participle is called active. Examples:

Boy sitting on the windowsill...

defined word boy, definition sitting on the windowsill (the boy himself performs the action: sitting)

Girl chatting on the phone...

defined word girl, definition of chatting on the phone (the girl herself performs the action: chatting)

Passive participles

If the action is directed at an object, and its producer is someone else, then the participle is called passive. Examples:

Dishes, washed in the dishwasher, sparkled like new.

Defined word dishes, definition of dishwasher-washed (the dishes didn’t wash themselves, someone did).

Essay, what I wrote last week got lost.

Defined word essay, definition what I wrote last week(the essay was written by the speaker, it did not write itself).

Passive participles have a full and a short form.

§4. Full - short form of passive participles

Tulip varieties bred in Holland are highly valued throughout the world.

withdrawn- full form

These varieties of tulips were bred in Holland.

withdrawn- short form

The full and short forms of passive participles change in the same way as the full and short forms of adjectives.
Full forms vary by number, by gender (in singular), and by case. Examples:

Variety dark, almost black rose, bred in France, is called Edith Piaf.

withdrawn- unit, m.r., I.p.

We live in the country, occupying a sixth of the landmass.

occupying- unit, f.r., pp.

Our Houses, located next door, were not at all similar.

located- plural, i.p.

Short forms vary in numbers and units. by birth. Short forms cannot have cases. Examples:

The book has been written and sent to the publishing house.
The novel has been written and even already published.
The essay was written and published in the magazine.
Letters have been written and sent.

§5. Formation of participles

Different verbs have different numbers of participial forms. It depends on the type and transitivity of the verb.

Transitive verbs NSV have 4 forms of participles:

reading,
read
3) passive present participle: readable,
4) passive past participle: read.
Verb read NSV. From NSV verbs, both past and present tense forms are possible.

Transitive verbs SV have 2 forms of participles:

1) active past participle: bought,
2) passive past participles: bought.
Verb buy NE. Present tense forms from SV verbs are not possible.

Intransitive verbs NSV have 2 forms of participles:

1) active present participle: walking,
2) active past participle: walking.
Verb walk NSV. Past and present tense forms are possible from NSV verbs.

Intransitive verbs have the only form participles:

active past participles: absentee.
Verb take a walk NSV. The present tense form is impossible from it.

Attention:

Past participles are possible from SV verbs. From NSV verbs, both past and present participles are possible. There is no future tense for participles.
Transitive verbs can be used to form both active and passive participles. From intransitives - only active participles. The formation of passive participles from intransitive verbs is impossible.

Exceptions:

• Some transitive verbs do not have passive present participle forms, for example: beat, write, sew, revenge. Beaten, written, sewn, swept- forms of passive past participles;
• Some transitive verbs do not have passive past participle forms, for example: love, seek. Beloved, sought after- forms of present passive participles;
• from the verb take forms of passive participles are not formed.

Such exceptions are recorded in dictionaries. For example, see: Borunova S.N., Vorontsova V.L., Eskova N.A. Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language. Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms. Ed. R.I. Avenesova. 4th ed. M.: Russian language. 1988.

For spelling of participle suffixes, see Spelling of participles.

§6. Participles - not participles: verbal adjectives

Learn to distinguish between participles and verbal adjectives.
Participle - if an object is involved in an action, the characteristics of the verb are relevant for participles: aspect, tense.
Adjective - if the action is no longer relevant, the result has become a permanent feature: frozen products, dried mushrooms, boiled meat.

1. Full form

1). The word in full form with the suffixes -n-, -nn-, -e-, -enn- is:

• a verbal adjective, if it is formed from the verb NSV and does not have dependent words: uncut grass(from mow- NSV);
• participle, if it is formed from the verb SV or has dependent words: purchased newspapers (buy - SV), grass not cut until mid-July ( until mid-July- dependent words)

2). The word in full form with the suffixes -im-, -em- is:

• verbal adjective if it is formed from an intransitive verb: combustible (from burn out- intransitive verb.), conceivable (from think- intransitive verb.), unfading (from fade- intransition.ch.);
• participle, if it is formed from the transitive verb NSV: inflected (from incline), called (from call), indelible (from sweep), unforgettable (from forget), - participles, because transitive verbs NSV.

2. Short form

In short participles, as in full participles, there remains a verbal component of meaning associated with aspect and tense. The film is shot. The letter is written. The picture is hung. The laundry is washed.(action in the past, the result is relevant in the present). You can add: just now, for example: The letter is written just now. It can be transformed into a passive construction without changing the meaning: The film was shot, the letter was written, the picture was hung.

In short adjectives the attribute is constant: She is well-mannered and educated. That is to her In general, these signs are characteristic. You cannot add: just now. Cannot be transformed into a passive structure.

§7. Participial phrase

A participial phrase is a participle with a dependent word or dependent words.

Don't be confused:

The dependent word and the qualified word are different words. The word being defined is the word to which the participle refers, on which its form depends. The dependent word is the word that extends the participle. Its form depends on the form of the participle.

Fog, which landed on the river at night, dissipated during the day.

Defined word - fog. Communion - sunken, the form depends on the form of the word being defined: fog(Which?) sunken- unit, m.r., I.p. Dependent words - on the river at night, the form of dependent words, if they are changeable, depends on the participle: sunken(for what?) to the river- V.p.

Participial phrase - landed on the river at night.

Test of strength

Check your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is it correct to assume that verbal morphological features are constant features of participles?

2. Is it correct to think that participles change like adjectives?

3. What are the names of words whose form depends on participles?

   • Defined word
   • dependent word

4. Which participles do not have short forms?

   • Have valid
   • In the passive
   • Everyone has

5. How do short forms of participles change?

   • By case

6. How do full forms of participle change?

   • By case
   • By numbers and singular - by gender
   • By cases, numbers and in the singular - by gender

7. What determines how many participial forms different verbs have?

   • From reflexivity of verbs
   • From verb conjugation

8. Which verbs have all 4 forms of participles: present active, past active, present passive, past passive?

   • Transitional air supply systems
   • Transitional SV

9. Which verbs have only 1 participle form: active past tense?

   • Intransitive NSVs
   • Intransitive SV
   • Transitional NSV
   • Transitional SV

10. How many forms of participles can be formed from transitive verbs of SV?

11. How many forms of participles can be formed from intransitive verbs of the NSV?

Correct answers:

1. dependent word
2. Have valid
3. By numbers and singular - by gender
4. By cases, numbers and in the singular - by gender
5. From the aspect and transitivity of verbs
6. Transitional air supply systems
7. Intransitive SV

• A16. Vowels in personal endings of verbs and suffixes of participles