How to identify nouns. What questions are answered by proper and common nouns: rule. with a transitive verb with the particle -not

Noun- a part of speech that denotes an object and answers the questions who? What? ( person, animal, youth, museum, Moscow, kindness, running, blue ) and has the categories of gender, number and case.

Initial form noun - nominative singular.

Syntactic function me: in a sentence a noun can be any member of the proposal: both main - subject or predicate, and secondary - addition, definition, circumstance. But in the vast majority of cases, the syntactic role of the noun is: subject or object.

1. Common and proper nouns

Common nouns- nouns that are generalized names of homogeneous objects and phenomena ( sea, river, constellation, city, mountain, feeling etc.). These names are conceptual in nature, since they serve as the name not of a single specific object, but of all objects and phenomena of the same type. Common nouns are written with a lowercase (small) letter.

Names own- nouns denoting individual names of individual living beings, objects or phenomena and distinguishing it from a number of homogeneous ones (Yenisei, Strelets, Pamir, Ryazan, Marina Tsvetaeva, etc.). Proper names include surnames, first names and patronymics, pseudonyms and nicknames of people, names of animals; geographical, astronomical names; names of works of literature and art, newspapers, magazines; historical events, holidays, businesses, shops, cafes, etc.

Proper names can consist of several words ( Western Siberia, Andromeda Nebula ). In addition, they do not vary in number and have either a singular or plural form ( Sakhalin, Altai, Carpathians, Athens ).

The same words can be both common nouns and proper names: “ Maxim"(machine gun) - Maxim(Name), arrow(item) - Arrow(nickname). Proper names are written with a capital letter.

2. Animate and inanimate nouns

Animated nouns denote living beings (people, animals) and answer the question Who? For example: doctor, athlete, bear, crane.

Inanimate nouns denote the names of inanimate objects, phenomena, abstract concepts and answer the question What? For example: bicycle, textbook, evening, joy.

The division of nouns into animate and inanimate in language does not always coincide with the division of objects into living and inanimate in nature. For example, nouns people, team, detachment, crew denote a group of living beings (people), but in language they are inanimate, and vice versa: nouns deceased, dead man , denoting inanimate objects, are animate in the language.

U animate of nouns, the accusative plural form coincides with the genitive form. The rule also applies to singular masculine nouns.

U inanimate of nouns, the accusative plural form coincides with the nominative form. The rule also applies to singular masculine nouns.

3. Concrete and abstract nouns

Specific nouns denote real objects ( house, table, lamp ).

Abstract(abstract) nouns denote non-objective concepts - qualities, properties, actions or processes ( speed, agility, drawing ). As a rule, they do not have a plural.

4. Collective and singular nouns

Collective nouns denote a collection of homogeneous objects as a whole ( foliage, students ). They have a plural form.

Single nouns denote objects isolated from the totality ( straw, speck of dust, mote ).

5. Gender of nouns

Nouns belong to one of three genders only in the singular: male(lobby, tulle, rail, shampoo); female(veil, callus); average(meeting, jam, rugby, chassis). Nouns do not change by gender.

For unchangeable words of foreign language origin, gender is determined as follows:

• if a word denotes an inanimate object, it is neuter (popsicle, subway, interview); exceptions - coffee (masculine), avenue, kohlrabi (feminine);
• if a word denotes a female person, it is feminine (madam, lady, miss);
• if a word denotes males or animals, it is masculine (attaché, dandy, pony, cockatoo);
• if the word is a geographical name, its gender is determined by the gender of the common noun with which this name can be replaced: Colorado is feminine if it is a river, and masculine if it is a state; Sukhumi is masculine, as it is a city.

The gender of compound words is determined by the gender of the main word: MGU (Moscow State University) is masculine, since the main word university is masculine.

Common nouns are nouns ending in -a (-я), denoting qualities of people (bully, crybaby, slob, orphan). They are classified as masculine if they refer to males, or feminine if they refer to females. For example, Misha is an orphan; Lena is a known bully.

Some masculine nouns should not be confused with common nouns, which name persons by profession, position (doctor, lawyer, director, professor, dentist, etc.) and can also name both male and female persons. The verb with such a subject noun changes gender depending on the meaning, but the adjective with such a noun is used only in the masculine gender. Wed: The operation was performed by the famous doctor Ivanov; The operation was performed by the famous doctor Ivanova.

6. Number of nouns

Number- inflectional category of nouns. It is expressed by the opposition of singular and plural forms formed by the corresponding endings. These endings also carry meanings of a certain case and gender.

All nouns are divided into three categories: 1) those that can have both singular and plural forms; 2) those that have only a singular form; 3) those that have only a plural form.

Only in the singular used:

1. Collective nouns (names of many identical persons, objects): youth, humanity, foliage, raw materials, intelligentsia, peasantry.
2. Names of substances: gold, gasoline, milk, wheat, porcelain.
3. Names of qualities: anger, kindness, youth, freshness, yellowness.
4. Names of actions, states: delivery, walking, swimming, reading, surprise, admiration.
5. Proper names: Moscow, Volga, Pushkin.

Only in plural used:

1. Names of paired and composite items: trousers, scales, collars, scissors.
2. Names of materials: perfume, cream, ink, sawdust, wallpaper.
3. Names of periods of time, games: vacation, day, hide and seek, chess.
4. Names of actions and states: troubles, debates, freezes.
5. Some geographical names: Carpathians, Athens, Andes, Sokolniki.

Have you looked at the lesson notes? Noun as part of speech«.

§ 1 Noun

Let's start the lesson by solving riddles. Think about what part of speech the guessing words belong to and what their general grammatical meaning is. The words in this part of speech will be the topic of this lesson.

The sisters are standing in the field:

Yellow eye, white eyelashes. What is this? (daisies)

O. Tarnopolskaya

There is a bathhouse in the belly,

There is a sieve in the nose,

There is a navel on the head

Just one hand

And the one on the back. What is this? (kettle)

Zarya Zaryanica

I walked around the world

She dropped a tear;

I saw the month

The sun has disappeared. What are these tears? (dew)

Shaking his beard

Lyko fights

But he doesn’t weave bast shoes. Who is this? (goat)

The silent one will remain silent,

The screamer will be shouted down. What is this? (echo)

(V. Musatov)

Let's write down our answers in one line: daisies, teapot, dew, goat, echo. After each riddle I asked questions: Who is this? What is this? All these words answer the questions who? or what? Designate an object. These are nouns.

A noun is an independent part of speech: the words chamomile, teapot, dew, goat, have an independent lexical meaning.

For example, chamomile is a herbaceous plant of the Asteraceae family with flowers whose petals are usually white and the center is yellow. (“Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language”).

These words also have a grammatical meaning.

For example, Daisies

Initial form (N.f.) - chamomile

Noun, denotes an object, common noun, inanimate, feminine, 1st declension, used in the plural form of the nominative case.

A noun is an independent part of speech that denotes an object and answers the questions who? What? (whom? what? to whom? to what? etc.)

The morphological features of a noun (gender, declension, number, case) are indicated by the ending: in the word dew, the ending a indicates: feminine, 1st declension, singular, nominative case.

§ 2 Use of nouns in speech

We use nouns more often than other parts of speech: almost every second word in our speech is a noun.

A noun is the most important part of speech. Even primitive people, learning about nature, gave names to the objects and phenomena around them. Subsequently, these names were fixed in the language. According to the observations of scientists, the noun appeared in speech among the very first words. And this is quite understandable. The child eagerly looks at the world and wants to know the name of everything that surrounds him.

§ 3 General grammatical meaning of nouns

The general grammatical meaning of nouns - to denote an object - must be understood in the broad sense of the word. In the science of grammar, a subject is everything that can be asked who? or what? In our answers, the meaning of the object is not only the word teapot (a specific object of the surrounding world), but also natural phenomena - dew, echo, as well as living beings and plants (goat, chamomile).

The name “noun” speaks for itself - it means everything that exists, what is the essence of the world.

In addition to specific items

-the surrounding world (lantern, house, pencil),

natural phenomena (rain, snowfall),

-living creatures and plants (birch, spider, whale, oriole),

nouns can mean:

-substances (gasoline, honey, porcelain, steel, sugar, cotton);

-various events (holiday, parade, Olympics, rally, demonstration);

geographic names (Africa, Arctic);

-abstract concepts that do not designate specific objects (wisdom, novelty);

Therefore, the general grammatical meaning of a noun is to denote an object in the broad sense of the word.

§ 4 Abstract nouns

Some abstract nouns have the meaning of a sign, but designate it as an object, for example: blue, courage, kindness. Thus, the word sineva has the meaning of a feature, but answers the question what?, has the morphological characteristics of a noun: this word of gender, singular, i.p., changes according to cases:

blue, blue, blue, blue,

therefore, blue is a noun.

There are abstract nouns that have the meaning of action, but this action is designated as an object, for example, walking, threshing, running, carving. The word running has the meaning of action, but like the word blue it has the characteristics of a noun.

Abstract nouns are formed using suffixes. From the adjectives beautiful, kind, yellow, cheerful, you can form abstract concepts with the meaning of the attribute using the suffixes -izn-, -ot-, -ost:

From the verb declension, using the suffix -eni- you can form an abstract noun declension.

§ 5 General grammatical features of nouns

Common grammatical features of nouns are:

-constant morphological features (animate or inanimate, property or common noun, gender, declension);

-unconstant morphological features (number, case);

-syntactic role in a sentence (most often they are subject, object and adverbial).

Let's determine the grammatical features of the noun on tables in a sentence:

Checkers and chess appeared on the tables moved to the side (V.K. Ketlinskaya).

Constant morphological characteristics:

noun on the tables, n.f. - table, inanimate, nar., husband. r., 2 sk.

Variable morphological features: used in the prepositional case, in the plural.

Syntactic role in a sentence:

Appeared on what? on the tables. Is an addition.

Nouns belong to one of three genders - masculine, feminine and neuter, but do not change according to gender:

spring, country - zh.r,

village, city - s.r.,

father, brother - m.b.

Nouns change in number and case - they decline:

The initial form of a noun is the nominative singular.

In a sentence, nouns often depend on the verb and are placed with it in the required case:

Nouns can be extended by adjectives:

spring sun, fragrant bird cherry

and other nouns in indirect cases:

the arrival of spring, anticipation of the holidays, dreams of relaxation.

§ 6 Brief summary of the lesson

The Russian language is incredibly rich. It contains many different concepts: parts of speech, parts of sentences, punctuation marks, etc. Sometimes it is difficult to navigate all these definitions. Let's deal with one of the main ones and find out what a noun is. A noun is an independent part of speech that denotes an object.

Animate and inanimate nouns

The name of the part of speech speaks for itself: a noun means something significant, denoting some kind of creature or entity. It is not surprising, therefore, that nouns can be animate or inanimate.

Animate nouns include those that answer the question “Who?”:

• names of animals (wolf, fish, bird);
• names of people (brother, woman, builder, pianist).

Inanimate people answer the question “What?”:

• names of various objects (chair, school);
• qualities (kindness, courage);
• states (fear, cold);
• events (engagement, concert);
• phenomena (rain, rainbow).

Proper and common nouns

Among nouns, proper and common nouns are distinguished.

What are proper nouns? They are written with a capital letter and include:

• last names, first names and patronymics of people, as well as nicknames;
• animal names (Mukhtar);
• geographical and astronomical names (Volga, Crimea, Moon);
• names of newspapers, magazines, literary, musical and artistic works;
• names of theaters, factories, ships, brands;
• names of historical events and holidays (Battle of Kulikovo, Victory Day).

What are common nouns? They name all objects and phenomena and are written with a small letter.

Gender of nouns

There are three types of nouns:

1. Feminine (she): with ending -а, -я (map, observatory) and with zero ending (youth).
2. Masculine (he): with a zero ending (rook, table) and with the ending -a, -ya (dad, uncle).
3. Middle (it): with the ending -о, -е (expression, word) and 10 nouns ending in -mya (flame, tribe, name, banner, burden, udder, time, seed, stirrup, crown).

The Russian language is difficult but interesting. What other language has words that have no gender? These are nouns that do not have a singular form (vacations, trousers).

There is also a group of nouns of a common gender: well done, orphan, sneak, touchy, glutton, gap, namesake, suck-up, cripple, smart girl. They have no gender characteristics and, depending on the circumstances, become masculine or feminine nouns (He was quiet. She was quiet).

Number of nouns

Most nouns, depending on the number of objects mentioned, are used in both singular and plural.

But there are words that can only be used:

Singular:

• name of quality, attribute (dexterity, darkness, freshness);
• names of actions, states (harvest, burning);
• collective nouns, meaning many identical persons, objects (humanity, youth);
• flame, burden, crown, udder.

In the plural:

• names of materials and products (white, cream);
• names of paired and composite objects (scales, swings);
• time intervals, games (24 hours, chess, hide and seek);
• various actions (elections, negotiations);
• state of nature (frost);
• geographical names (Athens, Cordilleras).

Declension of nouns

What is the declension of nouns? This is a change of nouns by case.

In Russian there are three declensions of nouns, determined by singular endings in the nominative case:

1. words that refer to the feminine and masculine genders with the ending -a, -ya (earth, young man);
2. neuter gender with endings -о, -е (creation) and masculine gender with zero ending (doctor) and -о, -е (house);
3. feminine gender with zero ending (night).

There are also indeclinable nouns. These are 10 words in -mya and the masculine word “path”. They have the ending of the 3rd declension - both in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases; in the instrumental case the ending of the second declension is -ем (-ем).

Nouns that are not indeclinable (indeclinable) have the same form in all cases. These are both common nouns (jury, coffee) and proper nouns (Goethe, Sochi).

Knowing what a noun is, it is easy to guess that in a sentence it is mainly a subject and an object. But it can often act as other parts of speech.

noun e is an independent significant part of speech, combining words that

1) have a generalized meaning of objectivity and answer the questions who? or what?;

2) are proper or common nouns, animate or inanimate, have a constant gender sign and inconsistent (for most nouns) number and case signs;

3) in a sentence they most often act as subjects or objects, but can be any other members of the sentence.

Noun- this is a part of speech, when highlighted, the grammatical features of words come to the fore. As for the meaning of nouns, this is the only part of speech that can mean anything: an object (table), a person (boy), an animal (cow), a sign (depth), an abstract concept (conscience), an action (singing) , relation (equality). From the point of view of meaning, these words are united by the fact that they can be asked the question who? or what?; This, in fact, is their objectivity.

Common nouns designate objects without distinguishing them from the class of the same type (city, river, girl, newspaper).

Proper nouns designate objects, distinguishing them from the class of homogeneous objects, individualizing them (Moscow, Volga, Masha, Izvestia). It is necessary to distinguish proper names from proper names - ambiguous names of individualized objects (“Evening Moscow”). Proper names do not necessarily include a proper name (Moscow State University).

Animate and inanimate nouns

Nouns have a constant morphological sign of animation.

The sign of animacy of nouns is closely related to the concept of living / inanimate. Nevertheless, animacy is not a category of meaning, but a morphological feature itself.

Animacy as a morphological feature also has formal means of expression. Firstly, animateness/inanimateness is expressed by the endings of the noun itself:

1) animate nouns have the same plural endings. numbers V. p. and R. p., and for nouns husband. This also applies to units. number;

2) inanimate nouns have the same plural endings. numbers V. p. and I. p., and for nouns husband. This also applies to units. number.

The animacy of most nouns reflects a certain state of affairs in extra-linguistic reality: animate nouns are mainly called living beings, and inanimate are inanimate objects, but there are cases of violation of this pattern:

Nouns have a constant morphological gender marker and relate to male, female or neuter.

Masculine, feminine and neuter gender include words with the following compatibility:

Some nouns with the ending -a, denoting characteristics, properties of persons, in I. p. have a double gender characterization depending on the gender of the designated person:

your ignoramus has come,

your ignoramus came.

Such nouns belong to the general gender.

Nouns are plural only (cream, scissors) do not belong to any of the genders, since in the plural the formal differences between nouns of different genders are not expressed (cf.: desks - tables).

Nouns change according to number and case. Most nouns have singular and plural forms ( city ​​- cities, village - villages). However, some nouns have either only a singular form (for example, peasantry, asphalt, combustion), or only the plural form (for example, scissors, railings, everyday life, Luzhniki).

Case as a morphological feature of nouns

Nouns change by case, that is, they have an inconsistent morphological sign of number.

There are 6 cases in the Russian language: nominative (I. p.), genitive (R. p.), dative (D. p.), accusative (V. p.), instrumental (T. p.), prepositional (P. p.). These case forms are diagnosed in the following contexts:

I. p.who is this? What?

R. p. no one? what?

D. p.happy for whom? what?

V. p. see who? What?

T.p.proud of whom? how?

P.P. I'm thinking about whom? how?

The endings of different cases are different depending on which declension the noun belongs to.

Declension of nouns

Changing nouns by case is called declension.

TO I declension include nouns husband. and wives kind with ending I. p. unit. numbers -a(-i), including words ending in -i: mom-a, dad-a, earth-ya, lecture-ya (lecture-a). Words with a stem ending in a hard consonant (hard version), a soft consonant (soft version) and with a stem ending in -иj have some differences in endings, for example:

Co. II declension include nouns husband. genders with zero ending I. p., including words starting with -iy, and nouns m. and cf. genders ending in -о(-е), including words ending in -е: table-, genius-, town-o, window-o, half-e, peni-e (penij-e).

TO III declension include nouns female. kind with zero ending in I. p.: dust- , night-.

In addition to nouns that have endings in only one of these declensions, there are words that have part of the endings from one declension, and part from the other. They are called heterogeneous. These are 10 words starting with -mya (burden, time, stirrup, tribe, seed, name, flame, banner, udder, crown) and path.

In the Russian language there are so-called indeclinable nouns. These include many common nouns and personal borrowings (coat, Tokyo), Russian surnames with -yh, -ikh, -vo (Petrovykh, Dolgikh, Durnovo). They are usually described as words without endings.

Morphological analysis of a noun

The noun is parsed according to the following plan:

I. Part of speech. General meaning. Initial form (nominative singular).

II. Morphological characteristics:

1. Constant features: a) proper or common noun, b) animate or inanimate, c) gender (masculine, feminine, neuter, common), d) declension.
2. Non-constant signs: a) case, b) number.

III. Syntactic role.

Sample morphological analysis of a noun

Two ladies ran up to Luzhin and helped him get up; he began to knock the dust off his coat with his palm (according to V. Nabokov).

I. Ladies- noun;

initial form - lady.

II. Constant signs: nat., soul., female. genus, I class;

inconsistent signs: plural. number, I. p.

III. They ran up(Who?) ladies (part of the subject).

I.(To) Luzhin- noun;

initial form - Luzhin;

II. Constant signs: own, soulful, male. genus, I class;

inconsistent signs: units. number, D. p.;

III. They ran up(to whom?) .underline ( border-bottom: 1px dashed blue; ) to Luzhin(addition).

I. Palm- noun;

initial form - palm;

II. Constant signs: nav., inanimate., female. genus, I class;

inconsistent signs: units. number, T. p.;

III. Began to shoot down(how?) palm(addition).

I. Dust- noun;

initial form - dust;

II. Constant signs: nautical, inanimate, feminine. genus, III class;

inconsistent signs: units. number, V. p.;

III. Began to shoot down(What?) dust(addition).

I. Coat- noun;

initial form - coat;

II. Constant signs: vernacular, inanimate, cf. gen., undeclined;

inconsistent signs: the number is not determined by the context, R. p.;

III. Began to shoot down(why?) with coat(addition).

• Common nouns - these are words that are the name of a large group of homogeneous objects (animate or inanimate). For example: in a word writers name a large group of people who create books.
• Proper nouns- these are words that represent the names of individual objects. For example : Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin- first name, patronymic and last name of one of the writers.

The thing is that nouns can very easily move from the category of common nouns into the category of proper nouns and vice versa. Here's an example: we know such common nouns as faith, hope and love, but over time they turned into proper names Faith, Hope and Love.

So, let's look at the basic rules for determining nouns: common and proper.

Noun: proper or common noun

• Proper nouns

Proper nouns include: first names, last names and patronymics of people, names of animals, names of cities, countries, streets, rivers, seas and oceans. Proper names are always written with a capital letter. And the names of organizations and literary works are also placed in quotation marks.

For example: The cat lived very friendly Fluff and dog Buddy .

In this sentence the words Fluff And Buddy- names of animals, so we write them with a capital letter - these are proper nouns.

More examples of proper nouns:

• Samuil Marshak, Grigory Rasputin, Natalya Petrovna Sakhaorova (names of people);
• Bryansk, Tula, Vladivostok (city names);
• Bolshoye Murashkino, Sibirskoye, Kriushi, Poltso, Kurdoma (names of villages and villages);
• Kilimanjaro, Everest, Ural (names of mountains);
• Baikal, Alpsee, Michigan (names of lakes);
• Russia, Czech Republic, Uzbekistan, Abkhazia (country names);
• "Rosbusinessconsulting", "Gazprom", "VAZ" (the names of organizations are written not only with a capital letter, but also in quotation marks).

• Common nouns

All other nouns are common nouns. They are written with registration

For example, the word itself city, animal names dog and cat, types of reservoirs: river, sea and lake - common nouns.

That is Moscow- proper noun (name of the city), and city or capital- common nouns.

Burenka is a proper noun (the name of an animal), and itself cow or animal- common nouns.

How to determine a common noun or a proper noun?

Determining whether a noun is a proper noun or a common noun is often difficult, especially for children in primary school. Let's try to figure it out.

Firstly, only a noun can be a proper name or a common noun. What questions does a noun answer? Who? What?

Next, try to determine whether this noun combines a group of words? What is it: an object, a phenomenon, a class of homogeneous objects (city, person, street, dog) or the name of an organization, street, house, name?