Classes of coordinating conjunctions. Unions and their functions. Union ranks

§1. General characteristics unions

A conjunction is a service part of speech that serves to connect homogeneous members of a sentence, parts complex sentence and individual sentences in the text. The uniqueness of unions lies in the role they perform. This role is the expression of coordinating and subordinating syntactic connections. Unlike prepositions, conjunctions are not associated with grammatical features other words. Why? Because they serve for higher-level syntactic connections.

Conjunctions are an unchangeable part of speech. The union is not a member of the proposal. Conjunctions are a class that unites dissimilar words. Unions differ in formation, structure, function, and meaning.

§2. Formation of unions

Like prepositions, conjunctions according to the method of formation are divided into non-derivative and derivative.

• Non-derivatives unions: and, but, or, how, what etc.
• Derivatives formed differently:
  • connection of non-derivative conjunctions: as if, but also, since
  • by combining an index word and a simple conjunction: in order to, in order to
  • connecting a conjunction with a pronoun and a word with a generalized meaning: while, until
    from other parts of speech: although to

§3. Alliance structure

According to their structure, conjunctions are divided into simple and compound:

• Simple:and, and, but, or, that, so that, how, if, however, but, also, also, moreover, moreover etc., consisting of one word.
• Composite: since, while, as soon as, due to the fact that, due to the fact that. Compounds are divided into double and repeating: not only..., but also..., neither... nor..., then... then...

§4. Function (role) of unions. Places by value

The function (role) of conjunctions is the expression of syntactic connections: coordinating and subordinating.

A coordinating connection is a connection that expresses equal relationships between elements.

Coordinating conjunctions. Places by value

1. Connectors: and, yes (=and: cabbage soup and porridge), and...and..., not only... but also, as... and, too, also
2. Dividing: or, either, then...that, not that...not that, or...or, either...either
3. Nasty: A, But, Yes(=but: good-looking, but poor), however, but
4. Gradational*: not only, but also, not so much... as, not so much... but
5. Explanatory*: that is, namely
6. Connecting*: also, also, yes and, and moreover, and

* Traditionally, sentences with a coordinating connection are considered more accessible to understanding and are introduced into teaching earlier than others: already in elementary school. Then the children are taught to distinguish the meanings of conjunctions. Therefore, the material is presented in a simplified form. This is how the idea is learned that there are three types of coordinating conjunctions: connecting, disjunctive and adversative. In high school, children are faced with a wider range of phenomena that need to be understood and realized. For example, everyone should be able to distinguish and write conjunctions correctly too, also and combinations the same, the same, you need to know how to punctuate sentences with different conjunctions. But the question of what kind of unions these are does not arise. However, gradational, explanatory and connecting conjunctions are very frequent, they can get caught in test tasks. Therefore, I advise high school students and graduates to pay special attention to them.

A subordinate relationship is a connection of unequal components, in which one of the components depends on the other. This is how parts of complex sentences are connected.

Subordinating conjunctions. Places by value

1. Temporary: when, while, barely, only, while, just, barely, barely
2. Causal: since, because, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, for (obsolete), due to the fact that
3. Conditional: if (if only, if, if - obsolete), if, once, whether, as soon
4. Target: in order to, in order to, in order to (obsolete), with the aim of, in order to, then in order to
5. Consequences: so
6. Concessive: although, despite the fact that
7. Comparatives: as, as if, as if, exactly, than, as if, similarly as, rather than (obsolete)
8. Explanatory: what, how, to

Attention:

Some conjunctions are multi-valued and can, performing different functions, be included in different categories. For example, compare:

Tell him to he didn’t call: I won’t be at home.
to - explanatory union

To To please his mother, he washed the dishes that were left in the sink in the morning.
to- target union

When The teacher entered the class, Mishka was talking on the phone.
When- temporary union

I don't know, When he will call.
When- explanatory union

When he doesn’t want to understand anything, how can you explain it to him?
When- conditional union

Attention:

Many unions have homonymous forms, which creates problems in distinguishing them and spelling them correctly. See Unified State Exam: "A, B, C" - everything for preparation. A18. Integrated, hyphenated, separate spelling of words.

Test of strength

Check your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. What are unions used for?

   • To connect words in a sentence
   • To connect homogeneous members of a sentence, parts of complex sentences and individual sentences in the text

2. Is there a difference between coordinating and subordinating conjunctions?

3. Is it correct to assume that simple conjunctions are coordinating, and compound conjunctions are subordinating?

4. Is it correct to assume that simple conjunctions are used in simple sentences, and compound conjunctions in complex ones?

5. What syntactic connection expresses the equal relations of elements?

   • Essay
   • Subordinating

6. What syntactic connection expresses the unequal relations of elements, in which one depends on the other?

   • Essay
   • Subordinating

7. Do coordinating or subordinating conjunctions express a coordinating relationship?

   • Essays
   • Subordinates

8. Do coordinating or subordinating conjunctions express a subordinating relationship?

   • Essays
   • Subordinates

9. Are there polysemantic conjunctions in the Russian language?

10. Is it true that many conjunctions have homonyms?

11. The following conjunctions are derivative or non-derivative: and, but, or, how - ?

    • Derivatives
    • Non-derivative

According to the nature of the expressed z, conjunctions

Union structure (2 classifications)

Simple/composite (multiple words)

Single/recurring (double/multiple)

The concept of allied words

In addition to conjunctions, the connection between sentences can be carried out with help. CS. Relative pronouns are called relative pronouns (local noun who, what, local adj. which, which, whose, etc.), the pronominal numeral how many and pronominal adverbs (where, where, from where, how much, why, etc.).

CSakh combines the properties of significant and auxiliary PDs, since they serve to connect words in a sentence and at the same time are members of the sentence.

Unlike conjunctions, which are both a morphological and syntactic phenomenon, CSа is ONLY a SYNTACTIC phenomenon.

Methods of differentiation The conjunction and the allied word are as follows:

CS is a member of Pius, therefore you can ask a question to him, but not to the union.

Here is a gift for you that (CS, = gift) has long been promised.

A conjunction word cannot be omitted, but a conjunction can.

If you omit the union, Pie turns into a non-union.

Show everyone that you are tired of this gray sinful life (Chekhov). =

Show everyone: you are tired of this sinful life.

Logic does not fall on the union. emphasis.

A conjunction can only be replaced by a conjunction, and CS can only be replaced by CSom:

The village where Evgeniy was bored was a charming place.=

The village where Evgeniy was bored...

These techniques help, but are not universal.

Conjunctions do not change, do not denote objects and phenomena, are not parts of a sentence, you cannot ask a question about them, but without them our language is unthinkable. After all, they link individual words into a single sentence, sentences into paragraphs, paragraphs into large texts.

Conjunction as part of speech

The categories of conjunctions perform different service functions in speech, but all of them are intended to reveal semantic relationships between the components of a sentence and independent parts of speech (numerals, verbs, nouns, adverbs, verb forms, pronouns) and are divided into several categories. The categories of conjunctions are classified using a table or list.

Classification of unions by category

Classes of unions by structure:

• simple, consisting of one word: “or”; "A"; "And"; "however"; "But";
• compound, consisting of several words: “while”; "not only... but also"; "as if"; "for the sake of"; "in order to".

Classes of unions by origin:

• non-derivatives that were formed independently and not from another part of speech: “however”; "or";
• derivatives that were formed from other parts of speech: “which”; "Which"; "Also"; "thanks to".

Categories of conjunctions by use:

• non-repeating (or single): “same”, “but”, “a”, “but”, “however”;
• repeating, they are repeated in a sentence at least twice: “yes... yes”; "and... and"; "either...or"; "or...or";
• two-component (or double), they consist of two components that connect homogeneous parts of the sentence: “not only... but also”; "barely... how"; "not as much... as"; "if not... then others too."

Coordinating and subordinating conjunctions

The categories of conjunctions by meaning, that is, by the method of relationship different parts sentences include the categories of coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions. Coordinating conjunctions connect homogeneous, equivalent components of a sentence. Subordinates - express the relationship between unequal components. Such conjunctions not only show which part of the sentence is in a subordinate state, but also reveal the circumstances and cause-and-effect relationship of the events described in the text.

Classes of coordinating conjunctions

Classes of subordinating conjunctions

Polysemy of conjunctions

Unions are characterized by ambiguity; sometimes one union can belong to different categories of unions and perform several functions. For example, the conjunction “when” can express a circumstance of time: “we left the house when it got dark,” and a circumstance of condition: “it’s difficult to agree when there is no desire to listen to the interlocutor.” The conjunction “yes” can be connective: “brave and daring,” and adversative: “you see, but you can’t catch it.” The conjunction “how” in different sentences expresses circumstances of comparison, time, conditions, and the conjunction “what” has comparative, causal, and consequential meanings. But the most universal is the conjunction “and”, which can perform many functions: connecting, enumerative, narrative, adversative, concessive and others.

Unions– function words used to connect homogeneous members simple sentence and parts of a complex sentence: compound and complex.

Old age walks cautiously and looks suspiciously.

The main morphological feature of conjunctions is its immutability, that is, the absence of morphological categories. Unions are not independent members of a proposal. Conjunctions are an ever-growing group of words. They are formed on the basis of other parts of speech. Therefore, we can talk about the existence of non-derivative unions: yes, and, but, or... and derivative conjunctions: what, when, because, due to the fact that, until, as...

Based on the syntactic relationships expressed, conjunctions are divided into two categories: coordinating and subordinating.

Essays conjunctions connect equally independent linguistic phenomena.

Subordinates unions subordinate one to another.

Coordinating and subordinating conjunctions are divided into groups.

According to their meaning, coordinating conjunctions are divided into:

Connecting and, yes=and, too, also, neither...nor; Express connection relationships. There was no snow or rain outside.

Connection and, yes and, yes and then. Express the relationship of joining to something. He arrived late, and not alone.

Nasty but, ah, yes, but, nevertheless, nevertheless, however. Express relations of opposition and difference. We thought the sun had gone forever, but it came out in the afternoon.

Separating either...or, or...or, not that...not that, that...that, either...either, or, or. Express relations of mutual exclusion. He came back and then left, and so the years passed. The sounds of a cart, or a rattle, or something else could be heard on the street.

Comparative, or gradational both – so and, not only – but also, although – but also; Express relationships of comparison and comparison. There are many special things in Siberia, both in nature and in human customs.

Explanatory that is, or, namely; Express relations of explanation of what was not said clearly enough, relations of clarification between members of a sentence, parts of a complex sentence and independent sentences . Khor understood reality, that is: he settled down, saved up some money, got along with the master and other authorities.

Subordinating conjunctions express relations of inequality and heterogeneity. They are used in complex sentences, connecting the main part with the subordinate clause. In a simple sentence, only comparative conjunctions can be used. They can serve comparative turnovers ( He stood like a scarecrow and felt insecure.), stand in front of the predicate, conveying to it a shade of comparativeness ( snow mountains like hats). Subordinating conjunctions according to the type of meaning expressed are divided into:

Causal because, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that; But Shurik said “no” to his family, and no one went with him, because his man’s word was respected (Ulitskaya). Due to the deteriorating weather, the plane will not be able to take off until tomorrow morning..

Target so that, then that, in order to, in order to, in order to; To eat a fish, you have to get into the water. ...and she, without delving into his confused explanations, tutted that he should go take the exams in accordance with the list and not fool her.

Conditional if, if, once, if, if, if, as soon as soon, if, good; If he notices a cooling in love, then light a snake candle, and love will flare up again.

Concessive although, let, let, otherwise, for nothing, meanwhile, despite the fact that. This boy came to her on Mondays as if by agreement, although there was no agreement between them...

Comparative as, as if, as if, as if, as if, just as; In the Xiongnu time it is not the same as in the Uyghur or Mongol times.

Unions of investigation so until then; It rained heavily, so we could forget about walking for a while.

Temporary barely, barely, as soon as, as, when, only, meanwhile, after, since, while, while, as long as, rather than, barely; From the moment he was in class, all the girls thought only about how to get his attention. After all the tests and exams were passed, the long-awaited vacation began for the first-year students.

Explanatory what, in order, as if, how; She dreams that she is walking through a snowy meadow.

According to the structure, unions are divided into simple and compound.

Simple conjunctions consist of one word: what, when, let, how, and, but, however...

Composite conjunctions consist of several words: so, since, because, in view of the fact that, before, in view of the fact that, meanwhile...

Within compound unions there are undivided(in the sentence they are not divided into other words): so, since, because... And dismembered(in the sentence they are divided into other words): not only... but also how... so and, if... then...

Based on their use in a sentence, conjunctions are divided into single, repetitive And double. Singles: and, or, when, therefore, repeating: either...or, neither...nor, neither...not that..., double: how...so and, if...then, only...how.

Concept

Union

Morphological analysis pretext

Spelling prepositions

Remember! In prepositions upon arrival, upon departure, upon arrival written at the end -E (not -y).

In prepositions upon completion, upon completion, upon conclusion at the end it is written -I (not -yu).

Attention! It is extremely important to distinguish derivative prepositions from other parts of speech.

1. We write out from the sentence with the word to which it refers.

2. We define morphological features: immutability, rank by meaning, rank by structure, rank by origin, case.

We swam twice through river

Across the river– preposition, immutability, spatial, simple, non-derivative, Vin. p.

Union- ϶ᴛᴏ auxiliary part of speech, which serves to connect members of a simple sentence, parts of a complex sentence, entire sentences or parts of text.

1. By structure:

1. Simple(consist of one word): a, and, if, how, what, but.

2. Composite(consist of two or more words): due to the fact that, in order to, despite the fact that, since.

3. Repetitive: then...that, not that...not that.

4. Double: both...and, not only...but also.

2. By origin:

Attention! Derivative conjunctions must be distinguished from other parts of speech.

3. By value: