Complicated by a separate definition expressed. A proposal complicated by isolated members. §2. Separating inconsistent definitions

In this chapter:

Separation of definitions- this is highlighting them with intonation in oral speech and with commas in written speech.

§1. Separating agreed definitions

Separation of agreed definitions is necessary in the following cases:

1. The definition is expressed by adjectives or participles that have dependent words and come after the defined word expressed by a noun, for example:

Spring for graduates is the time full of hope and excitement.

Through the linden trees we saw the temple, standing in the middle of an old cemetery.

(the word being defined is noun, the definition comes after the word being defined)

2. Several single (two or more) agreed definitions, standing after the defined word expressed by a noun:

waves, tall and powerful, crashed against the rocks.

3. The definition is separated from the word being defined by other words, for example:

Running ashore, the seamen are playing merrily waves.

(the word being defined is a noun wave, the definition expressed by the participial phrase comes before the word being defined, they are separated by other words)

4. Single or common definitions may be isolated, standing before the defined word, expressed by a noun, if additional adverbial meaning is expressed, for example, reason, concession, time:

Tired, the father quickly fell asleep.

(Father quickly fell asleep because he was tired)

Road-weary, the father quickly fell asleep.

Proper names are often used as qualifying words in sentences with additional adverbial meaning, for example:

Upset, Sergei called me.

(synonymous: Sergei called because he was upset.)

5. The agreed definition refers to the personal pronoun, for example:

Tired, I quickly fell asleep.
Tired of the difficult road, I quickly fell asleep.
I quickly fell asleep tired of the difficult road.

Doesn't matter:

• prevalence - non-prevalence definition
• its place in relation to the defined pronoun

They are not isolated, i.e. are not separated by commas:

1) adjectives and participles included in compound predicate, For example:

She left upset.
She left upset and depressed.

2) adjectives or participles that have dependent words and stand before the defined word expressed by a noun (except for cases when additional adverbial meaning is expressed, see paragraph 4 above), for example:

We saw through the old linden trees standing in the middle of a cemetery temple.

(the definition expressed by the participial phrase comes before the word being defined)

3) definitions that appear after the word being defined, but are so closely related to it in meaning that if you try to exclude them from the sentence, the meaning is lost, for example:

He could say quite rude and even insulting words.

§2. Separating inconsistent definitions

Separation of inconsistent definitions is necessary:

1) if an inconsistent definition expressed by a noun in the indirect case has semantic independence, for example, when they complement or clarify the available information:

Olga was the center of everyone's attention all evening.

Attention:

Usually the word being defined is expressed by a proper noun or pronoun, for example:
With eyes shining with happiness, she was very good.

2) if inconsistent definitions are separated from the defined word by other words, for example:

With eyes shining with happiness, a girl ran into the dining room.

(definition and defined word girl separated from each other)
Let's compare:

With eyes shining with happiness the girl ran into the dining room.

(the definition and the word being defined that is not a proper noun or pronoun are not separated)

3) if there is a number of homogeneous definitions: agreed and inconsistent, for example:

An old woman entered the room, unpleasant, unfriendly, in an unkempt, dirty robe.

(unpleasant, unfriendly- agreed definitions; in an unkempt, dirty robe- inconsistent definitions)

4) if the inconsistent definition is expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective, for example:

Another girl, smaller than the first, entered the room.

(in this case the value of the refinement is expressed)

§3. Dedicated Applications

They are separated, i.e. are distinguished in oral speech by intonation, and in written speech by commas, only common applications.
Separation occurs if:

1) the application refers to common noun a noun or pronoun, its location in a sentence before or after the word being defined is not significant, for example:

My sister, professional designer

Professional designer, my sister works in a famous art studio.

(the word being defined is a common noun)

She, professional designer, works in a famous art studio.

Professional designer, she works in a famous art studio.

(defined word - pronoun)

2) the application refers to the proper name and comes after it, for example:

Olga, professional designer, works in a famous art studio.

(the word being defined is a proper name)

3) the application refers to a proper name, stands in front of it, but expresses an additional connotation of causality (it can be replaced by a phrase with the word being

Separation of definitions- this is highlighting them with intonation in oral speech and with commas in written speech.

Separating agreed definitions

Separation of agreed definitions is necessary in the following cases:

1. The definition is expressed by adjectives or participles that have dependent words and come after the defined word expressed by the noun.

2. Several single (two or more) agreed definitions, standing after the defined word expressed by a noun.

3. The definition is separated from the word being defined by other words.

4. Single or common definitions may be isolated, standing before the defined word, expressed by a noun, if at the same time an additional adverbial meaning is expressed, for example, reason, concession, time.

Proper names are often used as qualifying words in sentences with additional adverbial meaning.

5. The agreed definition refers to the personal pronoun.

Doesn't matter:

• prevalence - non-prevalence definition
• its place in relation to the defined pronoun

They are not isolated, i.e. are not separated by commas:

1) adjectives and participles that are part of a compound predicate.

2) adjectives or participles that have dependent words and come before the defined word expressed by a noun (except for cases when additional adverbial meaning is expressed.

3) definitions that appear after the word being defined, but are so closely related to it in meaning that if you try to exclude them from the sentence, the meaning is lost.

Separating inconsistent definitions

Separation of inconsistent definitions is necessary:

1) if the inconsistent definition expressed by a noun in the indirect case has semantic independence, for example, when they complement or clarify the available information.

2) if inconsistent definitions are separated from the defined word by other words.

3) if there is a number of homogeneous definitions: consistent and inconsistent.

4) if the inconsistent definition is expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective.

Dedicated Applications

They are separated, i.e. are distinguished in oral speech by intonation, and in written speech by commas, only common applications. Separation occurs if:

1) the application refers to a common noun or pronoun; its location in a sentence before or after the word being defined is not significant.

2) the application refers to the proper name and comes after it.

3) the application refers to a proper name, stands in front of it, but expresses an additional connotation of causality (it can be replaced by a phrase with the word being).

Note:

If the application is at the end of a sentence, it may be separated by a dash rather than a comma, for example:
Andrey made a report - best student in class.

Applications are not isolated

if they include the conjunction as and express the meaning of quality, for example:

Olga, as my neighbor, can come to my place without an invitation.

(Olga is my neighbor. Synonymous: as a neighbor)

Lesson topic: A simple sentence complicated by a separate definition.

Students should know:

signs of separate definitions;

conditions for isolating definitions.

Students should be able to:

find isolated definitions;

correctly place and explain punctuation marks;

use them in your speech;

reason, analyze the proposed text.

carry out self-analysis when performing group and individual tasks.

Students should appreciate:

the talent of the artist and the aesthetic pleasure of contact with him.

I. Encouragement to understand the topic:

Gain knowledge on the topic by working independently and in pairs. Assimilation of the material occurs independently.

Conditions for separating definitions:

Write down the suggestions in your notebook. Justify the conditions for isolating definitions based on the written sentences

1. Common agreed definitions / adjectives and participles with dependent words / are always isolated if they are... .

Before us painting"Hunters at Rest" .

2. Any definitions are separated if they relate to... .

To him, in love with hunting, this topic was close.

3. Two or more... ... ... definitions are separated if they come after the word being defined.

Plot paintings , simple, without bright colors

4. Inconsistent definitions expressed by a noun in indirect cases are isolated:

a/if they relate to... ...

He, captivates the audience.

b/ if they relate to... ... .

Looking for something interesting Perov, with paints and easel

c/ if the word being defined already has... ... .

Wonderful paintings,

II. Self-test

Students compare what is written in the notebook with the content of the paragraph in the textbook, and correct, if necessary, the placement of punctuation marks.

Check with the original sheet.

The sheet is original.

1. Common agreed definitions (adjectives and participles with dependent words) are always isolated if they are after the defined word.

Before us painting"Hunters at Rest" painted by artist Perov.

2. Any definitions are separated if they relate to personal pronoun.

To him, in love with hunting, this topic was close.

3. Separate themselves two or more similar agreed upon non-common definitions, if they come after the word being defined.

Plot paintings , simple, without bright colors, still attracts the attention of viewers. How does an artist achieve this?

4. Inconsistent definitions expressed by a noun in indirect cases are isolated:

a) if they relate to personal pronoun.

He, with his ability to find amazing in the simple, captivates the audience.

b) if they relate to a proper name.

Looking for something interesting Perov, with paints and easel, followed many hunting trails.

c) if the word being defined already has agreed definition.

Wonderful paintings, different in genre, content, continue to delight visitors to the artist’s exhibition.

III. Pair work:

Exchange information about the isolation of definitions with your desk neighbor.

Working with text

Rewrite the text, placing punctuation marks, explain their choice by the number of the rule in the original sheet.

At the end of the work, the teacher writes down the “key” to punctuation marks on the board.

I – 1; II – 2; III - ; IV– 4(b); V - 1; VI– 4(b); VII – 3.

V. Working with Perov’s painting “Hunters at a Rest”.

1. Look at the picture.

2. What new, interesting thing did you see that was not discussed in class?

3. Why did this attract attention?

4. What role do details play in the picture?

5. What is the skill of the artist?

VI. Reflection

Control test: Separate definitions.

1. Reason for isolating the definition

The painting depicts three hunters deep in conversation.

A. Participial phrase, standing after the word being defined.

B. Appendix

C. Adjective referring to a personal pronoun.

2. Sentence with a separate definition:

A. Levitan, in love with his native nature, reflected it in his paintings.

B. Worn out from worries, his heart did not know peace.

S. The paintings attracted me with their enchanting landscape.

3. The definition expressed by the participial phrase is not isolated.

A. A passenger ship flashed by, sparkling in the sun.

V. The artist paints pictures that bring joy to people.

S. The painting is like a farewell song reaching to the depths of the heart.

4. In a sentence, the following are isolated:

We look into a mysterious thicket cut by paths of light.

A. Circumstance

B. Definition

C. Addendum

5. In the sentence, a separate definition is expressed:

In Plastov’s paintings we see the amazing life loved by the artist.

A. Communion

B. Adjective

C. Noun

KEY: 1 – A; 2 – A; 3 – A; 4 – C; 5 – V.

Separation(emphasis added by commas) agreed upon definitions depend on several factors:

a) from the part of speech of the defined (main) word;
b) from the position of the definition in relation to the defined (main) word - before the main word, after the main word;
c) from the presence of additional shades of meaning in the definition (adverbial, explanatory);
d) on the degree of distribution and method of expression of the definition.

Conditions for separating agreed definitions

A) The word being defined is a pronoun

1. Definitions that refer to personal pronouns ( I, you, we, you, he, she, it, they), are separated. The degree of distribution of the definition, the method of its expression (participle, adjective), position in relation to the main word usually do not play a role:

I , taught by experience, I will be more attentive to her. She's tired she fell silent and looked around. AND, tired of your happiness, He fell asleep immediately.

2. Definitions that refer to negative pronouns ( nobody, nothing), indefinite pronouns ( someone, something, someone, something), are usually not isolated, since they form a single whole with pronouns:

Can't compare to this novel nothing previously written by the author. There was a flash on his face something similar to a smile.

Notes

1) With less close connection, with a pause after indefinite pronoun the attributive phrase is isolated. For example: AND someone, sweaty and out of breath, runs from store to store(Panova).

2) Adjectives or participles with or without dependent words, associated with the attributive pronoun all, are not isolated if the adjective or participle acts as the main word, and the pronoun all acts as a dependent attribute. For example: Everyone late for the lecture stood in the corridor. (cf.: Late to the lecture stood in the corridor). If the main word is the pronoun all, and the attributive phrase explains or clarifies it, then such a phrase is isolated. For example: All , railway related, is still covered in the poetry of travel for me(cf.: All still filled with the poetry of travel for me).

B) The word being defined is a noun

1. A common definition (participle or adjective with dependent words), homogeneous single definitions are separated if they appear after the noun being defined. Such definitions are usually not isolated if they appear before the noun being defined.

Wed: Glades, strewn with leaves, were full of sun. - Leaf-strewn meadows were full of sun; I especially liked eyes big and sad. - I especially liked big and sad eyes.

Notes

1) Common and homogeneous single definitions that appear after a noun are not isolated if the noun needs a definition, if without this definition the statement does not have a complete meaning. In oral speech, it is these definitions that the logical emphasis falls on, and there is no pause between the defined word and the definition. For example: Instead of a cheerful life in St. Petersburg, boredom awaited me off to the side, deaf and distant (Pushkin). Somewhere in this world there is life pure, elegant, poetic (Chekhov).

2) A single adjective after a noun is usually not isolated. For example: To a young man the old man's worries are incomprehensible. A single definition can be isolated only if it has an additional adverbial meaning (it can be replaced with a subordinate clause with conjunctions if, when, because, although etc.). In oral speech, isolated single definitions are necessarily pronounced with pauses. For example: Young a person in love, it’s impossible not to spill the beans(Turgenev). - To a young man if he is in love, it is impossible not to spill the beans; People, amazed, became like stones(M. Gorky). - People have become like stones, because they were amazed. However, such a selection is always the author’s (!).

2. Before the defined noun there is a common definition (participle or adjective with dependent words), homogeneous single definitions are isolated only if they have an additional adverbial meaning (you can ask questions about them Why? in spite of what? etc.; they can be replaced with adverbial ones subordinate clauses with unions because although etc.). In oral speech, such definitions are necessarily distinguished by pauses.

Wed: Always cheerful and lively, nurses Now they moved concentratedly and silently around Tanya (Cossacks). - Although the nurses were always cheerful and lively, now they moved concentratedly and silently around Tanya.

However, such separation is usually optional and not mandatory. And depending on the intonation (the presence of pauses or their absence), the same definition in the position before the main word - the noun will be isolated or not isolated.

Wed: Wounded in the head, scout couldn't crawl (Since the scout was wounded in the head, he couldn't crawl- pause after a noun to the head). - Scout wounded in the head couldn't crawl(pause after noun scout).

3. Common and single definitions are isolated if they are separated from the defined noun by other members of the sentence (regardless of whether they are located before or after the main word).

For example:

1. angry, gloomy, walked around the room(Chekhov). Homogeneous single definitions angry, gloomy refer to a noun Kashtanka and separated from it by predicates stretched, yawned.

2. To meet me clean and clear,, the sound of a bell came(Turgenev). Definitions clean and clear, as if washed by the morning cool come before the noun sounds, but separated from it by other members of the sentence - the predicate brought.

Pay attention!

1) If a separate definition is in the middle of a sentence, then it is separated by commas on both sides.

Glades, strewn with leaves, were full of sun.

2) Determinative phrase coming after coordinating conjunction (and, or, a, but etc.), but not related to it, is separated by a comma from the conjunction according to the general rule.

Kashtanka stretched, yawned and, angry, gloomy, walked around the room.

The conjunction connects homogeneous predicates and has nothing to do with separate definitions. Definitions can be removed, but the union can be retained: Kashtanka stretched, yawned and walked around the room. Therefore, a comma is placed after the conjunction and.

But a comma is not placed between the conjunction (usually the conjunction a) and the attributive phrase if a restructuring of the sentence is required when the clause is omitted.

The ball rests on the surface of the pool, A submerged, pops up quickly.

In this case, it is impossible to remove the attributive phrase without the conjunction a.

The ball floats on the surface of the pool and floats up quickly.

3) The adjective and participle associated with the predicate verb are not definitions, but the nominal part of the predicate. Such adjectives and participles do not obey the rules mentioned above.

Wed: To the hut we got there wet; She came running from the club excited and joyful.

Algorithm of actions.

Sometimes it can be very difficult to find what is required in a task. Perhaps the following algorithm will help, which focuses on punctuation marks (in task B5 you need to find isolated, that is, separated by commas, parts of the sentence).

1. Eliminate those sentences where there are no punctuation marks.

2. Highlight the stems and exclude those sentences where all punctuation marks separate the stems from each other.

3. In the remaining sentences, try to reason why certain punctuation marks are placed: homogeneous members, participial or participial phrases, introductory words, etc.

Analysis of the task.

Among the offers, find an offer with a separate common application. Write the number of this offer.

And I, first in kindergarten and then at school, bore the heavy cross of my father’s absurdity. Everything would be fine (you never know what kind of fathers anyone has!), but I didn’t understand why he, an ordinary mechanic, came to our matinees with his stupid accordion. I would play at home and not disgrace myself or my daughter! Often confused, he would groan thinly, like a woman, and a guilty smile would appear on his round face. I was ready to fall into the ground from shame and behaved emphatically coldly, showing with my appearance that this ridiculous man with a red nose had nothing to do with me.

Let's highlight the basics:

And I, first in kindergarten and then at school, bore the heavy cross of my father’s absurdity. Everything would be fine (you never know what kind of fathers anyone has!), but I didn’t understand why he, an ordinary mechanic, came to our matinees with his stupid accordion. I would play at home and not disgrace myself or my daughter! Often getting confused, he would groan thinly, like a woman, and a guilty smile would appear on his round face. I was ready to fall into the ground from shame and behaved emphatically coldly, showing with my appearance that this ridiculous man with a red nose had nothing to do with me.

So, we exclude sentences No. 6 and 8, where homogeneous members of the sentence are separated by commas.

In sentence 10, commas highlight participial phrase and grammatical basics. Let's exclude him too.

In sentence No. 9, the adverbial phrase and the qualifying circumstance are separated by commas (subtly (how exactly?) in a feminine way).

Sentence No. 7 remains. An insertion construction is presented in parentheses; two commas indicate the boundaries of grammatical bases. Remains isolated ordinary mechanic, which is a separate common application (is a noun, indicates a sign, has a dependent word ordinary).

Thus, write down the offer number 7 .

Practice.

1. Among sentences 1 – 4, find a sentence with a separate circumstance. Write the number of this offer.

(1) Today, every now and then the voices of new prophets are heard that it is time to stop experiments, scientific experiments, that excessively daring curiosity has led humanity to the abyss: if you take just one wrong step, the entire civilization will collapse into the abyss.

(2) Let's remember the ancient myths, in which the ancient wisdom of earthlings is accumulated. (3) Despite the diversity of mythological plots, the red thread running through them is the idea of ​​​​the limit of human capabilities. (4) Yes, a person can do a lot, but not everything.

2. Among sentences 1 – 6, find a sentence with a separate agreed application(s). Write the number(s) for this sentence.

(1) As a child, I read books about Indians and passionately dreamed of living somewhere on the prairie, hunting bison, spending the night in a hut... (2) In the summer, when I graduated from ninth grade, my dream unexpectedly came true: my uncle invited me to guard the apiary on the skinny but fishy river of Sisyava. (3) As an assistant, he imposed his ten-year-old son, Mishka, a sedate, economical guy, but gluttonous, like a little jackdaw. (4) Two days flew by in an instant; we caught pikes, patrolled our possessions, armed with bows and arrows, and swam tirelessly; Vipers lurked in the thick grass where we picked berries, and this gave our gathering the edge of a dangerous adventure.

3. Among sentences 1–9, find a sentence with a generalizing word with homogeneous members. Write the number of this offer.

(1) Kutuzov saw not only the general picture of the battle: it was clearly not in our favor! (2) He, unlike others, saw the eyes of the soldiers. (3) To the wise, experienced Barclay, who soberly assessed the situation, it seemed pointless to fight a stronger opponent, and this chess logic has its reason. (4) But she does not take into account one thing: people are not soulless figures subordinate to the fatal will of the grandmaster. (5) A soldier can throw down his weapon and raise his hands, or he can stand to death. (6) Kutuzov saw clearly: the fighters were fighting and were not going to yield to the enemy. (7) It’s impossible at such a moment to approach an artilleryman or a grenadier and say: “That’s it, guys, let’s stop the massacre! (8) We lost!” (9) On the battlefield, it was not the logic of military tactics that ruled, but personal qualities: will, determination, perseverance.