Singular and plural nouns. Singular and plural nouns Significant parts of words in plural nouns

During the lesson we will learn to determine the number of nouns, learn about the peculiarities of using nouns in the plural, and about the correct placement of stress. We will complete many interesting tasks.

Let's say it correctly:

No boot, shoe, felt boots .

Pair boot, shoe, felt boots .

Many places, affairs, soldiers, apples .

No socks , pair socks .

Many kilograms tangerines, oranges, tomatoes .

Let's write down the sentences, adding letters where necessary.

We bought a pair of noses in the store...

Tanya has a lot to do.....

There are no empty seats on the bus...

There are a lot of tomatoes on the market... and apples...

There are a lot of soldiers at the parade...

Examination.

We bought a pair of socks at the store.

Tanya has a lot to do.

There are no empty seats on the bus.

There are a lot of tomatoes and apples on the market.

There are many soldiers at the parade.

Peculiarities of placing stress on plural nouns

Now let's get acquainted with the correct placement of stress in some nouns in the plural form.

Rice. 13. We speak correctly! ()

Director-director A

Driver - driver e ry

Cake - t O mouths

To find out how to pronounce a word correctly, you can turn to a spelling dictionary or an accent dictionary for help.

There are unusual nouns in the Russian language. What is their secret?

Let's find out.

Let's look at the pictures.

Let's name the objects.

Milk, flour, honey, leaves.

These nouns do not have a plural form.

Let's look at another example.

Let's name the objects.

Chess, clock, glasses, sled, scissors.

These nouns have no form singular.

We conclude: in the Russian language there are nouns that do not have a singular or plural form. We will get to know them in more detail in high school.

In this lesson we learned that nouns are inflected by number. There are two forms of number: singular and plural.

It turns out that in the Old Russian language, in addition to the singular and plural numbers familiar to us, there was another number that was used to designate paired objects. This is a dual number. The dual number was used to designate two or paired objects.

For example, eyes, sleeves, banks, horns.

Now this role is played by the plural.

Some nouns have more than one possible forms numbers that differ in meaning:

« leaves"on the tree - " sheets» paper, « teeth» person - « teeth» pitchfork

1. Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Education, 2012 (http://www.twirpx.com/file/1153023/)
2. Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Balass.
3. Ramzaeva T.G. Russian language. 2. - M.: Bustard.

1. Festival of Pedagogical Ideas" Open lesson" ().
2. Nsportal.ru ().
3. Do.gendocs.ru ().

• Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Education, 2012. Part 2. Do the exercise. 118, 119 P. 88.
• Divide the nouns from the poem into two columns: singular and plural.

The wind blows on the sea
And the boat speeds up;
He runs in the waves
On swollen sails.. (A. Pushkin)

• * Using the knowledge acquired in class, come up with 2 puzzles or 3 riddles for the singular and plural of the noun.

1. Nouns belong to one of three childbirth: male, female, average.

The gender of a noun can be determined by agreeing with it the possessive pronoun my:

my son, my governor, my curtain, my little house - masculine;
my wife, my wall, my night - feminine,
my window, my sky, my animal - neuter.

In addition, for most nouns denoting people, gender can be determined by gender - my apprentice, my grandfather(masculine); my mother, my sister(feminine).

2. Genus unchangeable nouns is defined as follows.

The gender of uninflected nouns that name people is determined by gender.

Brave hidalgo, refined lady.

Nouns denoting professions and occupations are masculine.

Military attaché, night porter.

Unchangeable nouns that name animals are masculine, although when referring to a female they can be used as feminine nouns.

Australian kangaroo, funny chimpanzee, little hummingbird.
The chimpanzee was feeding her babies.

Exceptions: tsetse, iwasi- feminine.

Unchangeable inanimate nouns are neuter.

Night taxi, delicious stew, new blinds.

Exceptions: coffee, penalty, sirocco(masculine) avenue, salami(feminine).

3. A special group consists of nouns general kind, which can refer to both male and female people.

What a slob you are! What a slob you are!

Nouns of the general gender characterize a person, usually give an evaluative characteristic of a person, have the endings -а, -я and belong to the 1st declension.

A slob, a ringleader, a singer, a hard worker, a dirty guy, a dude, a drunkard, a sissy, a sleepyhead, a crybaby.

Pay attention!

Some 2nd declension nouns with a zero ending, naming persons by profession ( doctor, professor, associate professor, driver etc.), although they can be used in relation to female persons, are still masculine nouns!

4. The gender of nouns is determined by the singular form. If a noun does not have a singular form, it cannot be classified into any of the three genders.

Manger, pasta, trousers, pitchforks.

B) Number of a noun

1. Most nouns have two numbers - the only thing And plural. In the singular form, a noun denotes one object; in the plural form, it denotes several objects.

Pencil - pencils; doctor - doctors.

2. Only one form(singular or plural) have real, collective, abstract and some concrete nouns.

Only the form singular have:

most material nouns;

Oil, cement, sugar, pearls, sour cream, milk.

most abstract nouns;

Joy, goodness, grief, fun, redness, running, gray hair.

most collective nouns;

Teaching, students, foliage, animals, crows, children.

most proper names.

Voronezh, Caucasus, Caspian Sea, Ural.

Pay attention!

In some cases, nouns that have only a singular form can form plural forms. But such education is necessarily associated with a change in the meaning of the word:

1) at real

a) types, varieties of substance:

wine - dessert wines, oil - technical oils;

b) the value of the large space covered by this substance:

water - ocean waters, sand - Karakum sands;

2) at distracted of nouns the plural form has the meaning:

a) various manifestations of qualities, properties, states:

opportunity - new opportunities, joy - our joys;

b) duration, frequency and degree of manifestation of a sign, condition, action:

frost - prolonged frosts, pain - severe pain, scream - screams.

Only the form plural have:

some real nouns;

Ink, sawdust, cleaning.

some abstract nouns;

Name days, elections, attacks, intrigues, beatings.

• some collective nouns;

  Money, finance, wilds.

some proper names;

Karakum, Carpathians, novel “Demons”.

words denoting paired objects, that is, objects consisting of two parts;

Glasses, trousers, sleds, gates, scissors, pliers.

some names of periods of time.

Twilight, day, weekdays, holidays.

Pay attention!

For nouns that only have a plural form, not only the gender, but also the declension is not determined!

C) Case and declension of nouns

1. There are six in Russian cases:

All cases except the nominative are called indirect.

Pay attention!

1) To correctly determine the case of a noun, you need to find the word on which the noun depends and ask a question about the noun from this word, and it is better to use both questions at the same time.

Wed: He trusted his friend: he believed[to whom? what?] friend - D. p.

The form I. p. usually has a subject, and such a noun does not depend on other members of the sentence, but is connected with the predicate.

Wed: I have[Who? what?] friend - I. p.

2) It is especially important to ask both questions if the noun is in the nominative, genitive or accusative case, since animate nouns the questions of the genitive and accusative cases coincide (whom?), and inanimate nouns the questions of the nominative and accusative cases coincide (what?).

3) If a noun has a preposition, then the question must be asked using this preposition.

Wed: He looked at the book: he looked[to whom? into what?] in the book.

4) A preposition can be separated from a noun by an adjective or pronoun. Note that a preposition is associated with a noun, not a noun-dependent modifier.

Wed: He was quarreling with his friend: quarreling[with whom? with what?] with a friend.

2. Changing nouns by case and number is called declination.

Immutable nouns ( coat, citro, metro, taxi, kangaroo, UN, traffic police) have no declination! Their number and case can be determined in phrases and sentences on the question.

He was sitting[in whom? what?] V coat - singular, prepositional case; He came[without whom? without what?] without coat - singular, genitive case.

3. The declension of modified nouns is determined by the form nominative singular. Most singular nouns are divided into three types of declension.

The type of declension is determined by the initial form (singular, nominative case):

4. Ten neuter nouns ending in -мя (ending -я): time, burden, stirrup, tribe, flame, banner, crown, seed, name, udder, as well as nouns way, child refer to divergent(they have endings of different declensions).

5. The noun person has different roots in the singular and plural ( man - people), therefore has different types of declension in singular and plural:

person (singular) - declined as a 2nd declension noun;
people (plural) - declined as a 3rd declension noun.

6. Substantive adjectives and participles (nouns formed by moving from one part of speech to another: ice cream, dining room, living room, maid etc.) do not belong to any of the three types of declension. They continue to decline, just as adjectives and participles decline!

D) Declension patterns for nouns

1st declension

Pay attention!

Nouns of the 1st declension ending in -iya: army, aria, symphony, Maria and others - in the dative case and prepositional case of the singular they have the ending -i, like nouns of the 3rd declension.

Wed: to the army, about the aria, to the symphony, about the symphony, to Mary, about Mary.

For nouns ending in -ya: Marya, liar, cell

Wed: to Marya, oh Marya.

2nd declension. Masculine

Pay attention!

Nouns of the 2nd declension ending in -iy (zero ending): cue, radium, proletarian, planetarium and others - in the single prepositional case they have the ending -i, like nouns of the 3rd declension.

Wed: about radium, about the planetarium.

For nouns ending in -ey, -ai (zero ending): edge, sparrow etc. - this rule does not apply (!).

Wed: about the edge, about the sparrow.

2nd declension. Neuter

Indeclinable nouns

Pay attention!

In indirect cases, nouns ending in -mya have the suffix -en- ( time, seed, name).
Exception make up the plural forms of the genitive case of nouns seed, stirrup - no seeds, no stirrups.

Number is a grammatical category that expresses the quantitative characteristics of objects in a noun. In modern Russian, the category of number is based on the opposition of singular and plural, while in ancient Russian this category was three-membered, since it also included a dual number.

The meaning of the number category of a noun in many grammars is understood as a designation of the number of objects: one - more than one. The category of number of nouns in modern Russian with its forms - singular and plural - reflects the quantitative side of objects, contrasting singularity (singular) and plurality (plural), i.e. one subject and many subjects, starting with two, without any further differentiation: desk(one) - desks(two or more), book(one) - books(two or more), etc.

The meaning of the number is expressed in the noun along with the meaning of the case. The singular and plural forms differ in inflection systems. Special, special means There is no expression for the singular and plural forms of nouns in the Russian language: number forms are expressed together with case forms by case endings, which are therefore divided into singular case endings and plural case endings.

In the singular forms, the choice of inflection depends on the type of declension; in the plural, the difference in the types of declension appears only in some cases, for example:

them. p. house- Houses,

genus. p. house-a - house-s.........

them. p. schools - schools,

genus. p. schools - schools - ..........

im.p. window-o - window-a,

genus. By kn-a - windows- ...........

The contrast between number forms is reinforced or duplicated by the number forms of words that depend on nouns and agree with them in number, for example:

new house-- new house, new house- new houses......

Australian kangaroo - Australian kangaroos

In addition, number forms may also differ in stress (for example: house, home And houses, houses; oar, oars And oars, oars) and the structure of the stem - the presence of special suffixes (Brother - brothers, son - sons, duckling - ducklings), suppletive stems (Human - people, child - children).

The number forms of indeclinable nouns, as well as the forms of case and gender, appear externally only in the forms of agreement, and the agreement itself follows the meaning: beautiful avenue - beautiful avenues, new coat - new coats, elderly receptionist - elderly receptionist etc.

From the point of view of the possibility of expressing quantity, all nouns are divided into four groups:

1) nouns having correlative singular forms. and plural without changing the semantics of the word, i.e. those that denote a single number of objects and their non-singular number (more than one object);

2) nouns having correlative singular forms. and plural with a change in the semantics of the word, i.e. those that denote either the singular number, or varieties, varieties of any objects;

3) nouns that have only one number form - singular (singularia tantum);

4) nouns that have only one number form - plural (pluralia tantum).

The presence of two correlative forms of a number that is preserved in the plural. semantics distinguishes the class of objects being counted. Such nouns are also called countable. These include specific, actual subject nouns, which are the names of specific objects, for example: computer - computers, book - books, aspen - aspen, horse - horses, lady - ladies etc.

The number forms of counted nouns have several particular meanings.

Unit form denotes one item (for example: A student of the Faculty of Philology reads a lot), or does not carry any information about the number of items in generic use ( The student must read a lot).

Plural form represents the number of items as indefinite, but more than one. It can denote a class of objects (for example: Students are not afraid of difficulties), quantity more than one (for example: Students entered the dean's office), an indefinite set of objects, which in context can be clarified as equal to one (for example: There are new people in the group - a very serious student who transferred to the university from another university).

Some nouns that are not specific may have singular correlative forms. and plural with a change in the semantics of the word. This happens, as a rule, with real and abstract nouns, which develop specific meanings. Thus, abstract nouns have correlative forms of number day - days, night - nights, fire - lights, revolution - revolutions, meeting - meetings, which have plural the number is the result and indicator of one or another degree of their specification: fire- lights- this is not fire itself, but hearths, points of fire; meeting- meetings- this is not an abstract action based on a verb gather, a public event held by people gathered together, etc.

Unit forms and plural with a change in semantics, real nouns can also have them, but they are plural. in this case, it indicates not a multitude of individual objects, but varieties, varieties of substances (for example: oil- oils, metal- metals, water- water, cereal- cereals etc.), on accumulation, large masses of matter (for example: snow- snow, sand- sands), intense and prolonged manifestation of any phenomena or processes (for example: freezing- frost, rain- rain, wind- winds). Real and abstract nouns, developing specific meanings, can acquire two number forms: oil(substance) and oil(varieties, varieties of substance) - oils; movement(action name) and movement(specific manifestation of action) - movement; speed(sign name) and speed(specific manifestation of the trait) - speed.

Nouns singularia tantum denote an object in abstraction from the idea of ​​counting and, therefore, from quantity. The singularia tantum includes:

1) names of some substances (one part of material nouns; the other part has only plural parts): strawberries, sugar, potassium, milk, gold, peas, ash, clay etc.;

2) collective nouns: children, youth, students, foliage, linen etc.;

3) names of abstract phenomena - actions, signs: walking, friendship, heroism, courage, development, width, whiteness, blackness, happiness etc.;

4) some proper names: Sun, Europe, Volga region, CIS etc. Repetitive proper names can have a plural form: Petra, Anna etc., and plural. surnames, as a rule, indicate a family, genus: Solovyovs, Durovs etc.

Nouns pluralia tantum can denote one object or more than one object, as is usually indicated by the context (for example: only sleigh - all sleighs, one day - many days). Pluralia tantum includes:

1) the names of some specific objects (usually they consist of two symmetrical or several parts): scissors, tongs, vice, pliers, pliers, sleds, firewood, stretchers, gates, trousers, pitchforks, rakes, shackles;

2) objects characterized by temporal extension: vacation, day;

3) names of some substances (another part of material nouns): sawdust, bran, slop, yeast, canned food, cream, cabbage soup, pasta, whitewash, firewood etc.;

4) names of abstract concepts (games, events, temporary phenomena, actions, states): running, burners, blind man's buff, hide and seek, elections, debates, twilight, twenty-four hours, name days, vacations, chores, searches, farewells, beatings etc.;

5) some proper names: Alps, Athens, Naberezhnye Chelny, Gorki etc.

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Most nouns denote countable objects and can be combined with cardinal numbers. Such nouns have correlative forms: singular (to denote one object) and plural (to denote several or many objects): house - houses, book - books, lake - lakes.

In some cases, along with the plural forms, the singular forms (with an additional shade of collectiveness) can be used to express plurality: The enemy experienced a lot that day, which means a daring Russian battle (L.); In the maid's garden, on the ridge A x, they picked berries in the bushes (P.).

Sometimes the plural form does not indicate the multiplicity of objects, but only introduces a connotation of collectiveness: Vologda lace, merry times (cf. Vologda lace, merry time).

Some nouns have both singular and plural forms, but are used primarily in the plural form (which in this case is no longer opposed to the singular): reins, skis, gossip.

There are also nouns in the Russian language that have either only singular forms (the so-called singularia tantum) or only plural forms (the so-called pluralia tantum). In such nouns, the number form does not have a correlative meaning of singularity and plurality of objects.

Nouns that have only singular forms

Nouns denoting objects that are not counted or combined with cardinal numerals do not have plural forms. This group includes:

1) nouns denoting substance, material (material nouns): butter, milk, sugar, water, oil, steel, copper.

The plural form of some of these nouns is possible, but only to designate certain varieties and brands: alloy steels, technical oils, carbonated waters. Sometimes the shape of a number is associated with the distinction of semantic meanings. Mud (“soaked mud”) does not have a plural, and dirt (“medicinal mud”) does not have a singular; brain ("organ of the central nervous system” and “the substance that forms this organ”) do not have a plural form, and brains (“a dish of animal brains”) do not have a singular form;

2) collective nouns: spruce forest, youth, students;

3) abstract (abstract) nouns: whiteness, purity, laziness, kindness, thinness, enthusiasm, running around, mowing, walking, warmth, dampness, thaw, etc.

The plural form possible for some of them gives them a specific meaning: depths of the sea, inaccessible heights, local authorities;

4) proper names. These words receive a plural form only if they are used as a common noun or designate a group of people bearing the same surname: Were there Manilovs, Sobakeviches, Lazarevs before Gogol? Certainly. But they existed in a formless state, invisible to others (Ehrenburg); The Aksakov brothers, the Kireevsky shaves, the Tolstoy family.

Nouns that have only plural forms

Nouns that do not have a singular number mainly include the following groups:

1) names of paired or complex (composite) objects: sleigh, droshky, scissors, pliers, gates, glasses, trousers, etc.;

2) the names of some abstract actions and games (abstract-collective): burners, hide and seek, blind man's buff, chess, checkers, etc.;

3) designations of individual time periods (usually long): day, weekdays, twilight, vacations, etc.;

4) names of any mass of substance (substance-collective): pasta, cream, yeast, ink, perfume, etc.;

5) proper names associated with the original collective meaning: Alps, Carpathians, Kholmogory, Gorki.

Some of these nouns denote countable objects, but their singularity and plurality are not expressed by the number form. Wed: I lost my scissors. - The store sells scissors different sizes; The entrance is opposite the gate. - There are two gates leading into the courtyard.

Noun case

The noun, depending on the functions it performs in the sentence, changes according to cases. Case is the grammatical category that shows syntactic role noun and its relationship with other words in the sentence.

Changing the same word according to cases and numbers is called declension.

There are six cases in modern Russian: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental and prepositional.

All cases, with the exception of the nominative, are called indirect. Indirect cases can be used both with and without a preposition (except prepositional case, which in modern Russian is not used without a preposition). Prepositions serve to clarify the meaning of cases.

It is not for nothing that foreigners studying Russian consider it one of the most difficult languages. Even for native speakers of our difficult language, it is not always easy to understand its peculiarities. One of these features is the category of number of nouns.

Instructions

• First, understand the following: if an object can be counted and it is combined with the words “one”, “two”, “three”, etc. (cardinal numerals), then such nouns have singular and plural forms. Accordingly, the singular number is to designate one object, the plural is to designate several (window - windows, river - rivers).
• If an object is uncountable and is not used with a cardinal number, then the noun by which it is expressed has only a singular form. Such nouns name abstract concepts (dirt, valor), substance or material (gold, water), and have a collective meaning (foliage, youth). This also includes proper names (Dnepr, Ural).
• Abstract nouns sometimes have a plural form - this gives them a more specific meaning (depth of thought - depths of the sea, royal power - city authorities). Real nouns can also be used in the plural when denoting certain brands (butter - essential oils) or when changing the original meaning of the word (street dirt - medicinal mud). Proper names also form the plural: when they have a common noun (Casanova, Khlestakov) or name a group of people who have the same surname (the Vainer brothers).
• Remember that there are nouns that are used only in the plural form. These are nouns that name abstract objects or games (name day, hide and seek), paired objects (glasses, trousers), time periods (vacations, day), substance (cream, perfume), collective nouns (finance, wilds), as well as proper names, originally having a collective meaning (Andes, Gorki). Such nouns sometimes denote objects that are being counted, but this is not expressed by a number form (I put on new trousers. - The store sells trousers of different sizes.)