A set of exercises for weight loss and figure correction. Basic methods of body correction using physical exercises

Physical exercises are the main means of physical education. On the one hand, their implementation is aimed at improving the functional capabilities of the human body and strengthening health, on the other hand, they are a simple and at the same time effective means of body correction.

By determining your body type, weight, body fat content, the circumference of various parts of the body and comparing the measurement results with the standards presented in the tables, you can draw a conclusion about figure flaws and those parts of the body that need to be worked on intensively.

At the initial stage (3-6 months), strength training includes only general strengthening exercises without weights, consistently working all muscle groups. And only after reaching a certain level of fitness and physical condition do they move on to special physical exercises aimed at correcting their figure. This is due to the fact that the musculoskeletal system of women cannot withstand heavy loads without prior preparation. Muscles that hold internal organs, are not yet developed enough to perform weight-bearing exercises.

Purpose of classes in the initial period- strengthen muscles, create a basis for adaptation of the musculoskeletal system, improve physical condition. From the proposed general strengthening exercises, you need to choose 4-8 for each muscle group and create your own individual complex.

The exercises must be performed in the following mode: the number of approaches is 1-3, the number of repetitions is 10-30 times. For the first week, perform one set of each exercise, the second and third weeks - two sets each, the fourth and subsequent weeks - perform as many approaches as indicated in the description of the exercises.

As your training level increases, when 3 sets of 30 repetitions are easy, you can either increase the dosage, performing each exercise with just one approach, but with the maximum number of repetitions (up to “I can’t”), or use a more complex version of the exercise (with easy dumbbells or special weights). Rest between sets - 15-20 seconds. Instead of passive rest, it is better to perform static stretching exercises, which are an excellent way to relieve muscle tension and restore their elasticity. The duration of each stretch is 10-15 seconds.

When performing static stretching exercises, the following rules must be observed:

Before performing an exercise, you need to know what specific muscle group it stretches;

The stretch should be strong enough to provide improved flexibility, but not so severe as to injure the muscles or tendons. Static stretching exercises should only be performed until mild discomfort is felt. It should occur in the middle part of the muscle, and not at its attachment points. The main thing is to never bring the depth of stretching to the point of acute pain;

Perform all movements gently, smoothly, without jerking, slowly and evenly, avoiding ballistic type exercises (sharp swings, dynamic bends);

When the joint is in extreme extension, flexion, abduction-adduction, etc. do not rock the position. Stretch ligaments and muscles only through static pressure while stationary;

Avoid dangerous stretching exercises associated with the redistribution of most of the body onto one isolated joint ("plow", "hurdle running", etc.);

While performing stretching exercises, breathe calmly and rhythmically;

Maintain symmetry of exercises: when stretching one half, do not forget about similar exercises for the other half of the body;

Never stretch muscles that have a traumatic sprain. This can only worsen your condition.

Once the foundation of strength and fitness has been laid, you can begin specialized resistance training (barbell, heavy dumbbells) that allows you to focus on any muscle group. Before performing such exercises, you need a special warm-up. It is performed immediately before the next exercise in 1-2 approaches of 12-15 repetitions each. The weight of the weights is 30-40% of the maximum. The movements should be similar in structure to the training exercises. The table below presents the methodology of classes aimed at correcting the figure (increasing muscle mass and a decrease in muscle mass and body fat). This table was developed taking into account the recommendations of Professor V.I. Belova.

Many women are unhappy with their figure and appearance. Every dissatisfied woman has her own reasons. Some consider themselves too fat, others thin, some feel uncomfortable with their stoop, many are unhappy with their legs. Not all women have an ideal figure. But any woman can become fit and slim if she starts playing sports, or rather, starts doing exercises according to a figure correction program. Of course, this requires time, effort and your decision.

Everyone knows the benefits of morning exercises, but few people do it in the morning. And this is not surprising, there is a lot of worries in the morning: you need to get the children ready for school, after preparing breakfast for them, and get ready for work yourself. But I can’t get up early; I want to lie in bed for an extra minute. But the practice of the figure correction program shows that 10 minutes spent on morning exercises gives you vigor and strength for the whole day.

In principle, it doesn’t really matter what time of the day you pay attention to gymnastics - this can be done in the evening, but not before bed.

What exercises are needed to lose weight and shape your figure? There is no such complex that suits absolutely everyone. The body correction program, which is aimed at correcting figure imperfections, is selected purely individually.

This article suggests exercises for weight loss and body shaping, provided that you do them every day.

Of course, there is a category of women who cannot bring themselves to lose weight and shape their figure at home. Then you have the opportunity to sign up for a fitness room, where an experienced instructor will select a specific set of exercises for you and work with you.

Losing weight and shaping your figure in the fitness room is also good because you are not distracted by household chores, you devote time only to yourself and your body.

Body shaping program with exercises

It is worth noting that to begin with, it is enough to perform three approaches of 15-20 times for a separate muscle group.

Starting position, emphasis on four limbs, lean on your elbows. We forcefully push our leg back and hold it. The head is in a straight position. We inhale, then exhale, inhale and hold our breath.

Lower your head down, pull in your stomach, return to the starting position. Then we take our leg back and raise it as high as possible, with our toes pointing down. We stop in this state for 10 seconds and return to the starting position. The exercise is done at least three times for each leg.

Stand up straight, spread your knees, toes pointing inward. Take a deep breath, pull in the buttocks and stomach, move the left leg back, turn the toe and fixate for 10 seconds, exhale. Repeat for the other leg.

We lie down on our stomach, under which we put a little thought. We stretch our hands in front of us, clenching our fists and raising our chin. Take a deep breath and spread your arms to the sides, touch your buttocks with them, and return to the starting position. Relax and repeat.

Exercises for body shaping in the hip area

For these exercises, it is advisable to pick up dumbbells for weight.

We move our hands behind our backs. There should be dumbbells in your hands. Keep your back straight. We begin squats, which should be as deep as possible. Only deep squats will help you achieve the desired effect.
Squats on the bottom supporting leg will strengthen the muscles well. There are also dumbbells in his hands.
Without bending your knees, make circular movements with each leg in turn.
Bend one leg at the knee and move it alternately in different directions, repeat for the second leg.
The arms are along the body. We swing our legs, first with one, then with the other. Swings should be as high as possible.
Feet shoulder width apart. We take a step forward with one leg and squat, then change legs, doing the same lunge.
Hands on the waist, we make turns with squats in different directions.
Bend forward as low as possible.

Exercises

to correct the figure in the waist area

Seated exercises:

Sit down, place your emphasis on your hands behind you, bend your legs at the knees without touching the floor. Straighten your legs, leaning your shoulders back.
Sit in the same position as in the previous exercise, only we make turns with bent knees to the right and left.
Sitting, with knees bent, feet on the floor, arms spread to the sides. We raise our legs without straightening them and clap our hands under our knees.
The same position, only we make cotton under straight legs.
Emphasis on the back of the elbows. We raise our legs and make crossing “scissors” movements.

To keep your shoulders straight and your chest to maintain its shape, you need to do the following exercises:

Sit in the lotus position, back straight, place your hands on your shoulders, press your elbows to your body. Perform circular movements with your shoulders without lifting your elbows from your body.
Place your feet shoulder-width apart, one hand rests on your belt, and with the other we describe large circles, three forward, then three back. Change hands and repeat.
Take one kilogram dumbbells and slowly raise and lower your arms in front of you. You can start with five times, gradually increase to 15.
We place our feet shoulder-width apart, raise our arms at chest level, and perform the “scissors” exercise.

Exercises for correcting legs

Take a horizontal position. Bend your leg at the knee and press it towards you with your hands, make several rolling movements. Change legs and repeat the exercise.
We place our feet shoulder-width apart. We do deep bends, clasping our ankles with our hands.
Get down to the floor. Pull your knee toward your chest, grab your foot and extend your leg out to the side. Then change legs and repeat the exercise.

Physical exercises to correct your figure and posture

Place a small pillow on your head and walk on your toes.
Take a round stick, place it on your shoulder blades, stand on your toes, sit down a little and walk around.
Stand up straight, clasp your hands behind your back. Raise your arms as high as possible. You can do this exercise with a ball.
Sit down on a chair, clasp your hands at the back of your head, tilt your head back, while offering resistance with your hands.
Sit on the floor with your hands behind you. Stand up, focusing on your hands, bend, moving your head back, stand in this state for 3-5 seconds, return to your original state.
Let’s complicate this exercise by focusing on one leg and lifting the other one high up and to the side.
Take a horizontal position, bend your knees, do not lift your feet off. Raise your hips, rest on your shoulders and feet.

Exercises for the neck and chin

Tilt your head back, relax your chin, and keep your mouth half open. We move the lower jaw forward, then back. We do this exercise slowly, but with resistance.
Let's complicate this exercise. The hands are clasped and tucked under the chin. You need to tilt your head forward and create resistance with your hands.
We stretch our neck. Position, standing or sitting. Place your hands on your shoulders and stretch your neck up. Inhale and exhale after 10 seconds.
Moving your head in a circle. We lower our chin to our chest and slowly begin to roll our head in a circle, first in one direction, then in the other.
First turn your head to the right and touch your chin to your shoulder, then to the left. Repeat five times.

After you familiarize yourself with all the exercises for body shaping, all you have to do is choose the exercises for yourself. By doing these exercises every day for a month, you will get a slim, toned figure.

This is a system of complex static exercises aimed at contracting and stretching muscles. It is considered that one hour of classes

Callanetics (callanetics, orig. en: Callanetics) is a set of gymnastic exercises developed by a Dutch ballerina Callan Pinkney. This is a system of complex static exercises aimed at contracting and stretching muscles. It is believed that one hour of callanetics gives the body a load that is equal to seven hours of classical shaping or 24 hours of aerobics.

History of creation

Callan Pinkney developed callanetics in the early 1980s when she returned to New York after traveling around the world for eleven years. As a result of increased stress and poor nutrition, Callan's knees and back began to hurt. Doctors recommended surgery.

Then Callan began to come up with exercises that would not provoke the reappearance of spasms and back pain. It didn't take long and she was simply amazed at how strong and strong her body had become. The back pain also disappeared.

Benefits of callanetics

Callanetics is a set of 29 static exercises based on yoga asanas. During these exercises, all muscles are used simultaneously, and with regular exercise, metabolism accelerates, therefore Callanetics classes are effective and quick way figure correction. In addition, this set of exercises can help in the fight against osteochondrosis, pain in the cervical and lumbar spine.

You can exercise using this system both in a fitness club and at home: you do not need special equipment for this, and the risk of injury due to the absence of sudden movements is minimized. According to Callan Pinkney, at the initial stage you need to exercise three times a week for an hour a day, then, when the effect becomes visually noticeable (and this will happen literally after a couple of weeks of training), the number of workouts can be reduced to two. After obtaining the required result, the training time can be reduced to one hour per week. It doesn't have to be one workout: it can be divided into 3-4 sessions lasting 15-20 minutes.

Contraindications

Despite the apparent simplicity of callanetics, excessive enthusiasm for this system can lead to serious health consequences. It must be remembered that this set of exercises is intended primarily for people accustomed to regular physical activity. Those who have not previously been interested in fitness and sports activities in general need to dose the load wisely.

There are a number of contraindications: diseases of the cardiovascular system, asthmatic diseases. Those who have problems with vision or the spine, as well as those who have recently had infectious disease Before starting callanetics, you should consult your doctor.

These exercises cannot be performed in the postoperative period (you can start exercising only a year after the operation). It is worth consulting with a doctor and anyone who suffers from varicose veins or hemorrhoids.

Callanetics classes

The basics of callanetics are stretching and static poses. The duration of each lesson is approximately 60 minutes. The beginning of each lesson is a mandatory warm-up, after which comes the main part - a special set of exercises, including breathing ones. Such exercises help develop absolutely all muscle groups. The load even goes on those muscles whose existence you previously suspected.

It will take you from 30 to 100 seconds to complete each exercise. The basis of callanetics is static poses, that is, the fact that a person freezes in a certain pose without moving.

For those ignorant from the outside, such training seems simple and even too primitive. But it’s worth trying before drawing final conclusions; a beginner can hardly stand even 15 seconds in a static position. That is why callanetics is also called “gymnastics of awkward poses.”

In order to start practicing this unique method, you don’t even need to change into sportswear. The main thing is that the clothes are loose and do not restrict movement.

An important component of callanetics is the music to which you will practice; such music should be relaxing, so it is better to choose a quiet and calm soundtrack for your practice. Sometimes those practicing completely abandon the sound accompaniment, and silence becomes their music.

The ideal place to practice callanetics is in front of a mirror. This is necessary in order to correctly record your own movements. During training, it is important to listen to your body and, when exercising on your own, not to overdo it. There is no need to force your own body; perhaps it is not yet ready for this kind of stress.

Do not be upset if after several sessions of callanetics there is no noticeable weight loss or even a slight increase. This is absolutely normal, because muscle weighs much more than fat, which is difficult for the body to get rid of in a short period of time. Therefore, at the initial stage of callanetics, the growth of muscle tissue compensates for weight loss. Over time, as soon as the body adapts to the stress, weight begins to decrease at a fairly rapid pace.

Another rule of the technique is proper breathing, so while doing the exercises you need to carefully monitor how you breathe. Your breathing should be smooth, without delays. Otherwise, the body will not be able to receive the necessary portion of oxygen, and the muscles will not receive nutrition.

The positive impact of this type of gymnastics on the body is difficult to overestimate.

A distinctive feature of callanetics from other types of fitness, which confirms its effectiveness, is that during the exercises there is almost no stress on the cardiovascular system and spine.

Experts have calculated that one hour of callanetics is equivalent to 24 hours of traditional aerobics. Of course, none of us will do aerobics around the clock to achieve the desired result.

But callanetics also has common features with traditional fitness classes. Namely, it is also important to remember here that the planned results can only be achieved with regular exercise.

With the help of simple callanetics exercises you can easily improve your metabolism and get rid of excess fat in problem areas. Also, callanetics exercises improve posture and train body flexibility. Callanetics has a wonderful effect on the mental state, calming the nerves. The technique is also indicated for patients with osteochondrosis.

A set of callanetics exercises

Callanetics exercises - warm-up

Stand on tiptoes, raise your arms up, and stretch your whole body. Your shoulders are straightened, as if you are striving upward.
After performing a half-squat, slightly bending your knees, tilt your body slightly forward. Stretch, extending your arms forward and slightly upward, keeping your back absolutely straight.
From the same position, move your arms straight (palms up) back. Stretch your neck and chin forward, your back is immaculately straight.
Bend your body forward so that it is parallel to the floor, extend your arms to the sides, and knees straight. Stretch.

Callanetics classes - exercises for the muscles of the thoracic region and back

Cross your arms in front of you, as if you want to hug yourself, and feel how all your pectoral muscles tense.
Move your straightened arms back and slightly up. Stretch like the string of a bow.
The same, with your elbows slightly bent, your palms exactly aiming towards each other.
The following exercises will help you create a beautiful hip line, removing all excess, and tighten your buttocks: Perform a deep bend forward, straight arms with your palms almost touching the floor (60-100 seconds). Then slowly turn your body towards your supporting straight leg. The body seems to “lie” on the leg, pressing tightly against it, with the main load falling on the back of the thigh. Place your palms around your ankle. You should experience a pleasant feeling of warmth. The same, turning to the other leg. This exercise is ideal for people who lead a sedentary lifestyle.
Feet shoulder width apart. Bend forward, clasping your knees with your palms, spreading your elbows to the sides. It's like you want to put your body between your legs.
Feet together. Lean forward, gently clasp your knees with your hands and bury your nose in them.

Callanetics exercises for ideal forms

The starting position for all exercises is standing straight, feet shoulder-width apart, toes slightly turned to the sides.

Place your left hand on your stomach, closer to the outer side of your thigh, and extend your right hand up. Bend to the side so that your arm is parallel to the floor. Stretch, tensing each muscle, and maintain this pose for 60-100 seconds. Do the same when bending in the other direction.
Perform the previous exercise by slightly swinging your right arm, slightly bent at the elbow, left and right, tensing and relaxing the muscles, for 60 seconds. Keep this pose motionless for the next minute. The same, with your left hand, leaning in the other direction.
Similar to the previous exercise, but lower your left hand freely along the supporting leg, as if trying to reach its heel. Extend your right arm parallel to the floor, as if you are trying to reach something. Try bending even lower. Maintain this pose for 60 seconds. The same thing, leaning to the left.
Make 10-15 rotations with your body, fixing your lower body, first in one direction, then in the other direction. Then perform 10-15 rotations with your pelvis, keeping your torso motionless. Repeat the exercise again.
Hands on your hips, straighten your shoulders, pull your stomach in, tighten your gluteal muscles. Turn your head slowly to the side, with your chin raised and your gaze directed upward. Stay in this position for 10-12 seconds. The same - in the other direction. Repeat the exercise again.
Turn your head 90 degrees strictly to the side, feeling how your neck muscles tense. Don't help yourself with shoulder movements. Do the exercise 2 times in each direction, maintaining the pose for 10-12 seconds.
Perform 2 turns of your head left and right (while it is lowered, your chin almost touches your chest), holding in extreme positions. This will help relieve muscle tension. Make all movements very slowly and smoothly. No jerking!

Exercise regularly 2-3 times a week for an hour.

Callanetics exercises – toned stomach and beautiful thighs

These 12 exercises are the final part of the callanetics complex. By exercising 2-3 times a week for an hour, you will be able to quickly get rid of figure flaws, lose extra pounds, and acquire charming shapes. Exercise regularly and have fun. Perform the first 4 exercises while lying on your back.

Raise one leg up at an angle of 90 degrees, the other 5-10 cm from the floor. In this case, both legs are straightened and toes are extended. Stretch your arms forward as if you want to reach something. Try to lift your shoulder blades off the floor. Maintain the pose for 60 seconds. The same thing, changing the position of the legs.
Take the same position as in exercise 1, only bend the leg that was parallel to the floor at the knee. The foot rests on the floor. Hold the pose for 60 seconds. The same thing, changing the position of the legs.
Raise your legs bent at the knees. Stretch your arms forward parallel to the floor, palms bent, as if you are leaning against the wall. Raise your body. Freeze for 60-100 seconds.
Raise your legs slightly bent at the knees. Socks are pulled out. Straightening your arms in front of you, try to lift your body. It's like you're trying to reach your toes with your fingers. Maintain this position for 60 seconds.
Lie on your side. Raise your legs, bent at the knees, up. Raise your body, stretch your arms forward. One of them makes you want to reach your heels. Hold the pose for 60 seconds. After a short rest, repeat the exercise. The same, turning to the other side.
Sit on the floor. Bend one leg at the knee behind you, extend the other to the side (the toe is also extended) and lean your body towards it as low as possible. Try to grab this leg with your hands. Maintain the pose for 60-100 seconds. The same thing, changing the position of the legs.
Sit with your right side against a support (it can be a regular chair), bend your legs at the knees. Body weight is on the right hip. Grasp the chair with your right hand and place your left hand on the thigh of your right leg. The back is straight. Raise your left leg slightly above the floor (no more than 5-10 cm). Smoothly rock it up and down. Please note: the shin is parallel to the floor. Perform the exercise for 60-100 seconds (if it is difficult, then do 2 sets of 30-50 seconds each). Then repeat it. The same, turning to the support with the other side. Do this exercise by swinging back and forth for 30 seconds with one leg raised above the floor, then the other.
Reclining on a bent supporting leg and resting your hands on the floor, swing the other leg, straightened at the knee (toe extended, heel facing up) for 100-120 seconds. The same thing, changing the position of the legs.
Lying on your back and spreading your arms to the sides, lift your straightened leg up. Then gradually lower it to the side, while turning your head in the opposite direction. Do not lift your shoulder blades off the floor. Smoothly swing your leg with an amplitude of 5-10 cm from the floor for 60 seconds. The same thing, changing the position of the legs.
Sit with your legs spread wide apart and your toes pointed out. Tilt your body towards your left leg, trying to touch it with your chest. Maintain the position for 60-100 seconds. Do the same, turning your body towards your right leg.
Without changing your starting position, smoothly tilt your body forward. Place your hands on the floor in front of you. Rock your torso up and down for 60-100 seconds.
Standing on your knees, extend your arms straight above your head, pull your stomach in, keep your back straight. Perform soft springy half-squats without touching your buttocks to your heels for 60 seconds.

Callanetics is primarily physical exercises, which with a systematic approach give amazing results. It's probably worth trying something real instead of the magical transformations that newfangled drugs for quick weight loss only promise.published

Ministry of Education and Science Russian Federation

Federal state budget educational institution

Higher vocational education

NOVGOROD STATE UNIVERSITY named after. YAROSLAV THE WISE

Institute of Continuing Teacher Education

Faculty of Teacher Education, Arts and Technology

Department of Theory and Methods of Physical Education

in the discipline “Theory and Methods of Physical Education and Sports”

on the topic: “FIGURE CORRECTION BY MEANS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION”

Completed:

student of group No. 2211

T.V. Odnoletova

Checked:

Art. teacher

A.N. Maksimov

Veliky Novgorod

INTRODUCTION

AEROBICS

2 Lesson phases

SHAPING

4. MAJOR MISTAKES IN EXERCISES

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Introduction

In the modern world, everyone is literally obsessed with a beautiful athletic body. This is understandable, because a good figure means popularity with the opposite sex, career success, and simply good health.

But in order to be in excellent physical shape, desire alone is not enough - you also need to constantly work on yourself, play sports, train your body, getting rid of excess fat deposits.

Fortunately, there are a great variety of different areas of sports to choose from, and everyone can determine for themselves the form of training that is most suitable for their body. If you are a beginner in the sports field, then you need to approach the start of sports activity with double caution so as not to exhaust your body, and correctly calculate the level of load for yourself, be it fitness classes, aerobics or shaping.

However, the listed types of sports activities are similar only at first glance; in fact, they differ in many factors - from the training system to the approach to nutrition.

Is it possible to find a person in the entire civilized world who has not heard the word “fitness” at least once in his life? Hardly. They are actively involved in fitness, they make a lot of money from fitness, they even devote their lives to the cause of fitness. Of course, there are many people who are quite skeptical about this direction in sports.

There is still no clear definition of the concept of “fitness”, nor at least a clear classification of the activities that fitness includes.

The result is a simple definition: fitness is a very broad concept. Still, let's try to understand this broad concept and consider it from all sides.

First, let's turn to the English-Russian dictionary for help. The root of the word fitness “fit”, translated from English means the concept of “healthy”. So we can easily conclude that fitness classes are aimed at maintaining or improving health. There's no arguing with that. So, we have already given one, the most important characteristic of fitness: fitness is a complex physical exercise, aimed at strengthening all body systems.

There are a great variety of fitness programs, they are usually safe and designed to extract maximum benefits for the human body. The main goal of absolutely everyone is not just to achieve any sports results, but to teach people to be physically active and to lead a healthy lifestyle.

The programs are specially developed by experienced trainers, doctors, athletes, nutritionists and other professionals in this matter who could help in compiling the best integrated approach to improve the health of the body.

That is, fitness is the result of many years of experience gained by specialists in the sports field. Here we have another definition.

Fitness offers not only physical education, but also its own lifestyle philosophy, a certain value system. In order to be healthy, you need to develop a positive attitude towards both the world and yourself. Mental harmony is directly related to external harmony.

This problem, among others, is what fitness solves. The philosophy of fitness teaches you to live a full life, enjoy yourself and the world around you, discover new incentives every day, and purposefully move towards your goal.

A balanced harmony of the inner world with the outer world comes first and is the primary task in which fitness helps a person. To realize your uniqueness, individuality, to develop your best qualities, both physical and spiritual - this is what it means to do fitness, and not to mindlessly perform a set of exercises.

Discovering the world of fitness means taking the first step towards exploring your own personality, starting to strive for the unity of soul, mind, body. Accepting yourself, starting to relate positively, without hostility to the world around you, means going halfway on the path to success, to achieving your goal.

Fitness is not a hobby or passion, it is a whole philosophy of life.

Fitness classes are so harmonious and aesthetic that it creates a feeling of celebration. Man himself is naturally beautiful, and fitness once again emphasizes this.

So, fitness is: an active lifestyle; many years of experience specialists, embodied in specially developed fitness training programs, absolutely safe, designed specifically to maintain and strengthen human health; a training system and a special lifestyle that ensures good health and a positive outlook on the world; a whole life philosophy that helps a person to know himself, his personality, achieve harmony in the inner world, and learn to have a positive attitude towards the external world; a great way to prolong youth.

But these are not all the concepts that fitness includes. Everyone finds something of their own in fitness that can be continued with the above list. Yes, fitness does cover a wide range of concepts. Fitness is a phenomenon for which you must find a place in your life, because it is not just a sport, it is a healthy lifestyle.

2. Aerobics

The word “aerobics” in relation to various types of physical activity with a health-improving focus was proposed by the famous American doctor Kenneth Cooper. At the end of the 60s, under his leadership, research work was carried out for air force USA Aerobic Training. The basics of this training, aimed at a wide range of readers, were outlined in the book "Aerobics", published in 1963. The term "aerobic" is borrowed from physiology, it is used to define the chemical and energy processes that ensure muscle function. It is known that metabolism, when a muscle is excited, is a complex system of chemical reactions. The processes of splitting complex molecules into simpler ones are combined with the processes of synthesis (reduction) of energy-rich substances. One of these processes can only occur in the presence of oxygen, that is, under aerobic conditions. Aerobic processes produce significantly more energy than anaerobic reactions. Carbon dioxide and water are the main breakdown products of aerobic energy production and are easily removed from the body through breathing and sweat. Types of physical activity that stimulate an increase in oxygen consumption during exercise include various cyclic movements performed with low intensity and sufficient long time.

In a broad sense, aerobics includes: walking, running, swimming, skating, skiing, cycling, and other types of physical activity. Performing general developmental and dance exercises, combined into a continuously performed complex, also stimulates the functioning of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. This gave rise to the use of the term “aerobics” for a variety of programs performed with musical accompaniment and having a dance orientation. This area of health-improving activities has gained immense popularity all over the world. In connection with the specific goals and objectives solved in different areas of modern dance aerobics, the following classification of aerobics can be used: recreational, applied, sports.

Health aerobics is one of the areas of mass physical culture with controlled load. Various groups of specialists are actively working on the development and popularization of various programs that synthesize elements of physical exercises of dance and music for a wide range of practitioners.

Characteristic feature health-improving aerobics is the presence of an aerobic part of the lesson, during which the work of the cardiorespiratory system is maintained at a certain level. In recreational aerobics, a sufficient number of varieties can be distinguished, differing in the content and structure of the lesson.

Sports aerobics is a sport in which athletes perform a continuous and highly intense set of exercises, including combinations of acyclic movements with complex coordination, as well as elements of different structural groups of varying complexity and interaction between partners (in mixed pairs, triples and groups programs). The basis of the choreography in these exercises is the “basic” aerobic steps traditional for aerobics and their varieties.

Applied aerobics - it has gained some popularity as an additional means in training athletes of other sports (aeroboxing), as well as in industrial gymnastics, physical therapy (cardiofunk) and in various recreational activities (show programs, sports support groups, cheerleading).

Aerobics health programs attract a wide range of students due to their accessibility, emotionality and the ability to change the content of lessons depending on their interests and preparedness. The basis of any lesson is made up of various exercises performed in walking, running, jumping, as well as strength and flexibility exercises performed from different starting positions.

Main directions of health aerobics:

Dance aerobics. Strengthens muscles, especially the lower body, stimulates the cardiovascular system, improves coordination and posture, and burns excess weight.

Step - aerobics. Serves for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis and arthritis, for strengthening muscles and recovery from knee injuries.

Aqua (water) - aerobics. Strengthens the body, improves flexibility, stretches muscles and ligaments, burns excess calories, successfully recovers from injuries, is useful for all ages and for pregnant women.

Slide - aerobics. The most optimal type of aerobics for women who want to get rid of fat deposits in the thighs. Serves to strengthen the core muscles of the body.

Pump - aerobics. Aimed at correcting the figure and strengthening muscles.

Tai-Bo - aerobics. Serves to relieve stress, improves tone and mood, regulates heart function, and improves overall well-being.

Ki-Bo - aerobics. Develops strength and endurance, trains the respiratory system, develops flexibility and coordination, and helps to lose excess weight.

Boxing is aerobics and karate is aerobics. Aimed at ensuring that your figure becomes perfect and stays that way all the time.

A - Boxing - aerobics. Essential for both men and women to relieve stress and irritation. Develops coordination, reaction speed, endurance.

Kick - aerobics. Necessary for improving general and strength endurance, agility and coordination. Develops muscle strength and flexibility.

Spinning or cycle reebok. Strengthens the muscles of the arms and legs, buttocks and abdomen. Allows you to lose extra pounds.

Resist - Bol. Helps to correct the figure, develops coordination of movements, flexibility. Helps correct posture and strengthen the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Designed for both children and adults.

Trekking - aerobics. Necessary to improve the general physical condition of the body. Improves the functioning of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.

2.2 Lesson phases

IN general view Aerobic exercise consists of the following main phases: warm-up, aerobic phase, cool-down, strength training.

Warm up.

Warm-up has great value, but, unfortunately, it is often ignored, resulting in muscle strains. The warm-up has two goals: first, to warm up the muscles of the back and limbs; secondly, cause some acceleration in the rate of cardiac acceleration so as to smoothly increase the heart rate to values corresponding to the aerobic phase.

When warming up, perform a light load for 2-3 minutes. Stretching exercises are of great importance.

Aerobic phase.

The second phase of training is the main one to achieve a healing effect. In this phase, those exercises that make up the aerobics program are performed. As for the volume of the load, it is not at all necessary to exercise five times a week. It is unwise to force yourself to push yourself so often because the accumulated fatigue can lead to muscle and joint injuries.

It is very important to perform aerobic exercises correctly; we are talking about the safety of exercise. Once again, aerobics is exercise that increases breathing and heart rate without disturbing the balance between oxygen consumption and use, and the exercise is not performed with maximum effort for a fairly long period of time. In order to achieve a greater effect, it is necessary to exercise, according to experts, with an intensity that ensures a heart rate of 65-80% of the maximum.

You need to learn to determine your pulse, first at rest. With a little practice, you can quickly master this simple procedure. You need to know your maximum heart rate. For a twenty-year-old girl this is 200 beats per minute. This means that the optimal heart rate for aerobics is 140-160 beats/min. This heart rate must be maintained continuously for at least 20 minutes of exercise. If you exercise with such intensity 4 times a week, then the training effect is felt quite quickly: preparedness improves, the heart becomes stronger. An excellent way to check the intensity of the load is the conversation test. If you can continue talking during aerobics, then the intensity is acceptable. If you lose your breath and are unable to carry on a conversation, the load is higher than permissible.

The third phase of aerobics takes a minimum of five minutes; During this entire time, you should continue to move, but at a slow enough pace to gradually reduce your heart rate.

The most important thing after aerobics is to keep moving so that blood can circulate from the legs to the central vessels. Anyone who suddenly stops strenuous physical exercise is putting his heart in danger and playing with death. The functioning of the cardiovascular system may be impaired because blood flow slows down rather than heart contractions. That's why a proper cool-down is necessary after each lesson. Its main principle is to never end an exercise with an abrupt stop. The drop in blood pressure should be gradual. Having completed the main, most intense part of the lesson, you must comply with the following requirements: do not stand still without moving, even at the moment when the pulse is measured; don't sit down.

If after a strenuous workout you feel nauseous or dizzy during the cool-down, you should just lie on your back for a few minutes with your legs raised up.

This phase of the aerobic activity, which should last at least 10 minutes, involves movements that strengthen muscles and develop flexibility. Exercises with weights of various types or strength gymnastics (push-ups, squats, pull-ups or any other strength exercise) fully meet the purpose of this stage. One of the main reasons for doing strength training is that it increases the strength and strength of bones and joints, which makes a person less susceptible to injury during the aerobic phase.

If you strictly adhere to all four phases of aerobics, then no serious injuries can occur.

To maintain interest in aerobics lessons, the trainer must follow a certain strategy for teaching and complicating dance programs in accordance with the motor experience, preparedness and age of the students. In connection with the above, when conducting aerobics classes, specific methods are widely used to ensure variety (variability) of dance movements. These include:

method of musical interpretation;

method of complications;

similarity method;

block method;

California style method.

In conclusion, a few words about the general conditions for aerobics. The floor covering in the hall is of great importance. It is ideal if there is a small air gap between the floor and the covering. This makes the floor springy, which naturally protects against injury. The room where classes are held should be spacious so as not to touch each other’s elbows during exercises. This also reduces the risk of injury.

The instructor must be professional and often address students during the lesson - an individual approach in the classroom also plays a very important role. You should not bring yourself to the point of burning. The fact is that a burning sensation in the chest area can be the result of coronary disorders, and the appearance of such symptoms should be avoided in every possible way. If a burning sensation is felt in the muscles, this can also serve as a signal that these muscles are overstrained and, therefore, the risk of injury is very high. The main thing is to choose an aerobics program that best suits your goals. At the same time, the program should be structured in such a way as to virtually eliminate the risk of injury, as well as the development of cardiovascular diseases. Groups should be selected taking into account physical fitness, that is, approximately homogeneous. The program should be designed in such a way that students gradually get used to the continuous load and withstand it without much stress. The exercises should be performed easily, without sudden movements.

3. Shaping

The word “shaping” has been on everyone’s lips for several years now. It comes from the English root “snap”, which means “shape”, i.e. shaping classes are aimed at “giving shape”, correcting figure flaws.

Experts in the field of shaping say that visiting their salons allows women to feel like the most attractive for the first time in their lives, since practicing this sport relieves the fair sex from psychological complexes about excess weight, incorrect posture, thin legs, etc.

Of course, increased attention to shaping is shown by women who want to make their figure more attractive. But figure correction is not the main goal of shaping training. Now we will explain why. The fact is that shaping is not just a special sport, but a way of life and even a certain worldview. But that's not all. Shaping classes allow women not only to correct their figure, but also to get rid of problems associated with poor health and chronic diseases.

Shaping is truly a specific lifestyle that can only be experienced in gym and in communicating with real fans of this sport. And believe me, there are many of them, and this is primarily due to the fact that the shaping technique corrects and improves not only the figure, but also the entire life of a woman.

Professionals advise doing shaping only in shaping classes and only as a last resort - at home. Self-study will not allow you to achieve high results, such as in gym classes. The first step towards such a lifestyle is very easy to take - just enroll in a shaping class. Naturally, you need to practice under the supervision of professionals.

Shaping is not only doing physical exercises with a load on certain muscle groups, it is also a system of proper nutrition and maintaining a healthy lifestyle. That is why shaping classes are very useful for those who, from a young age, begin to take care of their health and rid themselves not only of extra pounds, but also of various diseases.

Another, but no less important, feature of this method is that before you start shaping, specialists will carefully study the characteristics of your figure and health status. They will then be able to tell you whether the classes are right for you or not.

Thus, shaping involves an individual approach, as a result of which all the features of your body are taken into account - constitutional type, skeletal structure, fat percentage, etc. Specialists take many measurements, enter the data into a computer, which creates an ideal model of your body, of course, taking into account all its features. After a woman sees the figure that she can have after some time, it is natural that she will have a desire to strive for self-improvement and achieve her dreams. Besides, it’s nice to always remain yourself, and not adjust your proportions to world standards.

After you see yourself as ideal, you will be asked to take a muscle endurance test. This is done in order to increase the load gradually, and not immediately, in one day, in order to select a set of exercises necessary specifically for your body. You probably understand that this is also an important factor. Naturally, it is not trained athletes who come to shaping classes, but ordinary women who, among other things, may experience health problems. That is why it is very important for them to feel that professionals are working with them, who will select a set of exercises in accordance with the characteristics of their body.

Beginners are always interested in how they will be treated in class. We can assure you that classes are held in well-equipped classrooms, accompanied by a videotape on which exercises for all types of muscles are recorded.

It will not be superfluous if we recall that sport is the first assistant in the treatment of various diseases. By training all muscle groups, you strengthen your body, make your body not only beautiful, but also strong, resilient, and therefore less susceptible to ailments that lie in wait modern man literally at every turn.

The set of exercises includes warm-up, stretching and relaxation exercises. Shaping training is different in that during the exercises, instructors give you advice that will help you cope with a particular movement so that it is performed with the greatest impact and has a 100% impact on your body.

It is also very important that during classes, instructors monitor not only the correct execution of the exercises, but also physiological indicators - breathing and pulse. Depending on the results, they will advise you to slow down or increase the pace, finish or continue the workout.

Each lesson lasts an hour. If you decide to seriously engage in shaping, it is better to plan your time several months in advance so that you always have an hour left for a shaping class. Experts will check your results throughout the entire time you spend in class. During each month, control measurements will be taken to determine weight, the size of fat folds, and the percentage correspondence between the current you and the future you, i.e. between you and your ideal.

In addition to the fact that specialists regularly monitor your figure, they also help you create a daily menu, which includes dishes from those products that are necessary specifically for your body. As you know, our health largely depends on nutrition, so shaping pays increased attention not only to physical activity, but also proper nutrition. Instructors will teach you how to eat properly based on the workout program you'll be doing.

The fact is that there are two programs that are aimed at achieving different goals. The first program - catabolic - is aimed at getting rid of excess weight, reducing muscle mass and muscle size, the second - anabolic - at strengthening muscles and increasing muscle mass. Naturally, your health and daily well-being largely depend on the state of your figure and body.

We all understand that the less people suffer from obesity, excess body fat, and shortness of breath, the less time they have to spend in doctors' offices and at the pharmacy counter. However, not all of us have enough determination, and most importantly, the willpower to radically change our well-being and our usual, but not entirely healthy, lifestyle.

Many women think that they are “not made” for sports. They consider themselves unbearable, weak, and ultimately lazy, and therefore prefer to “sit” on exhausting diets, which are very often prepared not by a specialist, but by a friend who heard that someone lost weight because they ate something I didn’t eat this and that. But isn’t it easier to go in for sports, and in particular, shaping? If you are not sure that you can handle heavy workloads, we can reassure you - you can handle it. The exercise sets are compiled by real professionals who select the load designed for an ordinary woman, and not for an Olympic champion. In addition, the peculiarity of these exercises is that most of them are performed in a lying position. Of course, this is not a treat for lazy people. In this position, the heart and joints are less strained. Even this small feature of shaping classes shows that the people who created this program cared primarily about women's health, which can be corrected with the help of similar exercises.

Everyone who has been involved in shaping for at least a few weeks admits that these exercises turned out to be the most effective in the stubborn fight against excess weight. In addition, shaping activities significantly improve your mood and well-being. How is such efficiency achieved? The fact is that during training there is a load on all muscle groups, and in particular on problem areas. Exercises “load” the body to the desired extent, while reducing the amount of fat deposits. It is also important that all exercises are performed at least 100 times; this is done so that all muscle groups are strengthened. Beginners are usually intimidated by this large number, but we repeat that the load is distributed over all muscles and is designed for an ordinary woman.

Remember rule number one: on the day when you are doing shaping, high-calorie and heavy foods are strictly excluded. It is best to stick to a fasting diet. In case of a serious illness, you should definitely consult a doctor, who should approve or prohibit the diet you have chosen.

You should follow a diet not only on training days, but also on other days. Choose low-calorie foods, light foods. Naturally, you will have to give up your favorite sweet cake, in general, everything floury, fatty and sweet. You should replace sugar with honey or not very sweet jam. Avoid consuming large quantities of bread (no more than 250 g per day). It is advisable that you eat bread with bran or rye.

The main components of your diet should be vegetables and fruits. Eat no more than 1 kg of fruit, and you can eat vegetables without restrictions. The main thing is not to overeat. Vegetables can be eaten in any form - both raw and boiled.

If, on the contrary, you decide to stick to anabolic training, i.e. you want to increase the elasticity of your muscles, eat a protein meal about an hour before training.

Pay attention to how you will be dressed during your shaping training. Tracksuits made from synthetic fibers are completely excluded. Clothing should be hygroscopic, that is, allow moisture and air to pass through, allowing your skin to “breathe” and get rid of expended energy. It is advisable that sportswear for shaping classes be made from natural fibers and purchased in specialized sports stores. The quality of clothing is also important for giving the body tone and maintaining good shape. For those who believe that taking care of your health begins with losing weight, you can use special clothing, which gives the effect of a sauna. Weight loss creams and anti-cellulite products will also come to your aid, the quality of which you must be one hundred percent sure of.

After shaping, it is recommended to visit the sauna or take a hot bath in order to remove lactic acid from the muscles - the culprit of muscle pain that haunts all those who are just starting to play sports or increase the load on their body. While in the bath or sauna, do a self-massage, during which you can stretch tired muscles and disperse lactic acid. So, let's move on to how to properly do shaping at home. You can purchase a cassette that was developed by Federation specialists, or you can simply master the set of exercises that are given in our chapter, turn on rhythmic music and make sure that there is a comfortable rug on the floor.

Where to start training? Of course, from the warm-up. Without warming up, you can seriously damage your ligaments and muscles, which will hurt for several days. For those who once did aerobics, you can suggest remembering the most energetic movements and doing them as a warm-up. Naturally, all exercises should be performed to rhythmic music, at a fairly fast pace, otherwise fat will not have time to be used up, and the body will receive insufficient load.

When doing shaping at home, you need to remember your pulse. Depending on the results, you should increase or decrease the load, as well as change the complexity of the exercises performed. The pulse should be no more than 130-140 beats per minute. At this heart rate, the training efficiency is highest.

During your workout, you also need to monitor your breathing. There is no need to delay it, even if some exercise is extremely difficult for you. Breathe evenly. Inhale on the count of “ones,” i.e., at the time when muscle contraction (tension) occurs, exhale during relaxation.

Professionals in the field of shaping advise that during training you should never stop drinking. You can only drink mineral or chilled boiled water, but not juices or sweet tea. The body must receive enough fluid. Of course, you should only drink when you really want it.

Women attach great importance to the shape of their belly. Everyone dreams of a toned, firm tummy that would remain that way even after childbirth. Trained and elastic abdominal muscles will always help a woman during childbirth, protect her from stretch marks, and even after the birth of a child will remain as elastic and strong.

A set of shaping exercises cannot be performed during menstruation, otherwise cycle disruption may occur. If you don't want to miss too many classes, don't study for at least the first three days.

When performing the exercises, make sure that they do not come too easily to you. If you do not feel any load on a particular muscle group, this means that you are performing the exercise incorrectly or you should increase the load or complicate the task, for example, do not touch the floor with the part of the body that is working in this exercise.

Do not forget that shaping classes should be accompanied by good rhythmic music. Music, as you know, is a good healer not only from a bad mood, but also from some diseases. For example, it has been observed that favorite music relieves headaches. It is advisable that the preparation for the lesson be carried out in a good mood, which will remain with you for at least another hour. After training, fatigue will come, but it will be pleasant fatigue.

The exercise for each muscle group should be performed for at least four minutes. After two minutes from the start of the workout, you should stop in order to stretch the muscles that you are in at the moment straining.

Shaping took advantage of the principle of bodybuilding: in order to achieve an effect, you should perform the exercise for several minutes in the form of repeated movements. After you repeat the same exercise several times, move on to another one or simply rest and then repeat the same exercise again. This is the only way to achieve high results. Your enemy should be the reluctance to repeat one movement for several minutes. Be patient and keep repeating the series of exercises.

4. Basic mistakes in classes

fitness shaping aerobics nutrition

Here is a list typical mistakes which are allowed for beginners when doing fitness. For convenience, we will divide them into two thematic blocks. Most likely, success has not yet come to you because:

The intensity of the training is not at all what you need.

Answer yourself honestly the question: do you give 100% in the gym? Sometimes people go to two extremes:

Afraid of overtraining, some finish the training process too early, without receiving the load necessary for a high-quality result;

On the contrary, they train according to the principle “the more intense, the greater the load, the better.”

Both are wrong. Let's consider the first option.

If you still don’t know, then know that as a result of intense training, so-called lactic acid accumulates in the muscles, which causes unpleasant and sometimes quite painful sensations in the muscle group on which the exercises were done. And this is not bad! Don’t be afraid of this feeling and run away from the gym for a week. On the contrary: if you feel pain, know that everything is OK, the process has begun. This means that your body is not yet accustomed to such a load, it is new to it. And this is one of the main tasks of training, to constantly present surprises to your body and not let it relax.

So don’t be afraid to increase the number of approaches and repetitions, experiment with weights, gradually making them heavier - you need to overcome yourself! And the results will gradually begin to come during the recovery period: a body that has been thoroughly exhausted during training will take on a new shape and increase muscle volume.

However, the above aspirations, while certainly very useful and necessary, should not develop into the second extreme - fanaticism.

In other words, you need to be able to very clearly feel the line beyond which the sensations from good intense training simply go beyond the state of overtraining of the body. But this is no longer any good. Enthusiasm is good, but you shouldn’t lose your head in pursuit of results either. You know approximately your strength, you don’t need to focus on the intensity of the training of professionals who have been training for several years.

For example, not everyone can withstand two days in a row of intense training in the gym - and for you this is most likely too much. Five exercises per workout, with a maximum number of approaches - four to five times - is also already the ceiling; anything that exceeds this norm is hardly beneficial. On the contrary: by overloading your body, you risk not only not increasing in size, but also losing muscle mass.

Conclusion: you need to train intensively, but wisely.

You have chosen the wrong set of exercises for yourself.

This is a very common mistake. And no amount of intensity will help if you are doing something that has nothing to do with muscle growth. Well, or it does, but not to the required extent. After all, what exercises are primarily necessary for a qualitative increase in muscle volume? Basically, these are basic exercises that involve working with a barbell or dumbbells. Of course, they are more difficult to perform than training on simulators or block machines, but they bring a much more tangible effect. Unfortunately, many people ignore this fact and stubbornly try to achieve success by reducing basic exercises to a minimum, or even eliminating them altogether. And after that you ask, where is the result?

Conclusion: in order to get results from training, you need to perform those exercises that bring the main result. That is, the basic ones.

You're not eating right.

Finding out whether your nutrition process is organized correctly is not difficult. Do you eat irregularly, eat fatty, high-calorie foods, do you like sweets? Then start improving.

No, of course you need calories, because in order for muscle mass to grow, you need to give it building material for this. But! The products through which this process will occur must be healthy and dietary, containing a high percentage of substances that provide nutrition and muscle growth. And the process of eating should be divided into stages, at intervals of approximately two to three hours throughout the day.

So, remember that every kilogram of your weight needs to be provided daily with about two grams of protein, plus about another forty kilocalories there.

You don't get enough sleep.

But in vain, because sleep is a very important process, during which the body recovers most effectively, so you should not neglect it.

In principle, ordinary person gets enough sleep in six to eight hours, while completely restoring his strength. However, for those who are intensely involved in fitness, things happen a little differently. An organism that is constantly subjected to intense training naturally experiences considerable stress: both muscles and lymphatic systems, the nervous system does not stand aside either. So sleep more! This is for the good. If possible, sleep for an hour another day. If not, in any case, plan your day so that you get eight to nine hours of sleep - and that’s a minimum!

Conclusion: sleep is the best recovery for the body, do not neglect it.

Do you drink? Do you smoke?

Then quit. No, really: at least it’s worth reducing the dose. Now we don’t want to lecture you at all about the dangers of alcohol and nicotine, however, you must agree, training with a hangover is a thankless task. Well, there’s no need to talk about the ability of the respiratory system to withstand stress after smoking one or two packs of cigarettes a day. And the liver, which occupies an important place in the process of synthesis of muscle tissue, is so easily destroyed by large amounts of alcoholic beverages! How does the cardiovascular system suffer? To what extent is the body's endurance lost? Have you ever thought about it? For sure. Think again and draw the appropriate conclusions. And stop making excuses that nicotine reduces appetite; you won’t care, most likely, you’ll need to build your nutrition system from scratch.

Conclusion

By engaging in physical education, we acquire the necessary everyday life and motor skills in work. The dexterity, speed and strength of our body movements develops. Movement control is improved, which is carried out by the central nervous system. When doing physical exercises, more and more new conditioned reflexes are formed, which are fixed and formed in long consecutive rows. Thanks to this, the body acquires the ability to better and better adapt to greater and more complex physical activity, thanks to this we can carry out movements more easily and more economically - our body, as they say, trains.

As a result of training, the work and structure of all organs of our body, and especially the higher parts of the central nervous system, improves. The mobility of the nervous processes of excitation and inhibition in the cerebral cortex and in other parts of the nervous system increases, i.e., the process of excitation more easily transforms into the process of inhibition and vice versa. The body therefore reacts more quickly to all kinds of external and internal irritations, including irritations coming to the brain from contracting muscles, as a result of which body movements become faster and more dexterous.

In trained people, the nervous system more easily adapts to new movements and new operating conditions of the motor system.

During physical exercise, the strength of the processes of excitation and inhibition in the cerebral cortex increases, as a result of which muscle tension increases during contraction. In this regard, the structure of muscle fibers changes - they become thicker, muscle volume increases. Systematically engaging in the so-called strength exercises, for example, with weights, you can dramatically increase muscle volume and strength in 6-8 months.

This happens because the nutrition of the working muscles is significantly improved. In muscles at rest, most of the blood capillaries surrounding the muscle fibers are closed to blood flow, and blood does not flow through them. During work, when the muscle contracts, all capillaries open, so the blood flow into the muscle increases more than 30 times. During training, new blood capillaries are formed in the muscles.

Under the influence of training, the chemical composition muscles. It increases the amount of so-called energetic substances, i.e. substances, the decay of which releases a lot of energy. These substances include glycogen and phosphagen. In trained muscles, glycogen and phosphorus compounds, which are broken down during contractions of muscle fibers, are restored faster, and oxidative processes (the processes of combining with oxygen) proceed more intensely, muscle tissue absorbs oxygen better and uses it better.

Training has a beneficial effect not only on the muscles. The entire musculoskeletal system is strengthened, bones, ligaments, and tendons become stronger. Systematic physical exercise has a noticeable effect on external forms body, contribute to its proportional development in childhood and adolescence, and in adulthood and old age allow you to maintain beauty and harmony for a long time.

On the contrary, a sedentary lifestyle prematurely ages a person. He becomes flabby, his stomach sags, and his posture sharply worsens. Typically, a person who is not involved in physical labor and sports is slouched, his head is tilted forward, his back is hunched, his lower back is excessively arched, his chest is sunken, and his stomach protrudes forward due to weakness of the abdominal muscles, even if there is no obesity (and it very often develops in those who move little and do not engage in physical education.

Physical exercises that strengthen the muscles (especially the muscles of the trunk) can correct your posture. For this purpose, it is useful to do gymnastics and swim - breaststroke is best; Correct posture is facilitated by a horizontal position of the body and uniform exercise of numerous muscle groups.

With specially selected physical exercises, you can eliminate lateral curvatures of the spine in the initial stage of development, strengthen the abdominal muscles weakened by inactivity or long-term illness, and strengthen and restore the arches of the feet with flat feet. Vigorous exercise and diet can help you fight crippling obesity.

Physical exercises that correct physique defects must be used according to the instructions and under the supervision of a medical specialist.

A trained person becomes more resilient, he can perform more intense movements and perform heavy muscular work for a long time. This largely depends on his circulatory, respiratory and excretory organs working better. Their ability to sharply intensify their work and adapt it to the conditions created in the body during increased physical activity increases significantly.

Hard-working muscles require more oxygen and nutrients, as well as faster removal of metabolic waste products. Both are achieved due to the fact that more blood flows into the muscles and the speed of blood flow in the blood vessels increases. In addition, the blood in the lungs is more saturated with oxygen. All this is possible only because the work of the heart and lungs is significantly enhanced.

When we are at rest, the heart pumps about 5 liters of blood into the aorta per minute. During intense physical stress, for example, while running or overcoming an obstacle course, etc., the pulse quickens from 60-70 to 120-200 beats per minute, the amount of blood ejected by the heart in 1 minute increases to 10-20 and even 40 l. Blood pressure in the arteries increases from 120 to 200 mmHg.

In trained people, the heart adapts more easily to new working conditions, and after finishing physical exercise it returns to normal activity more quickly. The number of contractions of a trained heart is smaller, and therefore the pulse is less frequent, but with each contraction the heart releases more blood into the arteries.

With rarer heart contractions, more favorable conditions are created for the heart muscle to rest. As a result of training, the work of the heart and blood vessels becomes more economical and is better regulated by the nervous system.

At rest, a person makes about 16 respiratory movements per minute. With each breath, about 500 cm3 of air enters the lungs.

During physical activity, due to increased oxygen consumption by the muscles, breathing becomes more frequent and deeper. The volume of pulmonary ventilation, i.e., the amount of air passing through the lungs in one minute, increases sharply - from 8 liters at rest to 100-140 liters during fast running, swimming, or skiing. And the more air passes through the lungs, the more oxygen the body receives.

At rest, a person absorbs about 0.2 liters of oxygen per minute. During muscular work, the amount of oxygen absorbed increases, but within certain limits. The greatest amount of oxygen absorption, the so-called oxygen ceiling, is not so great for untrained people, it is equal to 2-3.5 liters, and in well-trained people the body can receive 5-5.5 liters of oxygen per minute through the lungs. Therefore, during physical work, trained people do not develop an “oxygen debt” so quickly (this is the name of the difference between the need for oxygen and its actual consumption) and they better mobilize the adaptive capabilities of breathing and blood circulation. This is clearly visible, for example, when measuring the vital capacity of the lungs with a spirometer.

In trained people, the number of erythrocytes (red blood cells) increases from 4.5-5 million in 1 mm3 of blood to 6 million. Red blood cells are oxygen carriers, therefore, with an increase in their number, the blood can receive more oxygen in the lungs and deliver more of it to the tissues , mainly muscles.

In trained people, the number of lymphocytes - white blood cells - also increases. Lymphocytes produce substances that neutralize various poisons that enter the body or are formed in the body. An increase in the number of lymphocytes is one of the proofs that as a result of physical exercise the body's defenses increase and the body's resistance to infection increases. People who regularly engage in physical exercise and sports are less likely to get sick, and if they do get sick, in most cases they tolerate infectious diseases more easily. Trained people have more stable blood sugar levels. It is known that with prolonged and hard muscle work, the amount of sugar in the blood decreases. In trained people, this decrease is not as sharp as in untrained people. For people who are not used to physical labor, with increased muscle work, urine output is sometimes disrupted. In trained people, the work of the kidneys better adapts to changed conditions, and metabolic products formed in larger quantities during increased physical activity are promptly removed from the body.

Thus, we see that physical culture and sports have a beneficial effect not only on muscles, but also on other organs, improving and improving their functioning.

To be healthy, strong, resilient and versatile, you need to constantly and systematically exercise various types physical exercise and sports.

References

1. #"justify">. #"justify">. #"justify">. #"justify">. V.N. Artamonov Cardiohemodynamics in girls engaged in shaping M., 1998.

G.N. Gortsev Aerobics, Fitness, Shaping M., 1999

I.V. Prokhortsev Modern shaping paradigm M., 2000.

I.V. Prokhortsev, A.I. Pshendin, E.V. Sergeeva Shaping nutrition M., 2001.

Tags: Body correction using physical education Abstract Tourism