The meaning of real nouns in the dictionary of linguistic terms. How to distinguish concrete abstract collective real nouns

Based on meaning and grammatical features, concrete, abstract, real and collective nouns are distinguished. Such a division is not entirely accurate, since both material and collective, together with concrete, are opposed to abstract, primarily in their ability to display materially represented objects, their totality, substances - abstract concepts, properties, states. Therefore, at the first stage of the division, it is logical to contrast concrete and abstract nouns, and at the second, within the concrete ones, to single out the actual concrete, material and collective ones. Let's consider each of the categories.

Actually concrete nouns . Actually concrete ones include nouns that name materially represented objects limited in space (sometimes in time). The core of this group consists of countable nouns. Their grammatical characteristics are the following: the number paradigm of most words ( notebook - notebooks, owner - owners), compatibility with cardinal numbers ( two light bulbs, ten students, ninety-nine pages). The singular number in them, as a rule, denotes one object, the plural - two or more objects. The exception is when such nouns are used in general meanings ( A dog is man's friend). On the periphery of this group are placed nouns that name units of space, time, etc. ( minute, hour, day, meter , kilometer, ampere, kilowatt etc.).

Real nouns . Real nouns denote substances of homogeneous composition that can be measured, but not counted. They can be divided into parts, each of which has the properties of the whole. These are the names of food and chemical products, minerals, plants, fabrics, waste, medicines, etc. ( soup, oil, gold, silk, cement, millet, oil, cleaning, tea, cream etc.).

Unlike actual concrete nouns, real nouns, as a rule, are used in one number, more often only in the singular ( milk, vodka, copper etc.), less often - only in the plural ( trimmings, whitewash etc.). They are not combined with whole cardinal numbers, but since they can be measured, they are combined with nouns that name units of measure and fractional numbers: a glass of tea, a liter of milk, a ton of gasoline, a gram of platinum etc. In this case, material nouns are used in the gender form. p.m. h.; compare: kilogram of raspberries, But: kilogram of peaches; a lot of currants But: a lot of cucumbers.

Real nouns may in some cases have a full number paradigm; plural form h are used in cases where they denote 1) types, varieties, brands: essential oils, Bulgarian tobaccos, Crimean wines, mineral waters, alloy steels, woolen fabrics; 2) large spaces, masses of something: waters of the Dnieper, snows of the Caucasus, ice of the Arctic, sands of the desert etc.

Collective nouns . Collective nouns denote a collection of persons, living beings or objects in the form of a whole, for example: peasantry, students, elder, children, foliage.

From the point of view of morphemic structure, collective nouns are most often represented by words with suffixes -stv-(nobility, bosses, teachers), -is-(merchants, humanity), -from-(poor), -V-(foliage), -hedgehog-(youth), -ur-(equipment, agents), -Nick-(spruce forest), -j-(crow, rags, officer's), -n-(soldiery, kids), -thief- (kids).

A.A. Reformed and other linguists identify as collective nouns only those nouns that have a triple correlative series of cognates, consisting of singular. h. and pl. including actual concrete nouns and the collective noun formed from them [Reformatsky A.A. Number and grammar // Questions of grammar. – M., 1960. – P. 393–394].

In this case, a semantic correlation is most often maintained, and the meaning of a collective noun additionally includes only the seme of a collection, an association of persons, living beings, objects, for example: peasant - peasants - peasantry. But in some cases semantic increment occurs, for example: dean's office - this is not a set of deans, but a dean and dean’s office employees (deputies, secretaries, etc.).

A number of linguists note that collective nouns, through their formal (word-formative) features, “delimit” classes of people, animals, plants and things, which has historical roots (V.I. Degtyarev, D.I. Rudenko, etc.).

Suffixes - j(o)-, -nya- in words, officers, crows, rags, soldiers, conveying negative characteristics, they seem to destroy the integrity of units, likening them to a solid mass.

Collective nouns can only convey the evaluation ‘many’: foliage, cherry.

The assessment 'important' is expressed by collective nouns with suffixes - quality: students, officers.

"Names like kids can, without being perceived as neutral, be used with almost equal success in both “positive” and “negative” (however, moderately negative) contexts ( I love kids. Annoying kids were crowding in the yard) [Rudenko D.I. Name in the paradigms of the philosophy of language. – Kharkov: Osnova, 1990. – P. 177–178].

Collective nouns, when used in the form of a single number, are not countable, and therefore cannot have quantitative modifiers expressed as integers.

The view presented above gives a narrow understanding of the term “collective nouns”. In the broad understanding of this term, these include, in addition to those listed, nouns in which collectivity is presented as a meaning that has not received the appropriate grammatical design. Such nouns are not included in the triad series; they may have a numerical paradigm and may be defined by numerals. These include:

1) nouns units. h. (mainly female, less often - male and middle), expressing collectiveness directly by lexical meaning ( crowd, flock, game, shot, rags, greens, evil spirits, dishes, small change, junk, army, detachment, regiment, garbage etc.). There are no words of the same root that name individual representatives of this group;

2) nouns with a collective meaning, having only the plural form. h.: finance, cereal etc.;

3) some nouns with a prefix co-: constellation(like a collection of stars), meeting(meaning ‘collection’), inflorescence etc.

Some linguists do not distinguish collective nouns as a lexical-grammatical category on a par with real, abstract nouns: “...collectiveness in the Russian language refers to grammatical phenomena that are not on a par with lexical-morphological groupings of words” [Grammatical categories of modern nouns Russian language: Guidelines for second year students of philological faculties / Compiled by A.A. Kolesnikov. – Odessa, 1982. – P. 24]. Therefore, collecting is considered by A.A. Kolesnikov not as a lexical-morphological category, but as the meaning of a number.

Agreeing with the characteristics of the semantic specificity of these nouns in relation to the category of number, we at the same time see the one-sidedness of this point of view, primarily in the incomplete coverage and consideration of all the features that make up the content of the lexical-semantic category, in the hypertrophied attention to one side of this phenomenon - the method number expressions. Moreover, we see contradictions in this too.

According to this point of view, a characteristic difference between collective forms and lexico-morphological categories of nouns is the inability of collective nouns to be used in the plural form. h. At the same time, among the collective nouns the author names agents, included in the “ternary opposition of paradigms of the grammatical category of number”: agent - agents - agency[WITH. 22–23]. We will add nouns to them dean's office, rector's office, spruce forest and under. The specificity of this group of collective nouns is the possibility of forming plural forms in them. h. ( agents of the two countries, dean's offices of philological and Romano-Germanic faculties).

Thus, the argument in favor of not separating collective nouns into the lexical-semantic category of nouns looks, in our opinion, unconvincing.

Abstract (abstract) nouns . Actually concrete, real and collective nouns are included in one large group of concrete. Ontologically, they all usually designate objects that are represented materially, “physically,” and have extension, that is, limited in space. They are contrasted with abstract nouns.

Abstract nouns denote objectified qualities, properties, actions, for example: joy, creativity, cheapness, vegetation, diligence etc. Most of these nouns are motivated by adjectives and verbs, less often by nouns. Grammatical features of abstract nouns: they are used in the form of only one number (mainly singular); are not determined by numerals (cannot be combined with them).

The exception is the cases of concretization of abstract nouns and the emergence of plural forms. h. in the occasional use of the word; compare: beauty - the beauty of Crimea, joy - small joys.

In addition to the lexico-grammatical categories listed above, some linguists distinguish the category of singular nouns, or singulars (from Lat. singularis– separate). These include: a) proper names, naming objects that exist in one copy or in several, assigned to an individual with the rights of his naming, for example: Simferopol, Yalta, Dnepr, Volga, Andrey, Natalya etc.; b) common nouns, naming individual objects that are isolated from the aggregate and all together make it up. They have their own singularity suffixes - in-, -ink-: raisin, piece of ice, straw, pearl, speck, grape, speck of dust. As a rule, they are formed from material nouns, less often - from collective nouns (by meaning), have the lexical and grammatical features of specific nouns themselves (limited in space; name specific objects that are counted; have a numerical paradigm; can be defined by numerals) and only in within the category of specific nouns themselves, they can be allocated, taking into account the specifics of the lexical meaning, into a special subgroup.

Some linguists call another category - quality nouns M.F. Lukin lists the following as among them: activist, free spirit, fan, rebel, nobleman, bully, book lover, coquette, moralist, scoffer, paradox, parody, sybarite, cynic, exploiter, sneak, Englishman, German, French, Russian, beauty, clever woman etc. Their lexical feature is recognized as “the predominance of any qualitative features in them.” The full expression of qualitative characteristics can be represented by the form “most (least) + noun”: most moralist, least egoist[Lukin M.F. Morphology of the modern Russian language. – M.: Education, 1973. – P. 27].

In our opinion, the so-called “qualitative nouns” have all the features of actually concrete ones and on this basis should be included in this category, and only in their composition, taking into account the specifics of the lexical meaning, can they be considered as a special subcategory of actually concrete ones.

Thus, nouns, according to the nature of their reflection of objective reality and the presence of certain grammatical features, can be divided into two large groups - concrete and abstract; within the concrete, concrete, material and collective categories are distinguished as independent lexico-grammatical categories.

In language, as in real life, along with clearly opposed phenomena, there are intermediate ones that combine the properties of two adjacent ones. This provision is very important for understanding the lexical and grammatical categories of nouns.

We can single out words that combine some features of two categories:

a) abstract and actually concrete ( idea, thought, hike, journey and under. denote abstract concepts, but at the same time have a numerical paradigm and can be defined by cardinal numerals and ordinal adjectives). This also includes nouns with an occasional (derivational-correlating) plural meaning. hours (type beauty Crimea,joy life,income farmersmells spirits);

b) real and collective (in the lexical meanings of words rags, brushwood and under. materiality and collectivity are combined). Nouns like rags we qualify as collective with elements of materiality (they are included in their own triple series: rag - rags - rags), and nouns like brushwood– as real ones with the additional meaning of collectiveness. In the modern Russian language there are many nouns that combine the signs of collectiveness and materiality; their triple series consists of a) a specific noun with the meaning of singularity; b) a specific substantive in the plural form. h.; c) a noun in singular form. h. with the meaning of collectivity and materiality. The latter are usually affix-free, for example:

bead – beads –beads ,

grape - grapes -grape ,

pea – peas –peas ,

pearl - pearls -pearl ,

egg - eggs -caviar ,

potato – potatoes –potato ,

grain – grains –cereal ,

marmalade – marmalades –marmalade ,

grain of sand – grains of sand –sand ,

fluff - fluff -fluff ,

speck of dust – speck of dust –dust ,

snowflake - snowflakes - sneg ,

straw – straws –straw ,

currants – currants –currant .

They designate matter as a united set consisting of individual objects;

c) actually specific and collective (in the lexical meaning of words crowd, flock, people, regiment, platoon etc. there is a collective meaning, but they have the grammatical characteristics of actual concrete nouns). Apparently, words like furniture, dishes, which denote a collection of objects represented by different names; for example, furniture includes tables, chairs, cabinets, etc., dishes - plates, tureens, forks, spoons, etc.

L.L. Bulanin and L.D. Chesnokov speak about the presence of collective semantics in nouns curls, finances, flakes, thickets, ruins, ruins and under. [Bulanin L.L. Difficult questions of morphology. – M.: Education, 1976. – 208 p.; Chesnokova L.D. Russian language. Difficult cases morphological analysis. – M.: Higher School, 1991. – P. 30].

Other cases of combining in one word the characteristics of two lexical-semantic categories of nouns simultaneously are also possible. Therefore, when practically considering such examples, one should take into account the presence of these signs and not try to subjectively assign a noun to any one “pure”, non-hybrid category.

Animate and inanimate nouns . The division of nouns in modern Russian into animate and inanimate does not completely coincide with the existing scientific understanding of living and inanimate nature.

Semantically to animate noun include nouns naming people and animals, living beings; inanimateness characterizes the names of all other objects and phenomena of objective reality. But it is necessary to note the lack of complete parallelism between the biological concept of living (organic) and inanimate (inorganic) - on the one hand, and the linguistic concept of animateness / inanimateness - on the other. Thus, the names of flowers, shrubs, trees and even groups of persons, animals ( crowd, people, regiment, company, group, platoon, flock etc.) do not have the grammatical category of animation and vice versa - nouns like doll, mermaid, queen, jack, king, ace are grammatically animated.

Grammatically, the category of animate/inanimate is expressed in the coincidence or discrepancy of the forms of name, gender. and wine cases units and many more numbers. In the masculine gender, animate nouns have the same wine. and family cases units and many more numbers, for inanimate ones - wines. and them. cases units and many more numbers. For example:

For other genera, animateness/inanimateness should be determined only by plural. number. For inanimate nouns, all three genders coincide with them. and wine cases, among animate ones - wines. and family plural cases numbers.

Some nouns show fluctuations in classifying them as animate or inanimate. This applies to the names of the simplest organisms: microbes, bacteria and others. Vin. n. in some cases may coincide with them, in other cases - with genus. case.

The following forms can be used in the names of microorganisms: studybacteria , viruses , microbes , but combinations are more preferable studybacteria, viruses, microbes .

In the modern Russian language, there are also fluctuations in the use of wine forms. case of nouns face, personality, character and some others.

Nouns that name animate objects, when used to designate inanimate objects, can retain morphological signs of animation: run papersnake , shoot downreconnaissance bomber , dancehopaka . And vice versa: some of the polysemic words, usually used as inanimate, in one of the meanings can be used as animate; compare: In the corner of the barn laymattress stuffed with hay. You have never met such a lout in your life,mattress ?

Words act as grammatically animate in one of the meanings when referring to a specific person idol, idol, blockhead, spirit, type, graven image, block of wood and under.

Mostly nouns husband are animate. and wives kind. Animate neuter nouns are represented by words child, creature, face, monster, monster, monster, animal, insect, mammal and under. Names of celestial bodies ( Mars, Jupiter, Saturn) are inflected like inanimate nouns.

Some nouns can be classified as animate based on formal features, for example, the presence of the person suffix - tel-. A.A. drew attention to this. Shakhmatov: “The category of animation is also associated with the suffix - tel; this depends on the fact that this suffix actually forms the names of masculine characters” [Shakhmatov A.A. Syntax of the Russian language. – L., 1941. – P. 446].

On the issue of distinguishing between animate and inanimate nouns in the linguistic literature there is another point of view, according to which, in addition to those listed above, nouns that do not have the same name are also classified as animate. and family cases in units and many more number, although these words denote persons, living beings, for example: regiment, people, flock, students etc. Considering that grammar studies the lexico-grammatical, and not the lexical category of animation, that is, a category that has material expression in certain grammatical forms, the first point of view should be accepted.

Most modern linguists believe that all nouns are divided into animate and inanimate. However, there is another, clarifying point of view (A.N. Gvozdev, E.M. Galkina-Fedoruk): only concrete nouns themselves can be divided into animate and inanimate; abstract always refers to inanimate.

The meaning of animate / inanimate is nominative, since it is based on an assessment of the facts of the objective world, takes into account the living and inanimate world of nature. However, there is no complete correspondence here.

The meaning of animate/inanimate is classificatory, constant, present in a word in any of its forms; Animation / inanimateness is regularly expressed syntactically (by the coincidence of the vin. case with the gender or im.; the corresponding forms of compatible adjectives, participles, pronouns, numerals).

For indeclinable nouns, the syntactic expression of animate/inanimate is the only one. Nouns pluralia tantum are classified as inanimate: cream, day, gate, trousers, holidays.

Many phenomena associated with the grammatical category of animateness/inanimateness are explained by the fact that this category took shape in the Russian language in the 16th century, first in the singular. h., then - in plural. h., and before that, in the Old Russian language, the norm was the coincidence of wines. case with it.. The category of animacy first covered personal and proper names, then expanded to nouns naming animals. A relic associated with the period when the category of animation was not yet formalized grammatically are constructions like become a public figure, make an officer, elect a deputy[Kretova T.N., Sobinnikova V.I. Historical commentary on phonetics and grammar of the Russian language. – Voronezh, 1987. – P. 52–53].

Our observations of the results presented by informants, whose roles were teachers and students of philological and natural faculties Taurida National University and teachers of Russian studies in Crimean schools confirm the idea of ​​expanding the lexical and grammatical category of animation in the modern Russian language.

Concrete, abstract, collective, real, singular nouns

According to the characteristics of the expressed meaning, nouns can be divided into several groups: 1) concrete nouns (chair, suit, room, roof), 2) abstract or abstract nouns (struggle, joy, good, evil, morality, whiteness), 3) collective nouns (beast, fool, foliage, linen, furniture); 3) real nouns (cycle: gold, milk, sugar, honey); 5) single nouns (pea, grain of sand, straw, pearl).

Specific nouns are nouns that denote phenomena or objects of reality. They can be combined with cardinal, ordinal and collective numbers and form the forms plural. For example: boy - boys, two boys, second boy, two boys; table - tables, two tables, second table.

Abstract, or abstract, are nouns that denote any abstract action, state, quality, property or concept. Abstract nouns have one number form (only singular or only plural), and are not combined with cardinal numerals, but can be combined with the words many, few, how many, etc. For example: grief - a lot of grief, little grief. How much grief!

Collective nouns are nouns that denote a collection of persons or objects as an indivisible whole. Collective nouns have a shape only singular and are not combined with numerals, for example: youth, old man, foliage, birch forest, aspen forest. Wed. : The old people gossiped for a long time about the lives of the young and the interests of youth. - Whose are you, old man? Peasants, in essence, have always remained owners. - In no country in the world has the peasantry ever been truly free. On the first of September all children will go to school. - The children gathered in the yard and waited for the adults to arrive. All students successfully passed state exams. - Students take an active part in the work of charitable foundations. The nouns old men, peasants, children, students are collective nouns; the formation of plural forms from them is impossible.

Real nouns are those that denote a substance that cannot be divided into its component parts. These words can name chemical elements, their compounds, alloys, medicines, various materials, types food products and agricultural crops, etc. Real nouns have one form of number (only singular or only plural), and are not combined with cardinal numerals, but can be combined with words naming units of measure kilogram, liter, ton. For example: sugar - a kilogram of sugar, milk - two liters of milk, wheat - a ton of wheat.

Singular nouns are a type of material nouns. These nouns name one instance of those objects that make up the set. Wed. : pearl - pearl, potato - potato, sand - grain of sand, pea - pea, snow - snowflake, straw - straw.

Hello, dear students of Argemona! Have you reached this lecture yet? Nice to see you all!

Today the topic of our lesson may be quite difficult for some, because about our own and common nouns Everyone often hears nouns, but those we will talk about today are heard very rarely and, in the end, are forgotten about. But the magic of using specific words directly depends on the existing knowledge about these words. Therefore, let's be patient and begin to jointly study the names of concrete, abstract, collective, and real nouns. In fact, the topic is not that complicated.

Specific nouns are those that can be combined with cardinal (collective) and ordinal numbers. I hope everyone remembers what it is? Cardinal numbers are the number of objects: one, two, two hundred, hundred, etc. Collective - two, three... Ordinal - first, second... Therefore, specific nouns are the names of objects (leaf, tree, table), specific actions (jump, flight), facts and phenomena of reality (lesson, duel). Most of these nouns have forms of both numbers. The only exceptions are the names of paired items: trousers, scissors.

Abstract nouns - these are the names of abstract concepts - properties, qualities, actions, states: mind, joy, wisdom, compassion. Such nouns, as a rule, do not form a plural form and cannot be combined with cardinal numerals. However, some of them have the ability to be combined with indefinitely quantitative words: a lot of joy, a little wisdom, a little happiness.

Collective nouns denote a collection of persons (youth), objects (furniture), animals (young animals), insects (midges), plants (foliage, raspberries), etc. that are homogeneous in some respect, etc., presented as a single whole. They are used only in the singular form and cannot be combined with cardinal numerals, but they can be used with indefinite quantitative words (few foliage) and with fractional numerals (one third of youth).

Semantically similar nouns like “regiment”, “flock”, “grove”, “pile” are not collective.

Task 1. What nouns are “regiment”, “flock”, “grove”, “pile”? Prove it.

The suffixes indicate the sign of collecting: -j- (linen), -stv- (wealth), -nik- (spruce forest), -nyak- (birch forest), -ur- (professor), -itet- (general), -v - (foliage), -n- (relatives), -ot- (poor), -hedgehog (youth).

Real nouns include names of substances of homogeneous composition: food products (flour), materials (cement, chintz), minerals (coal, gold), chemical elements(uranium), medicines (aspirin), plants (wheat, potatoes), berries (raspberries) and other homogeneous divisible masses.
They can be used either in the singular form (water, cabbage) or in the plural form (ink, pasta, perfume).
They cannot be combined with cardinal numbers, but they can be combined with words denoting a measure of quantity: a liter of water, a gram of gold, a bed of cabbage, a pack of pasta, a bottle of perfume.
When the lexical meaning changes, real nouns can take a plural form. For example, mineral waters (implying different types water), sand, snow (occupied space).

Task 2. To understand how well you understand these nouns, give 3 examples of each type. Make up sentences with them, illustrating the application of the acquired knowledge.

Now let's try to understand the magic of these nouns. Here's the text:

A helmet, a shell, a saddle, a bandage, a balm, a lotion.
There is such a craft - a single knight.
Travel here and there, help someone out.
And act all the time yourself - that’s all the work.

Right, if you think about it, is extravagance.
Beating the butt of a whip with a whip - what kind of quixotic behavior is that?
Then you will end up mortal - no sense.
You'll just disappear for nothing - that's all there is to it.

Task 3. Find nouns in this text and determine what they are. What role do concrete nouns play in the text? Which lines resemble phraseological units? Which?

And here is another text:

From here I can see a low house with a gallery of small blackened wooden posts going around the entire house so that during thunder and hail the window shutters could be closed without getting wet by the rain. Behind it are fragrant bird cherry trees, whole rows of low fruit trees, sunken crimson cherries and a sea of ​​yellow plums covered with a lead mat; a spreading maple tree, in the shade of which a carpet is spread out for rest; in front of the house there is a spacious courtyard with short, fresh grass, with a well-trodden path from the barn to the kitchen and from the kitchen to the master's chambers; a long-necked goose drinking water with young, soft-as-down goslings; a picket fence hung with bunches of dried pears and apples and airy carpets; a cart of melons standing near the barn; an unharnessed ox lazily lying next to him - all this has an inexplicable charm for me...

And now the task for this text. It will be big.

Task 4. Select nouns from the text and indicate those that help draw a picture. What category do they belong to?
Then write down the nouns with diminutive suffixes. What is their role in the text?
Look for metaphors and similes. What part of speech are they created by?
Now indicate the nouns that color the picture. Remember that nouns can explicitly name a color, or they can simply be associated with it.

And finally, here’s a thought to complete our topic:

“The category of noun is of great importance for our thought. Without it, no knowledge, no science would be possible. It would be impossible, for example, to talk about light, or heat, or electricity, or about life, or about the state, or about language itself: after all, none of this exists separately.”

Task 5. What category of noun is being talked about here? Do you agree with this? A few of your thoughts on this matter.

Real nouns denote substances of homogeneous composition that are subject to measurement, division, but not counting (i.e., uncountable!): wheat, tobacco, caffeine, oil, silver, clay, lime, perfume, iron, bronze. Each part of a substance formed during division retains the properties of the whole.

Among the material nouns, the following thematic groups can be distinguished:

1. Names of foods and drugs: salt, cereal, sugar, analgin, aspirin, streptocid.
2. Names of materials: brick, wallpaper, gypsum, clay.
3. Names of crops: oats, rye, barley, cabbage, potatoes, strawberries.
4. Names of types of fabrics: chintz, wool, silk, kiwi, velvet.
5. Names of minerals, metals, chemical elements and their compounds: coal, steel, tin, copper, oil, oxygen, calcium, helium.

Real nouns do not have special word-formation indicators, and their real meaning is expressed only lexically.

Grammatical features of real nouns

1. There may be ( flour, honey, tea, milk, tin) or only plural ( canned food, cream, yeast, perfume).
2. They cannot be combined with because they are not countable.
3. Are subject to measurement - combined with, denoting units of mass and volume: liter of milk, kilogram of sugar, a ton of wheat.
4. At the words many/few have a singular form: little sugar, a lot of gasoline.
5. Some material nouns that have only a singular form can be used in the plural form if they denote:

cm. real nouns (in the article there is a noun).

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"material nouns" in books

4. Compound nouns