What are passive participles for? What is the passive participle in Russian?

In the Russian language there are special parts of speech adjacent to a noun or verb. Some linguists consider them to be special verbal forms and explain this by the presence of similar features.

Morphological features

Let's consider in detail, what are participles and gerunds. Even ancient grammarians noted their duality, so they gave them a name meaning “involvement” in a noun or verb.

Communion

Declined, that is, it changes according to gender, number, case, and has a short and full form. At the same time, it has the properties of a verb. For example, having the form:

• checking notebooks (imperfect form) – the one who checks (what is he doing?);
• checker (perfect form) – the one who checked (what did he do?).

Besides , time matters. This is a permanent feature of data having the form either present time(creating) or past(built). There is also the presence of a return form (recognized Xia).

It is characterized by the presence of two voices - passive and active. Passive participles denote a sign of an object experiencing an action (parcel received - parcel received). Real ones reflect the attribute of an object that independently produces an action (a running person is one who runs himself).

From all of the above, the conclusion follows: this part of speech denotes an attribute of an object by action, manifested in time.

Participle

The term originated in the 18th century and means " attitude to action”, as indicated by the first part of the word “dee-” (doer, action). In modern grammar, this name has a part of speech that denotes additive action in relation to the main thing expressed by the verb. Therefore, this form has verbal characteristics:

• view perfect(opening), imperfect (closing);
• repayment(pretending sya).

Perhaps this is where the similarity of the parts of speech under consideration is limited, but there are numerous differences.

How are they different?

First of all, it should be noted that it does not change, that is, it does not decline or conjugate. Therefore, in his morphemic composition no inflection. On the contrary, the endings of participles are their distinguishing feature.

The questions they answer will help you distinguish between these verb forms:

1. Full Communion(which (-th; -oe, -ies) ?); short (what (-a; -o, -s)?).
2. Participle(what by doing? what by doing? how? in what way?).

Another difference is the different syntactic role. The participle performs the function of an adverbial circumstance (Bending, winding, the river into the distance.). Short Communion is only a predicate (The doors to the world of beautiful dreams are open.). The complete one could be:

• definition (Foaming waves crashed against high, inaccessible rocks.);
• part of a composite nominal predicate(The bread was moldy).

Suffixes

The formation of participles and gerunds occurs in a suffixal way.

Participles are formed from verbs of the corresponding form. Table 1.

It is the suffixes of participles and gerunds that indicate that words belong to one or another part of speech.

Important! When forming perfective forms, the suffixes -а, -я are not used: incorrect use: after looking, correct use: after looking.

Participles are not formed from the following imperfective verbs:

• ending in -ch (to take care of, burn the stove and others);
• having the suffix -nu- (pull, go out, shout and others);
• run, stab, climb, plow, want, beat, twist, drink, eat, pour, anger, sew, tear, wait, bend, sleep, lie.

Condition the right choice vowel in the suffixes of present participles - knowledge of verb conjugation. Table 2.

Please note! Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs. There are no present tense forms for the verbs: protect, shave, wake up, call, write, drink.

Table 3

Table 4

The choice of vowel before -н (н) is determined by the infinitive suffix:

Spelling with NOT

Both parts of speech are written with NOT together, if not used without it, for example: disliked, hating.

In other cases, the gerund s is not always written separately, except for words with the prefix nedo-, which means “less than it should be,” “poorly,” for example, having neglected to look after a child. Compare: without finishing watching the film, that is, without finishing watching the film.

The particle "not" should be written separately with the short form of participles (not embroidered), as well as with the full form in the presence of explanatory words (a novel not published on time), negation (far, at all, never, not at all, not at all, and others) or opposition (not started, but finished) .

Use of one and two letters "n"

Double letter -nn- in the suffixes of full participles it is written, if available:

• prefix: beveled, welded (but: uninvited guest);
• dependent words: steamed in the oven;
• suffixes -ova-, -eva-, -irova-: canned, delighted;
• the word is formed from a perfect verb without a prefix (exception: wounded): deprived.

At the end of short forms there is always one -n-: founded, unpacked.

Isolation of syntactic constructions

This is common punctuation error- incorrectly placed punctuation marks in sentences containing adverbial and participial phrases. The reason lies in the inability to distinguish them from each other, determine the boundaries of these structures, and find the word to which they refer.

Let's find out under what conditions they stand out adverbial and participial phrase. Let us present the rules existing in the language with examples.

Participial phrase

Explains a noun or pronoun, is a definition, is isolated if:

• personal: Lulled by his mother's tender words, he slept soundly. I, who knew every path in the surrounding area, was appointed senior reconnaissance group.
• stands after the noun being defined: The soldier, stunned by a shell, fell on the battlefield.
• has a circumstantial meaning of reason or concession: Tired after a long journey, the tourists continued their journey. The tourists continued on their way (despite what?), although they were tired after a long journey. Left to their own devices, the children found themselves in a difficult situation.

The children are in a difficult situation (why?) because they are left to their own devices.

Participial phrase

It denotes the additional action of a predicate verb, is a circumstance, and is always isolated: Rising waves, the sea raged. The old man walked with a limp on one leg.

Important! The exception is phrases that have become stable expressions, such as: holding your breath, headlong, sticking out your tongue, carelessly.

Compare two sentences:

1. Sticking out his tongue, the dog was breathing heavily (The dog stuck out his tongue).
2. The boy ran with his tongue hanging out (he ran quickly).

In the first case, the sentence contains participial phrase. In the second, the expression “sticking out your tongue” has a figurative meaning. It is easily replaced by one word, the adverb “quickly”, therefore, is, which is not isolated.

Common grammatical errors

The most common mistake is incorrect agreement of the participle with the word being explained, caused by the inability to correctly define it. This can be seen in the following example:

Tikhon was a weak-willed man who completely obeyed his mother, Kabanikha.

The writer asked a question from the word Tikhon, although the participle “submitted” explains another word - “man.” The correct option is:

Tikhon was a weak-willed man (what?), completely subordinate to his mother, Kabanikha.

Passive and active participles are often confused:

There was a winning one among the lottery tickets.

From what is written it turns out: the ticket was won, although the thought is different: the ticket was won, therefore, we use the word won.

When using gerunds, it is important to take into account that both actions, main and additional, must refer to the same person. If this is not done, we will get phrases like this: Comprehending the depth of spiritual values, the hero’s worldview changed.

The additional action expressed by the gerund refers not to the hero who performs the action, but to the word “worldview.”

Correct option: Understanding the depth of the spiritual values ​​of the people, the hero changed his worldview.

For the same reason, this part of speech cannot be used in impersonal sentences that convey a state rather than an action: Having deceived the mother, the children felt bad.

Communion and gerund: what's the difference? Participial and participial phrases - a simple explanation

Participial phrase

Conclusion

It is impossible to imagine the speech of an educated person without verb forms. The first help to comprehensively characterize the subject. The latter make it possible to simplify speech, to replace a number of homogeneous predicates, denoting not the main action, but a secondary, additional one. If you learn to understand participles, you will be able to make your speech beautiful, bright, and understandable, which is important for achieving success in life.

The participle is a special independent part of speech in the Russian language, which combines the properties of a verb and an adjective. This is manifested in the fact that the participle is formed from a verb, but answers questions characteristic of an adjective: which one?, what one does?, what one did?, what one did?. Schoolchildren and linguistic students should be able to correctly determine the type of participle. This is a constant morphological feature of the participle; it significantly affects the interpretation of the meaning of the word. To determine the type of participle and avoid mistakes, it is important to use advice and follow the algorithm.

1. First, determine from which verb the participle was formed. This part of speech combines the characteristics of an adjective and a verb. The view can be passive and active. Either an object performs some action, or some action is performed on the object:
   • the active participle denotes the action of an object, for example: reader - someone is reading, a person is reading a book;
     
   • the passive participle describes an action performed with an object, for example: read - something is being read, a book is being read by a person.
     
2. You can determine the type of participle by asking the appropriate questions:
   • what did he do? what is he doing?– questions of the actual participle;
     
   • what's being done?- question of the passive participle.
     
   Remember that this method checks must be combined with a more academic one: according to formal features indicating the appearance. However, this method will help you initially focus on certain type, and then check whether the participle matches it by highlighting the suffix in it.
   
3. Put the participle in full or short form. Note whether the participle you are considering can have both forms. Remember an important sign of the type of this part of speech:
   • the real participle has only a full form in Russian; it cannot be put into a short form without violating language norms;
     
   • the passive participle can have both forms: full and short; for example: readable – readable.
     
   If your participle does not have a short form, it is valid. Sometimes the short form of the passive participle may seem archaic, but you will see that it is quite consistent with the norms of the language. For example: breakable - breakable.

   Active participles are put into a short form only in some dialects, choosing separate words for this. You can immediately distinguish a violation of the norm of the Russian language: reading - reading.
   

4. Please note: short passive participles change in Russian according to numbers and genders. For example: read - readable - readable - readable.
   
5. Parse the participle according to its composition. It is advisable to carry out a complete analysis of the word according to its composition in order to accurately find the suffix. It is this part of the participle that is its formal specific feature. Each type of this part of speech has specific suffixes:
   • active participles: suffixes –ash-, -ush-, -yash-, -sh-, -vsh-;
     
   • passive participles: suffixes –em-, -nn-, -enn-.
     
6. Draw your own summary table of characteristics of the type of participle. Bring it all in useful information about different methods for determining the type of this part of speech: by questions, suffixes, the presence of short and long forms. Stock your table own examples. Then it will be much easier for you to correctly determine the species of the participle, and you will quickly remember all the information by using different types memory.
   
7. Please note that some participles have long since moved to another part of speech. Outwardly, they resemble participles, but in fact they are adjectives, since they denote actions and states that have become permanent features of objects. For example, canned peas. Such words should be treated as adjectives.
   

1. Write down on a separate piece of paper the participles whose type you need to determine.
   
2. Remember your table and start looking at the words in accordance with it. To begin, ask the communion question.
   
3. Check whether this participle has a short, full form.
   
4. Parse the word according to its composition. Select the suffix and find out what type it corresponds to. Determine the type of participle.
   
5. Test yourself: write down the verb from which the participle is formed. Make up a phrase with it. Think about it: are we talking about an action performed by an object or an action that someone performs on an object? Draw your final conclusions and write down the type of participle.
   

Russian is considered one of the most difficult languages ​​to learn. And this fact is very easy to explain only by the number of parts of speech in it, not to mention their special forms. In the school course of the Russian language, children are introduced to the participle as a special verbal form, but many linguists argue that it is an independent part of speech, which has its own grammatical features.

Communion in Russian

The definition in the textbook for grade 7 sounds something like this: a participle is a special form of words denoting an action with clearly expressed signs of an adjective that answer questions Which? what is he doing? and what did he do? Essentially, these are verbs that describe the action of an object and at the same time define its characteristics in a certain period of time. It is precisely this feature of this part of speech that is not only a stumbling block in determining its independence, but also common mistake in indicating the function of words in a sentence that relate to it. Quite often, schoolchildren confuse participles with verbs or adjectives. Such errors lead to incorrect spelling of words and incorrect punctuation in sentences. How to distinguish a participle from a verb or an adjective, how to understand whether it is a full or short participle? Examples that will clearly show how participles are formed from verbs in different conjugations can be found in this article. Also here you can find a description of active, passive participles and verbal adjectives.

Similarities of participles with verb and adjective

The participle includes grammatical features of two parts of speech: a verb and an adjective. Like a verb, it can be perfect or imperfect, or, in other words, it can mean a completed or unfinished action. May have a reflexive form and may be active or passive. Like adjectives, there are full and short participles. Besides this, this form the verb changes according to gender, case and number, which may well mean its independence. It should also be noted that participles can only have present and past tenses. It does not have a future tense form. For example: jumping is an imperfect form in the present tense and jumped off is a perfect form in the past tense.

Features of participles

All participles, depending on what attribute they indicate, are divided into two types: passive (indicating the attribute of the object to which the action is directed) and active (indicating the attribute of the object that performed the action). For example: guided - guide, openable - opening. Depending on which verb is taken to form the participle, a different tense form comes out. For example: look - looking, looking, looking; view - viewed, viewed. The example shows that from a verb of the imperfect form, where there is no indication that the action will be completed, the past and present participles are formed, and from the perfect form only the past. From here we can also conclude that the formation of a participle is directly related to the type and transitivity of the verb, the form of which it represents. In turn, passive participles are also divided into two types: short participle and full participle. Another feature of the participle is that it, together with the words dependent on it, quite often forms a phrase, which is highlighted in writing with commas.

Active participles

To form active participles in the present tense, the initial form of the verb is taken as a basis and a suffix is ​​added to the first conjugation -ush-, -yush-, and to the second -ash-, -box-. For example: galloping - galloping, treating - healing. To form the active participle in the past tense, suffixes -t- and -t- replaced by -sh- and -vsh-. For example: to go - traveling, to carry - carrying.

Passive participles

Passive participles are also formed by replacing suffixes. To form the present tense, suffixes are used for the first conjugation of verbs -eating-, and for the second -them-. For example: love - beloved, keep - stored. In order to obtain the passive past participle, the infinitive with the ending is taken as the basis -at or -et and adds a suffix to the verb -nn-. For example: draw - drawn, stick - pasted. For verbs ending in -it, when forming participles use a suffix -enn-. For example: paint - painted, whiten - bleached. If the ending of the verb -ot, -ut or -yt, then to obtain a participle the suffix is ​​used -T-. For example: inflate - inflated, flog - flogged.

Short and full communion

Passive participles have two forms: short and full. A short participle has the same grammatical features as a short adjective. They are formed from the full form of the participle and can vary by number and gender, but are not declined by case. In a sentence, a short participle often acts as a nominal part of a compound predicate. For example: I'm not loved by anyone. However, there are exceptions in which the short participle is used as a separate definition associated with the subject. For example: pale as a toadstool. Full participles contain the grammatical features of both the adjective and the verb, and in a sentence they are always a modifier.

Participles and verbal adjectives

Participles are characterized not only by the presence of morphological features of the verb, but their meaning in the sentence is especially important. They have the ability to subjugate words, forming phrases that have already been mentioned. However, if the temporary signs that bind the action to themselves are lost, then the sign of the object becomes permanent. And this can only mean that the participle has lost all its verbal characteristics and has become an adjective that depends on the noun. For example: restrained character, taut strings, high spirits. Considering this possibility of a participle turning into an adjective, one should analyze the word very carefully so as not to confuse these two similar, but at the same time different parts of speech.

Scheme of morphological analysis of the participle

Although the participle is not isolated as a separate independent part of speech, but is only said to be a special verbal form with elements of an adjective, morphological analysis is still carried out according to the same scheme as the analysis of independent parts of speech. First of all, the name is determined, in this case it is the participle. Next, its morphological characteristics are described: the initial shape is determined. That is, they put the word in the nominative case in the masculine gender and singular; describe constant features, which include the following indicators: active participle or passive, indicate the time in which the word is used in a sentence and the type of participle; the next paragraph is a description of non-constant features: number, gender and case (for full participles). At the end of the analysis, the syntactic function of the participle in a sentence is described (whether it is a definition or acts as a nominal part of the predicate).

The Russian language is rich in a large number of different parts of speech, which help to construct a literate and logical text. But it is impossible to imagine our native speech without participles, forms of the verb that contain its characteristics, and adjectives. Participles are synthesized parts of speech that have a large number of expressive capabilities and can perform different functions in a sentence. It must be studied as part of the school curriculum.

First of all, it is necessary to define participle as a part of speech. They call it a participle verb form, combining the characteristics of an adjective and a verb and answering the questions which? which? The participle characterizes an action and its sign at the same time. This is how you can briefly explain what a sacrament is. Examples of words related to this part of speech are leading, shouting, knowing, becoming, living, read and many others.

Since a participle is inseparable from an adjective, they have some common features. Thus, participles can change according to numbers, genders and cases. It is important to note that both short and full participles have these features. Examples of words that have these features, bringing them closer to adjectives: dreaming - dreaming (change according to gender), recognized - recognized (single and plural), composed - composed - composed (change according to cases: nominative, genitive and dative, respectively).

Signs of a verb in a participle

Since the participle is one of the forms of the verb, these two parts of speech are closely interrelated and have a set of common features. Among them, it is worth noting the aspect (perfect - said, imperfect - speaking), recurrence and irrevocability (laughing, removed), voice (passive - prepared, active - aging). Transitivity and intransitivity are another feature that characterizes the participle. Examples of words that are transitive are cleaning (room), reading (newspaper), and intransitive words are worn out, inspired.

A special point is the presence of tense in participles. It is necessary to remember that this part of speech has only past and present tenses. Participles do not have a future tense form.

Active participles

This group of participles names the action that the object itself performs. But what is a real participle in practice? Examples of words in this category are frightening, whispering, living, screaming, flying, etc.

In a sentence, the active participle describes an action that develops simultaneously with the one that the predicate names (for example: A mother watches her child playing).

A special situation with active past participles. What action a particular participle describes can be judged after determining the type of verb from which it is derived. So, if the active participle is formed with the help of appropriate suffixes from a perfective verb, then the action occurred before the other one named by the verb. For example, a student sits in class and decides test work. The participle is formed from the verb “decide” (what to do?) - perfect form. A student is sitting in the classroom solving a test. In this case, the sentence uses an imperfect participle.

Passive participles

Another variety of this part of speech is passive participles. Examples of words that fall into this category could be: created, acquired, dressed, built, driven, etc.

This type of participle describes an action that is performed on an object. In turn, the process that the participle calls can occur either simultaneously with what the predicate is talking about, or end earlier, but nevertheless have a connection with the present moment.

Very often, both in speech and in literature, you can find a passive participle with a dependent word. Examples of such phrases: a work written by a composer, a music track listened to by a music lover, etc.

Connection with other parts of speech

The participle can be transformed into other parts of speech under the influence of various processes that contribute to the development of the Russian language. Thus, a participle can be substantivized into a noun (you need to pay attention to words such as commander, future, which answer questions Who? And What?).

Another important concept is the adjectivated participle. Examples of words that have been affected by this process are fried, ripe, hidden, innate, etc. A completely logical question arises: how to distinguish a participle from an adjective in each specific case? One of the main signs that will help you separate these parts of speech is to find a participle with a dependent word. Examples of such words: potatoes fried in a frying pan, an act causing indignation, etc.

Analysis of participles in the topic “Morphology”

In the course of studying each part of speech both in the school curriculum and in curriculum Any philological faculty contains tasks on analyzing a particular word in a sentence. To do this, it is necessary to determine the part of speech to which a given lexical unit belongs and competently perform the analysis. So, let's try to parse the participle. How to determine that a word is a representative of this particular part of speech? You just need to know the typical participle suffixes. Examples of words containing the suffixes -ush-, -yushch (participating, thirsty), -ash-, -yash- (hurrying, sleeping), -vsh- (become), -t- (deceived), -enn-, -nn - (built-in, recognized), -om-, -em- (adored, driven), - all these are participles, active and passive, past or present tense.

So, parsing a participle consists of inserting a question into it (most often which one?), identifying it as a participle, indicating the initial masculine form, singular in the nominative case, the definition of the verb and the suffix with which it is formed from it. It is also necessary to indicate the type, presence of reflexivity and transitivity, voice, tense, form (short or long), gender, number, case and declension, syntactic role in this particular sentence.

Communion(Greek κοινωνία (kinonia) - communion; μετάληψις - acceptance) ( - from Greek Εὐχαριστία (eucharist) - thanksgiving) - in which bread and wine are given into the true Body and true Blood of our Lord, after which believers consume leaving them behind and into Eternal Life.

In the early Church, communion was also called “kinonia”, ( communication), i.e. communication of people with God and in God, i.e. abiding in His and.

The Savior Himself said: “He who eats My Flesh and drinks My Blood has eternal life, and I will raise him up on the Last Day” (). With these words, the Lord pointed out the need for all Christians to closely unite with Him in the Sacrament of Communion.

Who can a priest not allow to receive Communion?

Those whose sins fall under the Church canons prohibiting communion. The basis for a ban on communion for a certain period may be a grave sin (fornication, murder, theft, witchcraft, renunciation of Christ, obvious heresy, etc.), or a moral state completely incompatible with communion (for example, refusal to reconcile with a repentant offender ).

What is Communion?

Archpriest Evgeny Goryachev

Presenter. What is Communion? Is this a Sacrament? Ritual? Sacrament? Magic or witchcraft?
Father Evgeniy. Good question. speaks to some extent in a language that is very understandable to all people, but up to a certain point. After this moment, the language of conventions, the iconic language, the sacred language begins. The term “Communion,” as well as the synonyms: Eucharist, Holy Gifts, Body and Blood of Christ, refer precisely to this. Returning to your question, I would say that, of course, in history, by people who were not inside the ritual circle, that is, by those who perceived it from the inside, being church members, the Sacrament of the Eucharist was perceived both as a rite, and as magic, and as witchcraft . The famous novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "Resurrection" directly indicates that this is something barbaric: "They eat their God." This is something connected with paganism, with some kind of infernal antiquity, it cannot be perceived modern man. But this, of course, does not relate to this as external people think about it, and from some times Tolstoy became external in relation to the Church, but they perceive it as the Holy Scriptures, and tradition, and the Lord, the Establisher of this Sacrament, teach about it. Jesus Christ. I have already spoken this word - “sacrament”. The Church perceives this as something mysterious, which we cannot fully explain, but simply share the experience of every Christian who absorbs the Holy Gifts in this sacred rite. To put it very briefly, I would say that the Sacraments differ from other commandments of God in that they do not talk about ethics, but about mysticism. They are given to us precisely so that ethics becomes real, not an abstraction that we look at and say: “Yes, it’s beautiful, yes, it’s right, but I can’t do it.” Everyone probably remembers the fresco of the Sistine Chapel “The Creation of Adam”, where the Divine hand reaches out to meet the human hand. So, I would say this: The Sacraments, including Communion, are given by God so that our human weakness receives support in the Divine fortress. God from eternity stretches out his hand in order to support the weak hand of man. And all the Church Sacraments, starting from Baptism and ending with Wedding and Unction - they are addressed precisely to this. God supports us, including through the Sacrament of the Eucharist.

Presenter. What does "Body and Blood" mean? What is this – cannibalism?
Father Evgeniy. This may be perceived this way if we proceed from the linguistic context, but if we turn to Biblical history, we see that the One who established this Sacrament, our Lord Jesus Christ, refers listeners to the most ancient Biblical story: “Your fathers ate manna in the desert and died, the bread that I will give you will be yours for eternal life.” “Give us this bread every day,” said the Jews. “I am the bread that came down from heaven,” says the Lord Jesus Christ, “whoever eats my Body and drinks my Blood will have life in himself.” These terms sound: Body and Blood, but whenever we eat meat, no matter whose: pork, beef, venison, rabbit - we always taste dead separateness. And at the Last Supper, not the dead, but the living Christ pointed to the bread and said: “This is my Body.” Not dead, but living Christ pointed to the cup of wine and said: “This is my Blood.” What is the essence of the Sacrament? In a way inexplicable to man, the whole living Christ was united with this bread and this wine, therefore we partake not of a dead individuality, but of the whole living Christ.

Presenter. Still, why - Communion?
Father Evgeniy. Indeed, this is very interesting. Communion. We see in this word, as it were, two sides: the prefix and, in fact, the root itself, “part,” that is, we join something, become parts of something larger. The Apostle Paul said: “Do you not know that you are fellow members of Christ?” What does it mean? In the usual order of laws, we eat so that what we eat becomes us. If a person is not very picky about the amount of food he eats, then he can use the scale to track how much weight he has gained after sitting at the table. In the Church Sacrament, the order of laws is exactly the opposite. It is not food that becomes us, but we become what we partake of. That’s why we say: “Communion,” we become part of something larger.

Presenter. Can everyone receive communion?
Father Evgeniy. Of course, yes, but for this you need to meet several conditions. Of course, a person must be baptized, because the pass, forgive me for this image, to participation in the mystical life of the Church, the pass to the rest of the Sacraments, is precisely baptism. The Church cannot allow an unbaptized person to the Sacrament, because this would be violence against him. If he has not expressed his desire to be a Christian, offering him a purely Christian pastime, spiritual mysticism - this will be a violation of his freedom. But, even if a person was baptized in childhood, but has lost faith or perceives Communion as magical ritual, or he has some other motives and considerations in this regard, then the Church reminds that Communion in this case may not only fail to ennoble and heal a person, but may be harmful to him. By the way, Judas, a participant in the Last Supper, also took communion, and it is said about him that “Satan entered into him with this piece.” Why? The greatest shrine, which should ennoble, transform, and heal, at the same time becomes for Judas a path to a worse life. Because in his heart he already carried the desire to betray the Savior. The priest, coming out with the Eucharistic cup, always says the same words: “Approach with the fear of God and faith.” With faith that this is truly the Body and Blood of Christ. And with fear, because you can receive communion not for improvement, not for healing, but for judgment and condemnation.
As for reality, here, it seems to me, the Christian tradition was divided into two unequal camps, and Orthodoxy went in the middle between them. Protestants began to say that Communion should be perceived as a kind of symbol, behind which there is no reality, as a convention. Christ speaks of himself in the Gospel as a door, but we do not perceive him as a door. He speaks of a vine, this does not mean that He is a vine branch. Likewise, Communion is a convention and nothing more. There is another extreme, which perceives this as naturalism of an exaggerated form: this is meat and blood. In this case, it is indeed legitimate to talk about anthropophagy; this is cannibalism in its purest form. As I already said, Orthodoxy chooses the middle path, which does not dare to say that it is only a symbol. This is a symbol, but behind this symbol there is reality. And he does not dare to talk about naturalism, because in this case we partake of dead separateness. I repeat: the living Christ enters a person in order to transform him, but everything depends on the state of the soul in which a person receives communion. Every person can receive Communion if he is baptized, but the fruits of this Communion depend on the moral component of each individual person.

Presenter. If a person is baptized and believes in the truth of the Holy Gifts, are there any additional conditions necessary to receive Holy Communion?
Father Evgeniy. Absolutely right, such conditions are needed. If a person is baptized, and if at the same time he has no doubt that this is the Body and Blood of Christ, the Holy Gifts, the Church still requires additional preparation from him. It consists of attending worship services, reading the Holy Scriptures, and finally, fasting. Why is this necessary? When we sit down at an ordinary table, at best we read a short prayer, and at worst we simply cross ourselves and eat food, nothing more. But the fact is that no matter how connected the Holy Gifts and any other products are in their substantial form, they are food in the final analysis. We still say that this is special food, and since it is special, then our preparation for it is expressed in the fact that we tune our soul in a certain way. After all, the body and soul are very closely connected. We receive communion in order to obtain a result in the soul, but before we receive communion, we influence our body and our soul so that the Holy Gifts cause the necessary echo. Not in the sense that this is some kind of magic: if you read so many prayers or fast, and then the grace of the influence of the Holy Gifts will be so and so, but if you did less, there will be less. No, but because we prove to God - as, say, we prove our love to a bride, or our care to a sick mother - we prove to God that we are in awe of this Sacrament. We are afraid to defile the gift that God has given us with our unworthiness. Although, of course, a painful perception of the topic of unworthiness should not lead us into the area where a person, due to pseudo-piety, does not receive communion at all. I think that if you perceive Communion as a medicine, then a person, approaching the cup, keeps one simple thought in his mind: “I am not worthy, Lord, make me worthy.”

Presenter. How often should you take communion?
Father Evgeniy. If we talk about the church-legal side, then if a person prays, tries to fulfill the commandments, reads the Holy Scriptures, does good deeds, but does not receive communion, then we are only talking about a greater or lesser degree of his falling away from the fullness of the church. Because the Lord said: “If you do not receive communion, you will not have My life in you.” If we talk about the technical side of the matter, then, it seems to me that this mood that I spoke about, the desire to meet with God, to meet in order to fulfill the commandment and receive renewal - it must be multiplied by an internal self-disciplining attitude. Why? Because there can be an addiction in this case too, if a person, figuratively speaking, steps into Communion, opening the door with his foot, then he needs to take a break. When he receives communion with trembling and feels that this trembling has not left his soul, he can do this at least every week.

Abbot Peter (Meshcherinov):
The Gospel preaches to us the words of Christ: I came so that they might have life and have it more abundantly (). I am the way and the truth and the life (). The Lord, wanting to unite us with Himself, to give us this “abundant life,” chose for this not some mental-intellectual or aesthetic-cultural method, but the simplest method, the most natural for a person - through eating.
Just as food enters us and dissolves in us, penetrates to the last cell of our body, so the Lord wanted to penetrate into us to our very last molecule, to unite with us, to join us, so that we too would fully join Him.
The human mind refuses and is unable to understand the terrible depth of this action of God; truly, this is the love of Christ, which surpasses all understanding (see).

priest Alexander Torik:
It should be noted that in some cases, usually due to the lack of faith of the priest or those praying, the Lord allows a miracle to happen - bread and wine to become real human flesh and blood (such cases are even provided for in the priestly “Servant” in the instructions for priests, called “Teaching News”, in the section on unforeseen cases).
Usually, after some time, flesh and blood again take on the form of bread and wine, but there is an exception: in Italy, in the city of Lanciano, Flesh and Blood with miraculous properties, into which bread and wine were transfigured at the Divine Liturgy, have been preserved for many centuries ().

saint († 1923):
“Take Communion more often and do not say that you are unworthy. If you talk like that, you will never receive communion, because you will never be worthy. Do you think that there is at least one person on earth worthy of receiving the Holy Mysteries? No one deserves this, and if we do receive communion, it is only by the special mercy of God. We are not created for communion, but communion is for us. It is we, sinners, unworthy, weak, who more than anyone else need this saving source... I give you communion often, I proceed from the purpose of introducing you to the Lord, so that you feel how good it is to be with Christ.”

Holy Righteous John of Kronstadt:
It is a disaster for the soul to not partake of the Holy Mysteries for a long time: the soul begins to stink of passions and sins, the power of which increases the longer we wait to receive the Sacrament of Communion.