Summer residents have had a hard time proving that they are not stealing electricity. In general, the burden of proving circumstances indicating an unjustified tax benefit rests with the tax authority

“The time has come to prove patriotism through labor” - He said at a meeting with students of the North Caucasian State Medical Institute - people from South Ossetia the president of this republic is Eduard Kokoity. Yesterday this meeting took place between students of the North Caucasus Mining and Metallurgical Institute and the President of South Ossetia Eduard Kokoity. About 200 students from the fraternal republic, including 40 target people, had the opportunity to ask questions about the current situation beyond the Roki Pass, about how South Ossetia is recovering after the August events of 2008, about the prospects for their personal employment in the republic.

Eduard Kokoity himself set the direction for a frank conversation in this audience, noting: “We must say not only what we like to say, but also what needs to be said today in order to clarify the situation.”

But before starting to communicate with students, the president presented the award of this independent republic - the Order of Friendship - to the rector of SKGMI Vladimir Vagin for fruitful cooperation. After all, the institute provides comprehensive assistance to the South Ossetian education system. In addition, the university was one of the first after the end of hostilities in Tskhinvali to form and send student construction teams there to clear the territory and begin rebuilding the city. And on the eve of the 65th anniversary of the Victory, the university initiated the “65 good deeds” campaign for veterans living in South Ossetia.

Now the time has come to prove your patriotism through peaceful work - at construction sites and factories, where your knowledge and skills acquired at SKGMI are needed,” Eduard Kokoity addressed the students. - After all, restoring the republic after those terrible August days is no easier than fighting for its independence. Of course, Russia provides us with invaluable assistance, North Ossetia, but what the appearance of our republic will be, whether it will be able to fully rise to its feet, depends only on us, citizens of South Ossetia. Know, guys, we are counting on you. We must all work together to make South Ossetia a thriving and dynamically developing republic.

Eduard Kokoity said that the republic is looking for young builders and architects, economists and financiers, managers and teachers. However, so far none of those who left South Ossetia to study are in a hurry to return. Since 2001, only 8 target graduates have returned to the republic out of thousands heading to Russian universities.

But yesterday, among those who gathered at SKGMI, there were those who intend to return to their native republic to work in it. For example, fifth-year student Revaz Bestaev writes thesis on the topic “Road infrastructure of South Ossetia”. And he asked whether specialists in his field are needed in the republic now. To which Eduard Kokoity replied that today, at a time of intensive development of the republic, young, qualified and, most importantly, interested in the progress of South Ossetia, personnel are needed here like air. This is confirmed by the figures cited by the president: 157 newly built and reconstructed houses have already been commissioned in the republic, with over 350 more in the pipeline. 118 apartments in municipal buildings and 2 kindergartens have also been restored at the expense of the republican budget. But during the August war, more than 70% of private and municipal housing was damaged.

Frankly speaking, it is not easy for us to defend the interests of the republic; many of the organizations involved in restoration work in South Ossetia have personal gain as their goal,” continued Eduard Kokoity. - Let me give you an example: one man himself found funds and reconstructed a house that was damaged during the Georgian aggression. This cost him 470 thousand rubles, which followed from the estimate he presented. He was entitled to reimbursement of these funds from the republican budget. But at the State Unitary Enterprise for the Restoration of South Ossetia, where he was supposed to be reimbursed for this amount, he was told that contracts are not concluded directly with the owners of houses, and this must be done through their contractor, who will draw up his own estimate for this work. As a result, such an estimate, passed through the Pricing Center, already amounted to 1 million 786 thousand rubles... And we have many similar examples, when someone wants, roughly speaking, to “make money” at the expense of South Ossetia. I can say that in the last four months alone, thanks to the integrity of South Ossetian officials, 1 billion 586 million rubles were, so to speak, “saved” on such attempts to write off funds.

In his speech to the youth of the North Caucasus State Medical Institute, President Kokoity did not ignore another topic that is on the lips of many today:

There are no provocative conversations around South Ossetia today. But I don’t see the point in reacting to them - this time can be spent on solving much more important problems. I just want to warn you: the forces that lost the war in South Ossetia in 2008 cannot calm down in any way and have taken a different path. They understand that we survived those difficult times of genocide thanks to our unity and support. They are trying to divide us, but we must not give in, we must not lose faith in ourselves and each other. Judge by facts, not by idle talk.

Vice-Rector of SKGMI Oleg Gabaraev voiced the situation with housing for his students: “Many children’s housing in South Ossetia is unsuitable for living. Is it possible to restore one building as a temporary hostel for young professionals until they rebuild their homes? From us - the workers who will take on this object, from you - the means and materials...”

The President replied that this proposal would be considered, especially since the republic has a reserve fund, funds from which can be used for these purposes.

But, he continued, if we implement this project, it must be truly temporary housing. Because many of our fellow countrymen have formed dependent ideas - that someone should create conditions for them, provide them with a house - renovated and furnished... And today many do not want to be anything other than refugees, trying to “squeeze” out of this their status as much as possible more privileges. But we will not feed such a trend.

When I graduate from college, I need to go to work in my homeland, I will definitely be useful to my republic, and knowledge of my profession will help me with this, - students shared such plans with their classmates in the foyer of the educational building after the meeting. - In the end, this is now an independent state, there is an international political space, and now there are much more prospects for realizing oneself in the profession. Let's go!..

And those around nodded in agreement.

So we will find out after the issuance of diplomas - these are words for the occasion or a position. Citizen and patriot.

That saying of the great Russian writer expresses a very deep and correct thought. Man is a higher, intelligent being, sharply separated from the rest of the world. The making of tools separated man from the animal environment.

The entire human body is adapted to work. He has free hands, which he does not rely on when walking. The structure of the hands is such that they are convenient for grasping, moving and holding objects: they are extremely capable of precise movements. Human legs are adapted to walking on the ground.

Humans have an extremely highly organized nervous system, especially the brain" By weight, our brain is almost three times larger ( average weight it is about 1500 g) than the brain of the higher large apes - gorillas and chimpanzees - and is much more complex in structure.

Human labor is of a social nature. This requires people to have mutual understanding. It is achieved primarily through articulate speech. Animals have weaker means of communication. They are expressed in screams and expressive body movements.

Already this brief description the basic characteristics of man shows how far he has gone from the rest of the animal world. But modern science has shown not only how various bodily features of the human body arose, but also how what most distinguishes man from an animal appeared and developed, and first of all labor, articulate speech and other features. Paleontology and anthropology show what human ancestors were like. Archeology - a science that studies the material monuments of ancient culture and the development of ancient human society - reveals to us the history of the emergence and development of human society, its productive forces and production relations.

In the second half of the last century, Charles Darwin and other scientists showed that the ancestor of man was a breed of ape, covered with hair, with a small tail and rather large fangs. And indeed, comparing people with apes, one can see not only differences, but also many similarities in the structure of the skeleton, muscles, internal organs, V chemical composition blood and a number of other features.

The orangutan has about 50 common characteristics with humans, the gorilla has 90, and the chimpanzee has about 100. However, Darwin and other scientists did not know the real ancestors of humans: they had not yet been discovered. They also failed to explain how and why basic human characteristics arose.

The main reason for the emergence of man, the humanization of our ape-like ancestors, was established about 80 years ago by Friedrich Engels. In his work “The Role of Labor in the Process of Transformation of Ape into Man,” he proved that labor played a decisive role in the emergence of man.

The decisive step from ape to man was made during the transition to a terrestrial lifestyle and the development of an upright gait. The development of forest-steppes and steppes in the second half and especially at the end of the Tertiary period over vast areas of Asia, Europe and Africa led to the extinction of many species of monkeys. Others adapted to life on Earth rather than in trees. “If the upright gait of our hairy ancestors was destined to become first a rule and then a necessity, then this suggests that in the meantime more and more other activities fell to the lot of the hands. Already among monkeys there is a well-known division of functions between the arms and legs" ( F. Engels. Dialectics of nature, M., Gogpolitizdat, 1955, p. 133).

Bipedal walking freed up hands with which the monkeys could grab stones and sticks to defend themselves from enemies; in addition, they could also dig the ground with sticks, looking for roots and plant bulbs, and insect larvae. “Before the first flint was turned into a knife by the human hand, such a long period of time must have passed that in comparison with it the historical period known to us is insignificant. But the decisive step was taken, the hand became free and could now assimilate acquired more and more new skills, and the greater flexibility acquired by this was passed on by inheritance and increased from generation to generation.

The hand, therefore, is not only an organ of labor, it is also a product of it" ( F. Engels. Ibid., page 133).

Engels expressed the essence of the entire process of the emergence of man in three words: “Labor created man.” He believed that the process of humanizing the ape took place over enormous periods of time.

After the work of Darwin and Engels, many discoveries were made in science that confirmed, supplemented and developed their thoughts.

In 1891, on the island of Java, in layers dating back to the beginning of the Anthropocene, the age of which is estimated at approximately 1 million years, the Dutch scientist Dubois found the remains of ancient people, or Pithecanthropus. Pithecanthropus translated from Greek means “ape-man.” Darwin suggested the existence of such intermediate creatures between man and ape, and his scientific foresight was brilliantly confirmed. Judging by the size of the hips, the height of Pithecanthropus was about 170 centimeters, and the volume of the brain, as shown by the skull cap, turned out to be approximately 900 cubic centimeters (in modern man, as we have already said, - 1400-1500 cm3). This ancient man still carried many ape-like features: he had a low sloping forehead, sharply protruding supraorbital ridges, and the entire cranial vault was very low. Judging by the relief on the skull, the inferior frontal gyrus of the brain, where the motor center of speech is located, is much more developed than in monkeys. In terms of the structure of the hip, the ape-man is closer to the modern one than in the structure of the brain and skull. He had an awkward but straight gait. Subsequently, skulls of other Pithecanthropus and the crude stone tools they made were found in Java. But, apparently, they did not yet know how to use fire. When Pithecanthropus lived, Java was connected to the mainland and represented the southeastern tip of Asia. The climate was similar to today's, but a little cooler. Together with Pithecanthropus, elephants, tapirs, deer, monkeys and other animals lived in the forests.

The distribution area of ​​Pithecanthropus was not limited to Java or even South Asia. IN recent years French scientists found the mandibles of similar people, along with simple stone tools, in North Africa, in Algeria.

In 1927, the Chinese archaeologist Pei Wenzhong made another remarkable discovery in caves near Beijing. In connection with systematic excavations carried out in caves near the village of Zhou Kau Tien over a number of years, the bones of many ape-men were found of different ages and floors, bones of various animals, crude stone tools, remains of fires. They were called Sinanthropus, that is, Chinese ape-men. Sinanthropus lived 100-200 thousand years later than Pithecanthropus and in its own way physical development and culture have moved ahead in comparison with them. Sinanthropus had a brain with a volume of about 1100 cubic centimeters and a more convex forehead than Pithecanthropus. This development of the brain was obviously associated with the constant production and use of tools. Sinanthropus is observed to develop right-handedness - using predominantly the right hand when working. This is evidenced by significant asymmetry of the brain.

At the same time, with difficulty, thinking and speech arose and developed in the most ancient ancestors of modern people. Speech is a means of communication between people, and in social and working life, cases of mutual support and joint activities have become a necessity. “First, work, and then, along with it, articulate speech, were the two most important stimuli, under the influence of which the monkey’s brain gradually turned into the human brain, which, for all its similarities with the monkey’s, far surpasses it in size and perfection. And in parallel with the further The development of the brain was accompanied by the further development of its closest tools - the sense organs" ( ).

The fact that synanthropes could speak is evidenced by the complex relief in the area of ​​the lower part of the left frontal gyrus of their brain, where the so-called motor speech center is located. The limbs of Sinanthropus, even more than the skull, resemble in structure the limbs of modern humans.

During the era of the existence of Sinanthropus, the climate in northern China was milder and damper than it is now. Many generations of Sinanthropus lived in caves. They used fire. However, as research has shown, they did not yet know how to artificially produce fire. The fire produced during a forest or steppe fire or volcanic eruption was maintained, not allowing it to go out. Like Pithecanthropus, Sinanthropus lived in small groups, collectively collecting plant food - fruits, berries, roots, and jointly hunting various rodents, wild horses, wild boars, buffalos, sometimes even elephants and rhinoceroses. This was the initial stage of the primitive communal system, the first socio-economic formation in human history.

The distribution of Sinanthropus was not limited to Northern China. Finds of bones of people standing at approximately the same level were made in various places in Europe, Asia and Africa. Back in 1907, near the city of Heidelberg, in Germany, the lower jaw of a primitive man close to Sinanthropus was found. Recently, the bones of a man resembling Sinanthropus were found in Central Vietnam. In various places in Africa, remains of various ancient people have been discovered, close to Pithecanthropus and Sinanthropus or to primitive people who appeared later. These are the "Cape Telanthropus", close to Sinanthropus and Heidelberg people, Afrikanthropus, which is called African Sinanthropus. According to some characteristics, Afritropians are already similar to primitive people, or Neanderthals.

Without a doubt, paleontological and archaeological research in the future will reveal new ancient fossils of people of various physical types who were on the path of development to modern man.

Several hundred thousand years ago, from the ancient people about whom we spoke, primitive people developed, standing between the modern type of man and the ape-man. These primitive people were called Neanderthals (after the Neanderthal River valley in Germany, where their remains were first found in 1856). Their head and arms have already lost most of their apelike characteristics and become almost human. Primitive people were short, about 160 centimeters, but they were distinguished by significant strength. They were stocky, muscular, slightly stooped, with wide, protruding faces, with a wide, sometimes strongly protruding nose. The teeth are large, strong, adapted for chewing solid food. Monkey features were reflected in the powerfully developed supraorbital ridges, obliquely set teeth and the absence of a chin. The lower leg and forearm were relatively short, and the hands and feet were massive, which made the movements of Neanderthals clumsy. This is the general portrait of a Neanderthal, which is reconstructed by anatomists and anthropologists based on the study of his bone remains. Soviet anthropologist M. M. Gerasimov developed an accurate restoration technique appearance people's faces based on their skulls. This gives us the opportunity to see portraits of our ancestors who lived tens and hundreds of thousands of years ago.

Neanderthals had a large head, and their brain volume was on average 1400-1500 cubic centimeters. Their speech center in the brain was better developed than Pithecanthropus and Sinanthropus. Their bones were found in

Europe, Central Asia, Palestine, Java and South Africa (Rhodesia). They were not in America and Australia. In the USSR, they were discovered in the caves of Crimea near Simferopol, in Uzbekistan (Teshik-Tash grotto near the city of Baysun). Along with the remains of bones and skeletons of Neanderthals, stone tools and other objects of material culture dating back to the ancient Stone Age were discovered. Neanderthals were better at making rough stone wedges (axes), various scrapers and other tools than their predecessors. Bone processing was just in its infancy. There is no doubt that they also used wooden tools - clubs, spears, digging sticks. But they didn’t reach us.

The favorite habitats of Neanderthals were caves and river valleys. They collected edible plants, their fruits, roots, and also hunted various wild animals. Neanderthals made extensive use of fire and probably knew how to produce it by rubbing pieces of wood or hitting flint stones.

Neanderthals, like other ancient people, led hard and harsh lives. Most of them, as the study of bone remains shows, died or perished in childhood and young age. They had to fight with nature: overcome climatic and other adversities, defend themselves from attacks by wild animals, etc. Therefore, V.I. Lenin said that there was no golden age behind us and that primitive man was depressed by the difficulty of existence.

Interestingly, Neanderthals and the Cro-Magnons who replaced them suffered from rheumatism and traumatic injuries. They did not have many diseases characteristic of later people (for example, tuberculosis, dental caries).

Over the course of approximately 300-400 thousand years, the body of primitive man was improved. Gradually, as a result of labor, his entire appearance changed. About 100 thousand years ago, descendants of Neanderthals appeared, outwardly similar to modern humans - Cro-Magnons.

At this time, the great cooling on Earth was greatest. But man has already learned to make clothes and master fire well. He also learned to make thin and long, like a knife blade, silicon plates and other well-processed tools. Widely used for various crafts and bone. Carefully finished knives, awls, scrapers, chisels, bone needles with eyes for sewing clothes, etc. appeared. This was the late ancient Stone Age. In the sites of these ancient people of modern appearance, in addition to household items and hunting tools, female figurines or various images of animals carved from mammoth ivory are found, and in the caves skillfully made drawings were found.

Collecting plants and hunting were still the main means of subsistence for the new, or, as they are called, intelligent people. The first "new people" were nomadic hunters. They even hunted such large animals as bison, rhinoceros and mammoth. They especially exterminated reindeer, as well as sheep, partridges and other small animals. When excavating their sites, they usually find many bones of various animals that remained from “mammoth and reindeer hunters.”

Tens of thousands of years passed. Major changes took place in the way of life and in the economy of people. They developed settled settlements, and about 15-20 thousand years ago, on the verge of the modern geological era - the “Holocene” - man invented the bow and arrow. This expanded hunting opportunities. A new era has begun in the history of mankind - the New Stone Age, or Neolithic. By this time, man had already become an inhabitant of dwellings, the owner of various clothes, he surrounded himself with domestic animals and cultivated plants. However, 6000-7000 years ago the Stone Age ended. The era of metal has arrived. Man moved from collecting ready-made products of nature to consciously producing and accumulating them. He became a transformer of nature. But this is the topic of a special book. We will continue our journey into the depths of time, into the distant history of life.

Darwin discovered the laws of evolution of plants and animals and explained why organisms do not remain constant, but change and develop. He proved that lower animals gave rise to higher ones, that the ancestor of man was the monkey. This is Darwin's great merit. However, even this brilliant scientist was unable to fully uncover the mystery of how the monkey turned into a completely different creature - person. Darwin believed that the existing differences between man and ape are not so significant, that they are approximately of the same order as the differences that exist between the ape and lower mammals. Darwin's incorrect view of man as a species of animal gave rise to reactionaries to claim that the laws governing the lives of animals apply to human society. As you know, in a class society, all the benefits are enjoyed by an insignificant minority, which does not directly produce itself, but lives off the labor of others. The vast majority of working people, who create untold wealth, suffer poverty, often go hungry, get sick and die untimely. The reason for this abnormal phenomenon is that in a class society the means of production - a significant part of the land, factories and factories - means of transportation and communications, banks belong not to the entire people, but to the landowners and capitalists. Under these conditions, production does not serve the purpose of satisfying the needs of the people, but capitalists' profit. We already know that to justify social inequality, the exploiting classes use religion, which teaches that everything that exists is eternal and unchanging. But this is not the only means used by the reaction. For the same purposes, exploiters also attract science, which they distort and falsify in advance. Here is one of many examples.

Malthus' priest theory

The barbaric fabrications of the Malthusians

How is a person different from an animal?

Animal labor