What is the name of parliament in different countries? Parliamentary republic: examples of countries. Parliamentary republics: list In the parliament of the thirtieth state there are three identical

Social studies takes 2.5 hours. The work consists of two parts.

Part I consists of 10 complex tasks.

1.5 hours are allotted to complete the tasks of the first part.
Read each task carefully and the suggested answer options, if any. Answer only after you understand the question and have considered all possible answers. Complete the tasks in the order in which they are given. If a task is difficult for you, skip it. You can return to missed tasks if you have time.
Part II consists of a creative task that takes 1 hour to complete. Write an essay on social studies on one of the presented topics (the student’s choice).
Algorithm for working on an essay:

Familiarization with the proposed topics; determining the meaning of the proposed statements; understanding the problem in the context of historical science; formulating your attitude to the statement; definition of historical terms, concepts and generalizations that will be required to express and justify the position at the theoretical level; selection of facts and examples from social science that convincingly substantiate one’s own position; conclusion

PART 1.

Task 1.

Row tasks

1. Name general concept for the ones below:

1.1. Refusal of a gift, will, agreement on children, agreement of exchange, issuance of a power of attorney__________________________________________________________

1.2. Realism, neorealism, liberalism, neoliberalism, neo-Marxism_________________________________________________

2. What is extra in each row? Write out the excess and explain why you decided so.

2.1. Law, government decree, constitution, organization charter, sentence, presidential decree

__________________________________________________________________

2.2. Small group, primary group, family, formal group, secondary group, informal group

__________________________________________________________________

2.3. Thomas Hobbes, Niccolo Machiavelli, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau

__________________________________________________________________

Task 2.

1. Tasks for choosing an answer (“yes” - if the statement is true, “no” - if the statement is false)

1.1. The influx of migrants from neighboring countries will cause a decrease in wage rates on the labor market in Moscow.

1.2. Moving from one subcultural group to another can be an example of social mobility.

1.3. Changes in the exchange rate affect the general level of prices in the country.

1.4. People's actions based on the pursuit of some value that is significant to them can be considered rational.

1.5. A firm with market power can sell products at the price it sets.

1.6 . Niccolo Machiavelli was a staunch opponent of democracy and in his book “The Prince” gave a detailed criticism of this form of government.

Task 3.Insert concept

4.1. _____________ taxes are taxes, the burden of payment of which can be transferred to the end consumer.

4.2. ___________________ - largely devoid of structure large group people united by an emotional mood or subject of attention.

4.3. ___________________ - any reaction on the part of others to the behavior of a person or group, expressing an assessment of behavior in accordance with norms.

4.4. ___________________ is a set of ways and methods by which the normative provisions of the political system are implemented in the practice of political institutions.

Task 4. Establish a correspondence between philosophical teachings and their

main ideas: for each position given in the first column, select

the corresponding position from the second column.

Social statuses of the individual Types of status

1) marginal A) acquired

2) Ukrainian B) prescribed

3) chairman of the trade union

4) woman

5) 30 year old man

Task 5. Below are statements by famous thinkers of the past regardingthe same concept

(in the text it is designated as […]; variations of the modified parts of this word are possible).

"The best […] there is one that makes itself superfluous” (Wilhelm von Humboldt).

"The greatest […] -he who has […] above yourself" (Seneca).

“[...] can be defined as the realization of intended goals” (Bertrand Russell).

« […] loses all its charm if it is not abused” (Paul Valéry).

“Small errors seem large if they are found in the behavior of those to whom they are entrusted […] "(Plutarch).

Answer_____________________________________________________________________

Task 6. Analyze from a legal point of view.

1. Ivan decided to purchase an apartment for his one-year-old son Alexander, indicating him as the buyer in the apartment purchase and sale agreement. The realtor told Ivan that Alexander cannot be listed as the buyer, since due to his minor age he does not have the right to purchase property, and therefore state registration transfer of ownership will be denied. The realtor believed that Ivan should purchase the apartment as his own and then give it to his son.

Indicate who made what mistakes. Justify your answer.

___________________________________________________________________________

2. Employees Investigative Committee during the investigation of the murder, we received operational information according to which one of the suspects was citizen M., and that the said citizen was in confession with priest K. the day after the murder. To verify the version of citizen M.’s involvement in the murder, K. was summoned for questioning at as a witness.

Is K. obliged to testify? Justify your answer.

Answer: _____________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

Task 7. What modern concept unites the views of famous thinkers given below?

Aristotle:

Proper legislation must be the supreme power, and officials- be it one or more - should be decisive only in cases where the laws are unable to provide a precise answer.

S. L. Montesquieu:

If the innocence of citizens is not protected, then freedom is not protected either. Information about the best rules that should be followed in legal proceedings is more necessary for humanity than anything else in the world... This information has already been acquired in some countries and should be learned by others.

I. Kant:

In fact, since every right consists only in limiting the freedom of everyone else by the condition that it is compatible, according to some general law, with my freedom, and public law(within the framework of the community) is nothing more than actual legislation, in accordance with this principle and combined with power, by virtue of which all belonging to one people as subjects are in a certain legal state (status iuridicus) in general, namely in a state of equality of action and the counteraction of the mutually limited arbitrariness of people in accordance with the universal law of freedom (which state is called civil) - then everyone in this state absolutely equally has a natural right (that is, belonging to them before committing any legal action) to force everyone so that the use of his freedom always remains within the boundaries of agreement with my freedom.

N. M. Korkunov:

Every separate body state power, he emphasized, has power only within the limits of the law.

Answer:_______________________________________________________________________

Task 8. The demand and supply of labor are given by the equations LD=1000–W,
LS=(–100)+W, Where LD And L.S. - the magnitude of labor demand and supply, W - bid wages. How will the number of people employed change if the government sets the minimum wage at 500?

Solution:________________________________________________________

_____________________ _____________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

Task 9. There are several theories of separation of powers. One theory distinguishes three types of power: legislative, executive and federal.

B. Indicate which types of power should not be shared and why.

D. In what case, according to this theory, are the people given the right to use force in relation to the authorities?

D. The author of the theory recognizes the right of the highest executive body to convene and dissolve the legislative body. How does he explain why such a power does not violate the principle of separation of powers?

Task 10. “Parliament” (logical task)

In the parliament of the thirtieth state, consisting of 100 deputies, there are only three factions: truth-tellers, truth-phobes and moneyphiles. Truth-tellers always tell the truth, truth-phobes always lie, and moneyphiles sometimes tell the truth, sometimes they lie. To the question “Which faction is the most numerous?” 70 deputies answered that the majority were truth-phobes, 29 said that truth-tellers predominated, and one said that there were equal numbers of truth-tellers and truth-phobes. Determine how many truth-tellers, truth-phobes and moneyphiles there actually are in this parliament?

Justify your answer:

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

PART 2. Essay

1. “Representative government is an instrument that only excellent musicians can play, it is so difficult and capricious” (K. Metternich)

2. “Man has become a commodity and views his life as capital that should be invested profitably. If he succeeds in this, then his life has meaning, and if not, he is a failure” (E. Fromm)

3. “Patriotism, as a feeling, is a bad and harmful feeling; as a teaching is a stupid teaching, since it is clear that if every people and state considers If they try to pretend to be the best of peoples and states, then they will all be in gross and harmful delusion.”()

4. “You shouldn’t rely on public opinion. This is not a lighthouse, but will-o'-the-wisps."(A. Maurois)

5. “It doesn’t matter who is in front of you: a crowd of academics or a crowd of water carriers. Both are a crowd."(G. Lebon)

6. “If there were no such points at which the interests of everyone would converge, there could be no talk of any kind of society” (J.–J. Rousseau)

7. “A beautiful thing is love for the fatherland, but there is an even more beautiful thing - this is love for truth. Love for the fatherland gives birth to heroes, love for truth creates wise men" ()

8. “You cannot achieve economic prosperity by raiding the state treasury”(G. Hoover)

9.“Only two incentives force people to work: the thirst for wages and the fear of losing it”(G. Ford )

10. “Laws are useless for both good people, and for the bad: the former do not need laws, the latter do not become better from them” (Democritus)

1. “Yes” or “no”? If you agree with the statement, write “yes”; if you disagree, write “no”. Enter your answers into the table (maximum 10 points).

1.1. Monarchy and democracy are incompatible.

1.2. Rules of law exist only in written form.

1.3. The extensive path of economic development is based on resource-saving technologies and increasing labor productivity.

1.4. Concept political power identical to the concept of state power in content and power.

1.5. Constitutional duties of citizens Russian Federation are contained in Chapter 2 of the Russian Constitution “Rights and freedoms of man and citizen”.

1.6. According to the definition, people are considered unemployed if they do not have a job and are not looking for work.

1.7. A budget deficit can occur when the gross national product (GNP) increases.

1.8. The principle of separation of powers in a democracy rule of law implies the division of power into three branches independent from each other.

1.9. All personal qualities a person is determined by his genetic code.

1.10. Catholics and Protestants are Christians.

Answers:

2. Budget is the most in an efficient way state regulation of the economy. Fill out the table by selecting from the list the numbers of positions corresponding to its columns (maximum - 10 points)

Content state apparatus
Loans from the public and banks
Service government debt
Taxes
Nature conservation (ecology)
Maintaining defense capability
Trade in natural resources
External loans
Privatization
Preservation of cultural and historical heritage

State budget
Income	Expenses

3.1. Additional question for the crossword puzzle. Give examples of changes in the life of society (or nature) associated with the definitions proposed in tasks No. 6, 12, 19. What do you see as the main criterion that distinguishes these definitions? (5 points = 1 point for the correct example + 2 points for defining the criterion)

Horizontal

1. Stable, natural connections between objects and phenomena, that is, what must necessarily happen under given conditions

5. A special type of human activity aimed at improving the world and oneself.

9. The process of a person’s entry into the social environment in which his life activities take place; in other words - familiarization with the system of norms and values accepted in society

11. Development, characterized by movement from lower to higher forms, from less perfect to more perfect

12. A radical, qualitative revolution in the social order.

13. A process opposite to that described under No. 11 in the crossword puzzle

15. A theory that gives priority to reason as the basis of human cognition and behavior, as opposed to sensationalism.

16. A person with his own socially conditioned qualities. A person becomes it, an individual is born.

19. Gradual changes (from Latin - “deployment”). Used as a synonym for development (in a broad sense). The opposite of what you defined under No. 12

Vertical

2. Unity of elements interacting based on interconnection

3. A part of the world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, which includes ways of interaction between people and forms of their associations

4. The experienced and perceived need for something is the motive for activity

6. Transformation of any aspect of the life of society without affecting its foundations

7. Theory of knowledge (in Greek)

8. One of the main activities that ensure the existence of people

10. The ability to choose activities in accordance with your needs, goals and desires

14. The primary stage of sensory cognition. Reflection of individual properties and characteristics of an object in the human mind.

17. A biosocial creature with the gift of thinking and the ability to create tools.

18. Correspondence of the acquired knowledge to reality

20. The most difficult stage of rational (logical) thinking. Reasoning during which a new judgment is derived (conclusion, conclusion).

Answer (for additional question) ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. “Eliminate unnecessary things.” In each of the five tasks below on the topics “Man” and “Society” TWO of the terms given fall out of the general series. Identify them and write down the letters under which they are indicated in the table(up to 10 points)

4.1. Natural human needs:

a) biological

b) physiological

c) social

d) organic

d) ideal

f) natural

4.2. Interpersonal relationships:

a) business

b) personal

c) political

d) formal

e) informal

e) sustainable

e) situational

g) economic

4.3. Concepts characterizing social dynamics:

a) progress

b) structure

c) evolution

d) revolution

e) stratification

4.4. Personality Definitions:

a) subject of relations and conscious activity

b) a stable system of socially significant traits characterizing an individual

c) subject of knowledge and change of the world

d) man as part of living nature

e) man as a separate representative of the human race

f) a person with his own socially conditioned and individual qualities

4.5. Features of post-industrial society:

a) is based on machine production

b) information plays a decisive role

c) production is focused on consumer needs

d) the extensive path of economic development predominates

e) the service sector prevails over the production of goods

Answers:

5. Below are statements by famous writers and thinkers of the past regarding the same concept (in the text indicated […]; Variations of changeable parts of a given word are possible) (up to 5 points).

““The best […] is the one that makes itself superfluous” (Wilhelm von Humboldt)
“He who has […] above himself has the greatest [...]” (Seneca)
“[...] can be defined as the realization of intended goals” (Bertrand Russell)
“[...] loses all its charm if it is not abused” (Paul Valéry)
“Small errors seem large if they are revealed in the behavior of those to whom they are entrusted […]” (Plutarch).

5.1. What is this concept?

Answer ________________________________________________

5.2. Which of these thinkers' statements do you find most important and interesting? Justify your answer (2-3 sentences)

6. Insert in place of the gaps the serial numbers of the corresponding words and combinations of words from the proposed list. Words and combinations of words are given in the list in singular. The same words and combinations of words may be omitted more than once in the text. Please note: in the list of words and combinations of words there are some that should not appear in the text(10 points)

“A role is the expected _____ associated with a specific _____. The set of roles corresponding to a given _____ is called _____. Our roles are defined by the expectations of others _____. Some of these expectations, such as laws, are _____, while others, like table manners, are _____. When a person's _____ meets role expectations, they receive social _____ (such as money or _____).”

7. Below are well-known symbol images. Indicate what exactly these signs mean (up to 7 points = 5 - for identifying the sign + 2 for the correct base of division).

7.1. Divide the signs into two groups, so that one group has three signs and the other two, indicate the basis for such a division. In the group line, enter the appropriate numbers.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Group 2._______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Round 2 tasks.

8. Read the text. This is an excerpt from an essay on various types economic systems. The author was unable to distinguish between the characteristics of two different economic systems. Do it yourself (up to 10 points). For this

1) in the table, title the columns, identifying the types of economic systems in question;

2) enter in them the serial numbers of sentences reflecting the characteristics of each of the types of economic systems you have identified.

1. This is an economic system based on traditions fixed in the minds of people based on the experience of generations. 2. It is characterized by centralized directive planning. 3. Economic power is concentrated in the central government, in the bureaucratic apparatus. 4. Customs determine the use of rare limited natural resources. 5. Enterprises act in accordance with the planned targets communicated to them from the upper echelons of management. 6. Such a system is often based on totalitarian regimes; it contradicts the democratic principles of governance. 7. This is, as a rule, a subsistence economy that serves itself at the expense of own resources and strength. 8. The dominant role belongs to distributive, command methods. 9. This system fundamentally impedes the development of a free market, competition, and entrepreneurship. 10. It functions on the basis of traditional patriarchal, semi-feudal hierarchical ties between people.

Answer:

9. Solve a logic problem (8 points = 4 for the correct answer + 4 for revealing the logic of reasoning).

In the Parliament of the Thirtieth State there are three factions of equal size - Yellow (who always lie), Blue (who always tell the truth) and Purple (who sometimes tell the truth, sometimes lie). Last week, parliament approved a bill banning the wearing of yellow boots on weekends by a simple majority. However, the President is very fond of yellow shoes and therefore vetoed this bill. According to the constitution of the Thirtieth State, parliament can override a veto, but to do this, during a second vote, the bill must be supported by at least 2/3 of the deputies. At the preliminary discussion, all purples said they would support the bill. All yellow people said they would vote against it. And the blues said that among them, as many people would support the bill as the purples would actually vote against it.

9.1. Under such conditions, will the bill be able to overcome the president's veto? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9.2.If the yellow ones said that the same number of people among them would support the bill as among the purple ones, would this necessarily increase the overall percentage of deputies who supported it? Justify your answers.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

10. Dear participants! Here are the statements of famous thinkers. Choose the one that will become the topic of your essay. Your task is to formulate your own attitude to the problem raised in this statement and justify it with those arguments that seem to you the most significant (up to 15 points).

Society is more oppressive than government. (T. Granovsky)
For power to become stronger, it must be limited. (L. Berne)
I'm not interested in politics and it takes up a lot of my time. (E. Lec)
Poverty breeds rebellion and crime. (Aristotle)
In a country that is well governed, people are ashamed of poverty. In a country that is poorly governed, people are ashamed of wealth. (Confucius)
Competition is the life of trade and the death of traders. (E. Hubbard)
A healthy nation also does not notice its nationality, like a healthy person does not notice his spine. (B. Shaw)

DEMONSTRATION VARIANT OF THE 2nd ROUND TASK OF THE SOCIAL STUDY OLYMPIAD 2013, grade 11 Time to complete the task: 120 minutes There are two parts to the test. Part 1 - involves writing an essay on one of the topics in one of the disciplines: political science, sociology, philosophy. The maximum score for the essay is 60 points. Part 2 – includes 5 tasks that must be completed. The maximum score for each task is 8 points. This demo contains samples of all essay topics (3 topics) and all assignments (5 assignments). Write legibly. Apart from answers to questions, the work should not contain any notes (signatures, drawings, names, etc.). PART 1. WRITE AN ESSAY ON ONE OF THE TOPICS. Political Science 1) “Representative government is an instrument that only excellent musicians can play, it is so difficult and capricious” (Karl Metternich) Sociology 2) Why modern society characterized as individualistic? Give a detailed answer. Philosophy 3) Expand in essay form the meaning of the statement: “Time exists only because it tends to disappear” (Aurelius Augustine). Essay evaluation criteria When completing the task, you should demonstrate the following skills and abilities: 1) The ability to formulate and explain problems (which are explicitly or implicitly present in the essay topic you have chosen) taking into account the specifics of philosophy, sociology, political science (it is required to take into account the characteristics of each discipline, the ability to conduct analysis, justify your arguments, highlight various aspects, solutions to the problem). 2) The ability to build theoretical and empirical (with the help of examples) argumentation of one’s position, using knowledge of classical and modern sociological, political science and philosophical concepts for these purposes. 3) Demonstrate erudition in the field of social science, including knowledge of basic terms and concepts and the ability to use them correctly, knowledge of key theories, the names of their authors (use terms and concepts correctly, show knowledge of concepts, approaches, theories, and their names relevant to the problems under consideration authors, key categories). 4) The skill of competent organization of written text (consistency of presentation, argumentation of basic provisions, logical response, availability of examples to illustrate one’s position, absence of unreasonable deviations). 5) A creative approach to answering assignment questions, originality of thinking, examples, problem formulations. 6) Culture of thinking and writing (literacy, absence of stylistic errors, correct spelling of terms, names and other names). PART 2. 1. Economics assignment. Give a solution to the following problem. In country A, in the market for product X, the deficit function is given by the equation Def (P) 100 3P, and in country B, the deficit function in the market for the same product has the form Def (P) 60 P, where Def (P) Qd (P) Qs (P ) . In the absence of restrictions on international trade , find at what price the exporting country will sell product X. 2. Assignment by law. There are several theories of separation of powers. One theory distinguishes three types of power: legislative, executive and federal. A. Name the author of this theory. B. Indicate which type of power the author calls supreme. B. Indicate which types of power should not be shared and why. D. In what case, according to this theory, are the people given the right to use force in relation to the authorities? D. The author of the theory recognizes the right of the highest executive body to convene and dissolve the legislative body. How does he explain why such a power does not violate the principle of separation of powers? 3. Political science assignment. Fill in the missing words XXXXXXXXX differs significantly from all other forms of political oppression that we know as despotism, tyranny or dictatorship. Wherever XXXXXXXXX came to power, everywhere he brought with him completely new political institutions and destroyed all the social, legal and political traditions of a given country. Regardless of the specific national traditions or spiritual sources of the ideology of the XXXXXXXX reign, it always transformed classes into masses, supplanted the party system not with the dictatorship of one party but with a mass movement, transferred the central pillar of power from the army to the police, and pursued a foreign policy openly oriented towards world domination. NNNNNNN 1. XXXXXX - determine the type of regime (government) and briefly describe it without using the proposed passage directly (3+3 points) 2. NNNNNNN - determine the author of this statement, (2 points) 4. Sociology assignment. Give a detailed answer to the question: what is “ethnocentrism” as a social phenomenon? Give examples. 5. Philosophy assignment. “Parliament” In the parliament of the thirtieth state, consisting of 100 deputies, there are only three factions: truth-tellers, truth-phobes and moneyphiles. Truth-tellers always tell the truth, truth-phobes always lie, and moneyphiles sometimes tell the truth, sometimes they lie. To the question “Which faction is the most numerous?” 70 deputies answered that the majority were truth-phobes, 29 said that truth-tellers predominated, and one said that there were equal numbers of truth-tellers and truth-phobes. Determine how many truth-tellers, truth-phobes and moneyphiles there actually are in this parliament? Justify your answer. KEYS TO ASSIGNMENTS 1. Economics. To carry out trade between countries, it is necessary that one country, at an established price, has a surplus of goods, and the other has a shortage of goods. If a deficit is the difference between the volume of demand and the volume of supply at a given price, then a surplus of a product is the difference between the volume of supply and the volume of demand at a given price. Therefore, the surplus of a product is equal to the deficit with the opposite sign. To determine the price on the world market, you need to equate the deficit of one country with the surplus of another country. Or add up the deficits of two countries and equate them to zero. 100 3P (60 P) P = 40 Answer: 40. 2. Right. A. John Locke B. Legislative, with the reservation also the highest body of executive power. B. The executive and federal powers should not be separated, since “both of these powers require for their exercise the power of society, and it is almost impossible to concentrate the power of the state in the hands of different and not subordinate persons, or to create a situation in which the executive and federal powers will entrusted to persons who can act independently, with the consequence that the strength of society will be under different commands, and this may sooner or later lead to disorder and destruction." D. If the executive power does not convene the legislative body within the period established by the constitution, the author equates it to a state of war with the people and recognizes in this case the right of the people to counteract this force with force. D. “The power of convening and dissolving the legislature, a right vested in the executive power, does not give the executive power supremacy over the legislative power, but is merely a fiduciary power given to it in the interest of the safety of the people when the uncertainty and fickleness of human affairs cannot for it is impossible that the first founders of the state, by any foresight, should have been able to foresee future events to such an extent as to be able to fix the exact periods of convening and the duration of the work of legislative bodies at all times, and so that this would be accurate. answered all the needs of the state. The best remedy for this deficiency was to entrust it to the prudence of those who will always be present and whose task it is to look after the public good." 3.Political science. XXXXX (Totalitarianism, totalitarian), NNNNNNN (Hannah Arendt) 4. Sociology. The answer should indicate that in sociology there are two positions in the study of culture: cultural relativism and ethnocentrism. Expand these concepts. In sociology, U. was one of the first to draw attention to ethnocentrism as a social phenomenon. Sumner. Ethnocentrism is "normal" social phenomenon and an attitude characteristic not only of representatives of different cultures and ethnic groups, but also of individual social groups. This should be demonstrated with specific examples. 5. Philosophy. An approximate sample solution (using the method of analyzing cases): 1. Let’s assume that 70 people who answered that the majority are truth-phobes told the truth. Then they are definitely not truthphobes, because truthphobes could not tell the truth. However, 70 people are a clear majority. We get a contradiction. Therefore, these 70 people lied, and contrary to their answer, truthphobes are not the majority at all. And given that these 70 are clearly in the majority, but are not truth-tellers, it can be argued that the majority in parliament are moneyphiles. 2. Let’s assume that 29 people who answered that truth-tellers predominate told the truth. But we already know for sure that the majority in parliament are moneyphiles (point 1). Consequently, these 29 people also lied - they are truthphobes or moneyphiles (perhaps some of them are truthphobes, and some are moneyphiles). 3. According to the condition, 3 parties are represented in the parliament of the thirtieth state. This means there must be truth-tellers. However, it is already known that 99 deputies lied. There was only one left who said that there are equal numbers of truth-tellers and truth-phobes in parliament. Since he is definitely a truth teller, his words are true. And since there is only one of him, then (according to his statement) we can conclude that there is only one truth-phobe in parliament. 4. So 100 – 1 – 1 = 98. Answer: In parliament there is 1 truth-teller, 1 truth-phobe and 98 moneyphiles.

Instructions

Countries where the parliament has the same name are Moldova, Italy, Greece, Canada, Armenia, New Zealand, Great Britain and others. In accordance with the constitution, some states have their own name for parliament.

The Riksdag is the parliament in Sweden. It is elected every four years and consists of one chamber. The most important task of the Riksdag is to carefully monitor the work of the government and enforce the laws. Thalman is the chairman of the Riksdag. He conducts meetings and is obliged to take a neutral position in relation to various political issues.

In Finland the parliament is called Eduskunta. Anyone can attend. The Finnish parliament consists of one chamber and is elected every four years. Any Finnish citizen who is over 18 years of age can be elected to parliament and have the right to vote.

The Russian parliament consists of two chambers and is called the Federal Assembly. The Federation Council is the highest house, and the State Duma is the lower house. Elections in State Duma take place every five years. Both chambers sit separately from each other. In the USA, Congress consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Each state has two senators in the Senate, regardless of population. Every two years, approximately one third of the Senate. Elections to the House of Representatives also occur every two years.

In Germany, the parliament is called the Bundestag and consists of one chamber. Members of the Bundestag are elected for a term of four years. The Bundestag can be dissolved only in emergency cases by the President of the Federal Republic of Germany. In Turkmenistan, the parliament, the Mejlis, consists of 125 deputies who are elected for a five-year term by single-member seats.

In Israel, the parliament is called the Knesset and is the governing body. The number of deputies is 120. They are elected according to party lists. Israel has a very low percentage threshold - only 2%, so there are almost always at least 10 parties represented in the Knesset. In Mongolia, the Great People's Khural consists of 76 deputies who are elected for a term of four years. Only citizens over 25 years old can run for Khural.

In Ukraine, the parliament, the Verkhovna Rada, consists of 450 deputies. This is the only one government agency in this country, who is vested with legislative power. The Verkhovna Rada is where the formation and control of the country's Cabinet of Ministers takes place.

The People's Assembly is the name of the parliament in Bulgaria. It consists of 240 deputies who are elected by popular vote for a term of four years. In the event of war or another state of emergency, the powers of deputies are extended until the end of these unforeseen circumstances.

In Poland, Lithuania and Latvia, the country's parliament is called the Sejm. In Switzerland, the United Federal Assembly consists of two chambers. The parliament of this country is structured in such a way that both chambers balance each other and are equal. They hold meetings separately from each other and both control the work of the government.

The Serbian Parliament, the Assembly, consists of 250 deputies and is unicameral. Deputies are elected by popular vote for a term of four years. In Estonia the parliament is called the Riigikogu. In it, deputies elect the head of state and exercise control over the activities of the government.