Revolutions and collapse of the USSR. Consequences in the short term. Membership in the United Nations

Reasons for the collapse of the USSR

Let's consider the most basic versions of why the USSR collapsed. In order to analyze the reasons for the collapse of the USSR, some return to 1991, to the days of the August Putsch, and others to 1985, when the “perestroika” Gorbachev came to power. But personally, I am inclined to believe that we need to move back to the 1980s, it was then that the so-called point of no return began, from which the countdown to the existence of the USSR began. So let's start in order.

1. Personnel shortage

   Probably one of the main reasons for the collapse of the USSR is the shortage of party personnel. To do this, it is enough to remember, thanks to whom the USSR was formed and who was its leadership initially? At first, these were, in fact, fanatics of their idea, revolutionaries who sought to overthrow the tsarist regime and build communism, where all people are equal and, working, will live in abundance. After the war, leading positions in the USSR were occupied by former military men, this disciplined old generation who had an ardent communist ideology, they really wanted to build communism. Most of them could not even admit the thought that even one penny from state budget was stolen, although they took advantage of state benefits and their official position, but this can not be taken into account at all, especially when compared with today’s leaders. However, this old generation could not exist forever, when the leaders began to die; they could not find worthy personnel to replace them, or the worthy ones were simply not allowed in, since those who remained had their own plans.

   Probably, it all started from the moment when “dear” Leonid Ilyich became completely “bad”; many witnesses of that period noted that General Sec. I failed very much, and quite quickly and strongly. The reason for this, many historians call “Brezhnev’s injections”, which were injected into him by a nurse, a KGB employee. At the same time, the logical chain converges, the chairman of the KGB at that time was Andropov, he had long been aiming to replace Brezhnev, and it is quite possible that such injections were actually purposefully administered to worsen the health of Leonid Ilyich. Andropov's dream came true; in November 1982, he headed the state after the death of Brezhnev, at 69 years old.

   But Andropov’s reign ended after 15 months, since before taking up the post of General Secretary, he knew that he did not have long to live, but, nevertheless, he took such a high post. Andrpov's death was the second funeral in 2 years, since the last funeral of a Soviet leader was in 1953. The second death in a row of the country's leader in such a short period of time could not but affect the country in all its spheres. Andropov’s place was taken by Chernenko, who at that time was already 72 years old, but Konstantin Ustinovich also died almost a year after his appointment to the country’s main position. The third funeral was a blow for the USSR, the country is losing the ideological fundamentalists of communism, and also does not have a clear path of development, since Andropov and Chernenko had their own plans, but did not have time to implement them.

   Jokes on this topic even began to circulate among the people. Understanding such an absurd situation, the Politburo decides to choose the relatively young Gorbachev as the leader of the country, who at that time was 54 years old, and he was really young in the political bureau, from that moment the collapse of the USSR began to occur at an irreversible pace, Gorbachev became the catalyst for this process.

   The incompetence of the new leadership led by Gorbachev, as well as new cadres in politics. bureau and leadership of the country, who ultimately turned out to be traitors, the desire of the leaders of the union republics to secede and make their countries independent in order to lead them themselves - all this is the result of Gorbachev’s perestroika.

   

2. “Everyone pulled the blanket over themselves”

   As was said just above, all the leaders of the union states “pulled the blanket over themselves” and they all wanted independence. Perestroika weakened tight control over both leaders and people. As a result, all the leaders of the union states, one way or another, tried to secede and declare independence at the right opportunity. The destruction of the Berlin Wall and the unification of Germany added fuel to the fire. Mass protests and unrest in the Baltic states and in some other republics contributed to their imbalance.

   The beginning of the end occurred in August 1991, when the “August Putsch” occurred; as a result of this coup d’etat, within a month, the Baltic countries left the USSR. After this, the Soviet Union began to crumble. This also includes the conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh, where a military clash began between the Armenian SSR and the Azerbaijani USSR, Moldova, etc.

   Against the backdrop of all these events, after the referendum on “preserving the union,” the leadership of the union republics nevertheless declared independence.

3. Ideology has outlived its usefulness

   It’s no secret that the USSR was based on communist ideology; it was propagated from everywhere. From birth, the child was instilled with communist values, even starting from kindergarten, and especially at school, in which all the students became Octobrists, and then pioneers, and so on. More than one generation lived according to this scheme, but the years passed, the world changed, and communist ideology could not resist it.

   The main ideologists of the country and leaders passed away and in their place, as was said in the first reason, incompetent people came who did not believe in communism, they did not need it. Moreover, people themselves stopped believing in him, especially when the crisis began.

   Rallies suppressed by special services and persecution of opposition figures were probably one of the keys to the successful existence of the USSR, but during perestroika, the oppositionists became more active and launched active, unhindered activities.

   Perhaps the Chernobyl disaster can be attributed to this reason, since it dealt a significant blow to both the reputation of the USSR and its leaders and affected people. The Soviet system, which forced builders into a framework for delivering objects within a certain time frame, and to coincide with communist holidays, made itself felt, and very cruelly, with the Chernobyl tragedy. The fourth power unit of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, and exactly like all the previous three units, were commissioned with violations; according to experts, the fourth power unit could not be operated at all, since it did not meet safety standards; the builders needed to commission it on time. This factor, as well as the looseness of the system and the experiments carried out on that ill-fated night, became fatal in everything. The deliberate concealment of the consequences of the explosion further aggravated the situation. As a result, all this was a powerful blow to the entire Soviet system and the country as a whole.

4. Crisis in all areas

   As they say: the fish rots from the head, and this is what happened to the Soviet Union. Gorbachev was not a strong leader, and in order to hold such a large country, you need strong man. The country needed radical reforms, but all the reforms undertaken were failures. Lack of goods on shelves, constant shortages, huge queues, depreciation of money - all these are the consequences of perestroika. People are simply tired of living like this, or rather surviving, without any prospect that this crisis will ever end.

   

5. "Pepsi-Cola and jeans"

   With Gorbachev’s coming to power, the Iron Curtain began to slowly rise, and Western fashion poured in, its main attributes, perhaps, being jeans and Pepsi-Cola. Seeing how they live in the West, how they dress, what they drive, etc. Soviet citizens wanted the same. By the end of the 80s, the words “Lenin” and “communism” became the subject of ridicule, people felt the smell of freedom and wanted change, which was reflected in V. Tsoi’s song.

6. The Americans still won

   Everyone knows that America was the main enemy of the USSR. There has always been confrontation between the USA and the USSR, and in almost everything. Both countries were considered superpowers and fought for world domination, and the ideologies and worldviews of the two countries were completely different.

   There is a version that Gorbachev collaborated with the United States, and it was not for nothing that they called him a “good guy.” There is also an opinion that Brezhnev, Andropov and Chernenko were killed, and all traces of these murders lead to the CIA. The neutralization of the entire old party nomenklatura, those hardened ones, and the appointment of Gorbachev, a pro-democratic politician, was to the advantage of the Americans. The Cold War of that time ended peacefully and in cold blood. Why fight the system with weapons if you can help this system become obsolete...

These, in my opinion, are the main reasons why the Soviet Union collapsed. Someone, for sure, will be inclined to one of the versions, but someone, including myself, is inclined to all these versions, that is, all the reasons listed above collectively provoked the collapse of the USSR, some of them to a greater extent, to some to a lesser extent, but, nevertheless, all of the above played a role.

As for the consequences, we can see them ourselves; not a single country that was part of the USSR, after the collapse, acquired the values ​​that it aspired to. But, nevertheless, there is no need to be nostalgic about the USSR, since life then was closed, people were simply kinder, and there was less theft by government managers, that’s the whole secret of the fabulous time.

At the current stage of development of the Russian Federation and neighboring states, which are successors of the former USSR, there are many political, economic and cultural problems. Their solution is impossible without a thorough analysis of the events associated with the process of collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. This article contains clear and structured information about the collapse of the USSR, as well as an analysis of events and personalities directly related to this process.

Brief background

The years of the USSR are a story of victories and defeats, economic rise and fall. It is known that the Soviet Union as a state was formed in 1922. After this, as a result of many political and military events, its territory increased. The peoples and republics that were part of the USSR had the right to voluntarily secede from it. Repeatedly, the country's ideology emphasized the fact that the Soviet state is a family of friendly peoples.

Regarding the leadership of such a huge country, it is not difficult to predict that it was centralized. Main body public administration there was the CPSU party. And the leaders of republican governments were appointed by the central Moscow leadership. Main legislative act regulating legal status affairs in the country, there was the Constitution of the USSR.

Reasons for the collapse of the USSR

Many powerful countries are going through difficult times in their development. Speaking about the collapse of the USSR, it should be noted that 1991 was a very difficult and contradictory year in the history of our state. What contributed to this? The reasons that caused the collapse of the USSR can be identified huge amount. Let's try to dwell on the main ones:

• authoritarianism of government and society in the state, persecution of dissidents;
• nationalist tendencies in the union republics, the presence of interethnic conflicts in the country;
• one state ideology, censorship, ban on any political alternative;
• economic crisis of the Soviet production system (extensive method);
• international fall in oil prices;
• a number of unsuccessful attempts to reform the Soviet system;
• colossal centralization of organs state power;
• military failure in Afghanistan (1989).

These, of course, are not all the reasons for the collapse of the USSR, but they can rightfully be considered fundamental.

The collapse of the USSR: the general course of events

With the appointment of Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev to the post of General Secretary of the CPSU in 1985, the policy of perestroika began, which was associated with sharp criticism of the previous government system, the announcement archival documents KGB and liberalization of public life. But the situation in the country not only did not change, but also worsened. The people became more active politically, and the formation of many organizations and movements, sometimes nationalistic and radical, began. M. S. Gorbachev, President of the USSR, repeatedly came into conflict with the future leader of the country, B. Yeltsin, over the withdrawal of the RSFSR from the Union.

National crisis

The collapse of the USSR occurred gradually in all sectors of society. The crisis has come, both economically and foreign policy, and even demographically. This was officially announced in 1989.

In the year of the collapse of the USSR, the eternal problem of Soviet society - a commodity shortage - became apparent. Even essential products are disappearing from store shelves.

Softness in the country's foreign policy results in the fall of regimes loyal to the USSR in Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Romania. New national states are being formed there.

It was also quite turbulent within the country itself. Mass demonstrations begin in the union republics (demonstration in Almaty, the Karabakh conflict, unrest in the Fergana Valley).

There are also rallies in Moscow and Leningrad. The crisis in the country plays into the hands of the radical democrats, led by Boris Yeltsin. They are gaining popularity among the dissatisfied masses.

Parade of sovereignties

At the beginning of February 1990 Central Committee The party announced the annulment of its dominance in power. Democratic elections were held in the RSFSR and the Union republics, in which radical political forces in the form of liberals and nationalists won.

In 1990 and early 1991, a wave of protests swept across the Soviet Union, which historians later called the “parade of sovereignties.” During this period, many of the Union republics adopted Declarations of Sovereignty, which meant the supremacy of republican law over the all-Union law.

The first territory that dared to leave the USSR was the Nakhichevan Republic. This happened back in January 1990. It was followed by: Latvia, Estonia, Moldova, Lithuania and Armenia. Over time, all allied states will issue Declarations of their independence (after the GKChP putsch), and the USSR will finally collapse.

The last president of the USSR

The central role in the process of the collapse of the Soviet Union was played by the last president of this state, M. S. Gorbachev. The collapse of the USSR took place against the backdrop of Mikhail Sergeevich’s desperate efforts to reform Soviet society and the system.

M. S. Gorbachev was from the Stavropol Territory (the village of Privolnoye). The statesman was born in 1931 into a very simple family. After graduation high school continued his studies at the Faculty of Law of Moscow State University, where he headed the Komsomol organization. There he met his future wife- Raisa Titarenko.

During his student years, Gorbachev was active political activity, joined the ranks of the CPSU and already in 1955 took the position of secretary of the Stavropol Komsomol. Gorbachev moved up the career ladder of a civil servant quickly and confidently.

Coming to power

Mikhail Sergeevich came to power in 1985, after the so-called “era of deaths of general secretaries” (three leaders of the USSR died in three years). It should be noted that the title “President of the USSR” (introduced in 1990) was only borne by Gorbachev; all previous leaders were called General Secretaries. The reign of Mikhail Sergeevich was characterized by thorough political reforms, which were often not particularly thought out and radical.

Attempts at reform

Such socio-political transformations include: prohibition, the introduction of self-financing, money exchange, the policy of openness, acceleration.

For the most part, society did not appreciate the reforms and had a negative attitude towards them. And there was little benefit to the state from such radical actions.

In his foreign policy, M. S. Gorbachev adhered to the so-called “policy of new thinking,” which contributed to detente international relations and ending the arms race. For this position Gorbachev received Nobel Prize peace. But the USSR at that time was in a terrible situation.

August putsch

Of course, attempts to reform Soviet society, and ultimately completely destroy the USSR, were not supported by many. Some supporters of the Soviet government united and decided to speak out against the destructive processes that were taking place in the Union.

The GKChP putsch was a political uprising that took place in August 1991. His goal is the restoration of the USSR. The 1991 coup was regarded by the official authorities as an attempted coup.

The events took place in Moscow from August 19 to 21, 1991. Among the many street clashes, the main striking event that ultimately led to the collapse of the USSR was the decision to create State Committee under the State of Emergency (GKChP). This was a new body formed by state officials, headed by USSR Vice President Gennady Yanaev.

Main reasons for the coup

The main reason for the August putsch can be considered dissatisfaction with Gorbachev's policies. Perestroika did not bring the expected results, the crisis deepened, unemployment and crime grew.

The last straw for future putschists and conservatives was the President’s desire to transform the USSR into a Union of Sovereign States. After M. S. Gorbachev left Moscow, the dissatisfied did not miss the opportunity for an armed uprising. But the conspirators failed to retain power; the putsch was suppressed.

The significance of the GKChP putsch

The 1991 coup launched an irreversible process towards the collapse of the USSR, which was already in a state of continuous economic and political instability. Despite the desire of the putschists to preserve the state, they themselves contributed to its collapse. After this event, Gorbachev resigned, the structure of the CPSU collapsed, and the republics of the USSR began to gradually proclaim their independence. Soviet Union replaced by a new state - Russian Federation. And 1991 is understood by many as the year of the collapse of the USSR.

Bialowieza Accords

The 1991 Bialowieza Accords were signed on December 8th. They put their signatures under them officials three states - Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. The agreements were a document that legislated the collapse of the USSR and the formation new organization mutual assistance and cooperation - Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).

As mentioned earlier, the GKChP putsch only weakened the central authorities and thereby accompanied the collapse of the USSR. In some republics, separatist tendencies began to brew, which were actively promoted in the regional media. As an example, we can consider Ukraine. In the country, at a national referendum on December 1, 1991, almost 90% of citizens voted for the independence of Ukraine, and L. Kravchuk was elected president of the country.

In early December, the leader made a statement that Ukraine was abandoning the 1922 treaty on the creation of the USSR. The year 1991, therefore, became the starting point for Ukrainians on the path to their own statehood.

The Ukrainian referendum served as a signal for President Boris Yeltsin, who began to more persistently strengthen his power in Russia.

Creation of the CIS and the final destruction of the USSR

In turn, a new chairman of the Supreme Council, S. Shushkevich, was elected in Belarus. It was he who invited the leaders of neighboring states Kravchuk and Yeltsin to Belovezhskaya Pushcha to discuss the current situation and coordinate subsequent actions. After minor discussions between the delegates, the fate of the USSR was finally decided. The Treaty establishing the Soviet Union of December 31, 1922 was denounced, and in its place a plan for the Commonwealth of Independent States was prepared. After this process, many disputes arose, since the agreement on the creation of the USSR was supported by the Constitution of 1924.

However, it should be noted that the Belovezhskaya Agreements of 1991 were adopted not by the will of three politicians, but by the wishes of the peoples of the former Soviet republics. Just two days after the signing of the agreement, the Supreme Councils of Belarus and Ukraine adopted an act of denunciation of the union treaty and ratified the agreement on the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States. In Russia, on December 12, 1991, the same procedure took place. Not only radical liberals and democrats, but also communists voted for the ratification of the Belovezhskaya Accords.

Already on December 25, USSR President M. S. Gorbachev resigned. So, relatively simply, they destroyed the government system, which had existed for years. Although the USSR was an authoritarian state, there were certainly positive sides to its history. Among them are social security for citizens, the presence of clear government plans for the economy and superior military power. Many people to this day remember life in the Soviet Union with nostalgia.

On the eve of the celebration of the next New Year, on December 30, 1922, one state was created from four republics, which was called the USSR. Initially, it included Ukraine, Belarus, Russia (with the autonomous Kazakh and Kyrgyz republics), as well as the Transcaucasian Federative Republic, which by that time united Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. During 1924-1925 The USSR adopted the Bukhara and Khorezm Socialist Republics, which were soon disbanded, and Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan appeared in their place. Thus, by that time the Union consisted of 6 powers. As autonomous region Tajikistan was part of Uzbekistan. In 1929, it became a full-fledged Soviet Republic - the 7th in a row. Exactly 7 years later, Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan left the Transcaucasian Republic, and Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan left Russia.

All of them became separate powers within the USSR. Another 4 years later, the Karelian Autonomous Republic left the RSFSR, becoming the Karelo-Finnish SSR. During the first ten days of August 1940, the USSR was replenished with Moldova, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia.

Attention! Until 1944, the Tuvan People's Republic existed. This formation became part of the structure of the USSR, but not as a separate state, but as an autonomous region within Russia.

By the beginning of the 1950s. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics consisted of 16 powers. However, already in the summer of 1956, the Karelo-Finnish SSR again returned as autonomy to Russia. There are 15 republics, and this number remains unchanged until the collapse of the powerful Soviet state. There is an opinion that Bulgaria should have become part of the USSR, but this remained at the level of proposal.

The process of splitting the Socialist Union was not overnight: it lasted several years. The republics left the USSR in the same way as they entered - gradually:

• Estonia initially declared sovereignty back in 1988;
• Lithuania was the first to leave the USSR (March 1990). At that time, the world community was not ready to recognize the new state;

• 5 more republics managed to leave the Union before the coup in August 1991: Estonia, Latvia, Moldova, Azerbaijan and Georgia;
• As a result of the August putsch, almost all the remaining republics declared their independence. By early December 1991, Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan had not done this.

Attention! Officially, the Soviet Union ceased to exist on December 26, 1991. However, many historians are confident that 1985 was a kind of point of no return, when M.S. was elected as the last general secretary. Gorbachev.

When putting forward assumptions about why the USSR collapsed, historians do not come to the same opinion. Therefore, there are several reasons that are considered the most likely.

Decline of state power. The Union of Republics was founded by people who faithfully and even fanatically believed in the idea of ​​​​the equality of all citizens. Ardent communists were allowed to govern the state, but every year there were fewer and fewer of them. The average age of the leaders was 75 years old, and they passed away quickly. When Mikhail Gorbachev took the helm of power, he was slightly over 50. The only president of the USSR was not ideological enough; his reforms led to a weakening of the monocentrism of state power.

The desire for independence. The leaders of the republics wanted to get rid of centralized power, to which they had accumulated a lot of complaints:

• decision-making was slow, since everything was decided at the level of the Union. This constrained the activities of the republics themselves;
• regions of a huge country wanted to independently develop their culture and national traditions;
• not without manifestations of nationalism, characteristic of many republics of the USSR, etc.

Attention! It is believed that the split process was accelerated by the fall of the Berlin country and the unification of Germany.

Crisis in all sectors of life. He expressed:

• there is a shortage of essential goods;
• in the production of low quality products;
• in the ban on the church and strict censorship in the media. The Soviet people were especially outraged by the suppression of the truth about man-made disasters, in particular the Chernobyl tragedy. In the era of the USSR there was crime and drugs, but it was not customary to talk about it out loud.

The failure of communist ideology. The propaganda of equality and brotherhood turned out to be alien to the younger generation. People stopped believing in a bright communist future: buying something in a store was problematic, speaking and thinking were forced to use almost cliche phrases. The old generation, on which Soviet ideology was based, was passing away, leaving behind no ardent admirers of communism.

It is believed that the United States also played a significant role in the split of the Union. The Cold War, the fall in oil prices - all this accelerated the process. External and internal reasons did not leave the USSR a chance to maintain unity. The collapse of the state turned out to be natural.

Collapse of the USSR: video

carried out in secret from the Soviet president, the leaders of the three Slavic republics B.N. Yeltsin(Russia), L.M. Kravchuk(Ukraine), S.S. Shushkevich(Belarus) announced termination validity of the Union Treaty of 1922 and the creation CIS— Commonwealth of Independent States. IN separate interstate agreement stated: “We, the leaders of the Republic of Belarus, the RSFSR, Ukraine, noting that negotiations on the preparation of a new Union Treaty have reached a dead end, the objective process of the republics secession USSR and the formation of independent states became real fact...declare education Commonwealth of Independent States, about which the parties signed an agreement on December 8, 1991.” The statement by the three leaders said that “the Commonwealth of Independent States within the republic Belarus, RSFSR, Ukraine is open for accession by all member states of the USSR, as well as for other states that share the goals and principles of this Agreement.”

On December 21, at a meeting in Almaty, to which the Soviet president was not invited, eleven former Soviet republics, now independent states, announced the creation of a Commonwealth primarily with coordinating functions and without any legislative, executive or judicial powers.

Evaluating these events subsequently, former president The USSR said that it believed that on the question of the fate of the USSR, some were in favor of preserving the union state, taking into account its deep reform, transformation into a Union of Sovereign States, while others were against it. In Belovezhskaya Pushcha, behind the backs of the President of the USSR and the Parliament of the country, all opinions were crossed out, and the USSR was destroyed.

From the point of view of economic and political expediency, it is difficult to understand why the former Soviet republics needed to “burn to the ground” all state and economic ties, but we should not forget that in addition to the clearly manifested processes of national self-determination in the Soviet republics there was a fact power struggle. And this fact played an important role in B.N.’s decision. Yeltsin, L.M. Kravchuk and S.S. Shushkevich, adopted in Belovezhskaya Pushcha on the termination of the Union Treaty of 1922. The collapse of the USSR drew a line under Soviet period modern national history.

Collapse of the Soviet Union led to the most dramatic geopolitical situation since World War II. In fact it was real geopolitical catastrophe, the consequences of which still affect the economy, politics and social sphere of all former republics of the Soviet Union.

Ershov B.A. Consequences of the collapse of the USSR / B.A. Ershov, E.V. Zimenkova // International Journal of Humanities and natural sciences. - 2016. - No. 3. - P. 20-22.

CONSEQUENCES OF THE COLLAPSE OF THE USSR

B.A. Ershov, Dr. History sciences, professor

E.V. Zimenkova, student

Voronezh State Technical University

(Russia, Voronezh)

Annotation. This article analyzes the consequences of the collapse of the USSR with economic e social, political and social sides

Key words: p collapse of the USSR, consequences, economics, politics, society.

The collapse of the USSR can rightly be called the largest geopolitical event XX centuries and this will hardly be exaggerated And I eat. For a century, the Russian Empire, and then the USSR were one of the great n the most important players in the international arena, and the second half of the century of the USSR together with others at the largest power, the United States of America, supported in their confrontation the entire situation that had developed after IN Second World War system of international A family relationships. And then in the winter of 1991Union of Soviet Socialist Republics b the face suddenly ceased to exist. It can be argued that the collapse of the Soviet Union was almost the largest O lytic catastrophe of the twentieth century. The collapse of the Soviet Union is part of our personal biography and drama. The event that gave rise to a new round of Russian history, cat O the swarm still influences our lives.

Consequences of the collapse of the USSR

1. Economic consequences I

The collapse of the USSR led to the severance of most of the traditional ties between economies T military entities in the former republics And kah, has significantly reduced both in Russia and in other CIS countries the possibility O opportunity for economic maneuver finance O vy, production, natural and other resources, due to the separate e development of economic systems of states and O widespread crisis related to disintegration e grace of the Soviet economy. In this And situation, the Russian Federation lost less than others due to its relative about sufficiency and its economic sweat n ciala.

Russia benefited both from the fact that the post e gradually there was no need to subsidize the former Soviet republics, and from both h changes in price structure. At the same time O capture of a large debt for Russian energy r mountain resources and other products from Ukraine and some other republics shows that Russia continues to play the role of a donor in the former Soviet Union O country without special economic andwhether political benefits for themselves.

The state territory decreased by a quarter, the population - by half . The problem of underdevelopment and n infrastructure, especially in new x pr and border areas of the country.

For several years, access to the markets of neighboring states became difficult (some of them were lost irretrievably), which cost Russia significant losses in the form of lost income, and also had a serious social cost due to time n new loss of the ability to supply internal n ny Russian market cheaper p O consumer goods from the CIS countries (for example, seasonal vegetables, fruits, etc.).

2. Political consequences

In this area, the collapse of the USSR marked the beginning of a long-term process of change e research on the global and regional balance of power: economic, political, military. According to G.Kissinger, US Secretary of State in 1973 – 19 77 gg., “...The Soviet Union should not have used this s to quickly withdraw from Eastern Europe. We are changing the balance in the world very quickly, and this can lead to undesirable consequences. T Viyam..." The entire system of international T wearing became less stable and less predictable. Having postponed the threat of world war, the collapse of the USSR increased the likelihood of local wars and conflicts. Later V.V. Putin noted : “...Situation in C e true Caucasus and Chechnya - this is a continuation e the collapse of the USSR. For a while I've been hoping l Xia that with the growth of the economy and the development of e wet institutions this process at the child is inhibited. But life and practice are still A They said that this is not happening" .

The international floor has sharply decreased And Russia’s technical potential and influence on the world community compared to the USSR, the ability todefend one's interests(presidential elections in the Republic of Ukraine in 2004G.). Russia gradually lost I no spheres of influence in the post-Soviet region about wandering. Yes, the government became the executive b call the energy leverto increase influence in the west, and such a strategy is, In my opinion , very unstable and one complex.

The outside world has changed its attitude towards Ro With from fear to active expansion, as into a developing young country. Sweat n tional possibility of creating hostile O he is smart in relation to her surroundings b worked out, largely due to sudden sleep And reduction of military potential. It is impossible to say for sure whether this is good or bad. From the perspective of patriotism ma – definitely negative.

3. Social consequences

Millions of human saints were torn apart I Zey, people have formed a “ra” complex h divided nation." To get to Rhodes T for foreigners living in Ukraine, the Russian had to go through customs n troll, which didn’t happen before due to lack of t viya boundaries. In 2003 by Romir Monitoring was conducted sociologically e cial research on attitudes r Russians to the collapse of the USSR. Respondents aged 18 years and older were asked the following questions: “Do you think the collapse of the USSR was inevitable or could it happen? and but was it preventable? And in general, you O Do you regret that the USSR collapsed, do you approve of its collapse, or is it indifferent to you?” Poda V overwhelming majority respondents answered the first question: “Yes, it was possible e prevent”, and on the second: “Sozha I'm pouring."

Arose about problem of national men b minorities living outside their nationalities O cash centers. In Russia I earned m A tire of nationalism and racial discrimination A tions. Protecting the interests of less Tire medium you borrow traditional diplomacy O I urgently requireno comprehensive d move.

In the Baltic countries, the situation has deteriorated sharply T bearing on the predominant Russian population there, persecutions and all kinds of oppression began in their hellres. A legal man has appeared great fascism.

There is a problem of new borders, which can cause aggravation in relations e relations between states that have formed And misya on the territory of the former USSR, where A which problem did not exist. The most acute problem is in Kaliningrad, about ry turned out to be cut off from greater Russia.

Another aspect that has come under somewhat biased criticism is the economy of the USSR. Z A wait, of course, there was, if we talk about it as a complex of manifestations ( ossification of th apparatus, lack of new trends in cultural life, ideological pressure e Chinese clichés). However, economic growth was 3-4% per year, which in general but p not enough for a developed economy. Technical e skaya backwardness, of course it was, but having said a elk is mainly used in everyday life. In general, the level of technologye developments were like this - 15% higher than world standards tov, 70 % at level; now - soorespectively 4 and 15%.

Of course, there were also problems in management. Bulky and overly priced n the tralized apparatus was inadequate to the needs of flexible control. SL system O Mali, but as a result we have 4 times more officials per capita while the quality of governance is deteriorating. This is about T wearing, I would like to refer to the example of China, which decided similar problems flexible restructuring of the system with p e transferring some of the functions to the lower ones live."

The real problem is internal h position of the nomenklatura (associated with a crisis in the sphere of ideology), there was no adequate T new personnel selection system, there was a desire to seize property. By the mid-80s, a crisis was felt O life, the need for change. For 3 years (1982- 19 85 gg.) 4 general secretaries were replaced. In 1985there was a choice: 1) reforms on China th to the Chinese model; 2) implementedThis version of “new thinking” – unplanned and thoughtless . Modern attempts to doc A It should be noted that the reform “in Chinese style” was e possible, based on approved ii oh i if the level is too high in development. The essence of reforms in Chinese: do nothing at random, “grope” to come stones crossing the river e ku", first reform the economy, p O Tom politics. Cause of the crisis, In my opinion , in what they did with precision to vice versa. Did not use the competitive advantages of the USSR in 1980-e years

The real problem was the blatant mediocrity of the leadership and the presence of A favorable factors. So, for example, 50 billion rubles. trade in vodka provided, and Gorb A Chev launched an anti-alcohol campaign. At the same time there was a sharp A decline in oil prices, including due to structural restructuring of the Western economy yes; Chernobyl – 19 8 6 , earthquake in Armenia– 19 88

So, faced with real economic O mic problems, the authorities decided to A launch a political reform in parallel r mu, which was based on openness and pluralism. As a result, the population at I wanted the opportunity to be indignant openly. Somewhere since 1988 beginning moose rolling into the cr and zis.

There was a turn in foreign policy O ron unilateral concessions to the West in agreement O in the wake of the internal crisis.As mentioned above, in 1988 – 1991gg. dominated " a n tisoyuznye » moods that are based A were even not so much among the masses as on the above-mentioned “triad”– commerce n you, the intelligentsia, the local national nomenklatura, who were primarily interested in power in their own, if so and but to put it simply, destinies (typical examples– Shevardnadze, Nazarbayev, Niyazov, Al and ev).

The collapse of the USSR was not final but To volume, but launched a long-term process with h Denmark and the development of new independent states at gifts This process is characterized by A significant instability. Some g O states may not be viable b which will lead to their disintegration, creatures at there is no possibility of forming new state from donations (Abkhazia, Transnistria). Podo b This situation can currently be observed in many republics of the former USSR: in Georgia these are problems associated with attempts to secede Abkhazia, Adjara, South Ossetia. In Moldova - Transnistria V Sky problem. This instability will come T to regulate - preferably politically e methods, and the Russian Fed should play a huge role in this issue e walkie-talkie, in no way avoiding the problems of the former USSR. Otherwise, the West will solve this problem instead of us, and Russia will n will eventually lose influence in the former space of the USSR.

Bibliography

1. Bogomolov B.A., Blashenkova V.S. The collapse of the USSR in the context of re of the national question. http://niiss. ru/mags_bogomolov. shtml

2. Ionov I.N. Soviet economy and scientific and technological revolution. Patriotic history riya – 1992

3. First person. Conversations with Vladimir Putin. M., 2000.

4. Nenarokov A.P. Failed Anniversary. Why didn't the USSR celebrated oval of its 70th anniversary? M.,1992.

5. Pole G. B. World History. M., 1997

THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE COLLAPSE OF THE SOVIET UNION

B.A. Ershov, doctor of historical sciences, professor

E.V. Semenkova, student

Voronezh state technical University

(Russia, Voronezh)

Abstract. This article analyzes the consequences of the collapse of the Soviet Union with ec o nomic, political and social aspects.

Keywords: collapse of the USSR, consequences, economy, politics, society.