Vitamin B9 (Folic acid, vitamin M). Folic acid Vitamins that do not contain folic acid

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General information

Folic acid takes part in metabolism, in the production of DNA, plays important role in the synthesis of immune blood cells, normalizes the function of the digestive tract. Folic acid is essential for pregnant women as it plays an important role in the development of the fetal neural tube. With a normal level of vitamin B 9, the likelihood of malformations in the fetus is significantly reduced. In addition, it is necessary for the normal growth and development of the placenta.

History of discovery

In 1932, the British physician Wills, who worked for many years in India, found that some pregnant women suffering from megaloblastic anemia did not experience improvement when consuming a purified extract of liver cells. However, these women recovered completely after consuming the crude extract. From this, Wils concluded that during cleansing, some important factor responsible for recovery was destroyed. This substance was soon isolated and given the name Wheels factor. Later it was called vitamin M. In 1941, it was found that spinach and parsley leaves are rich in this substance - so it was renamed folic acid (translated from the Latin folium - leaf).

Mechanism of action

It is well known that the first and most important stage of division of any cell is the division of the DNA molecule. It is in the process of DNA replication that vitamin B 9 takes an active part. In addition, it plays an important role in the synthesis of RNA, amino acids, and improves iron absorption. Therefore, a lack of folic acid is primarily dangerous for rapidly dividing cells.

Your mood also depends on your folic acid levels. It takes part in the metabolism of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and adrenaline, which have a significant impact on the functioning of the nervous system.

Folic acid stimulates appetite and takes part in the secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach.

Folic acid requirement

Folic acid and pregnancy

IN Russian Federation It is generally accepted that the requirement of pregnant women without symptoms of deficiency of this micronutrient is 0.4 mg per day. During breastfeeding, the requirement is 0.6 mg per day.

During pregnancy, a woman's body uses much more folic acid than before pregnancy. Vitamin B 9 is not stored in reserve, so it is important to get it daily from external sources. It is very important to maintain the required level of folic acid in the first trimester, when the fetal nervous system is developing.

The most important role of vitamin B 9 for the fetus is the development of the neural tube. It also takes part in the renewal and mitosis of cells in the mother’s body, in particular cells internal organs, which must be constantly updated.

Already in the second week of pregnancy, the embryo's brain begins to actively develop. It is at this time that even a short-term deficiency of vitamin B 9 threatens with serious, often irreparable consequences. Since this micronutrient is necessary during the process of mitosis, which is extremely important for rapidly dividing and developing cells (which primarily include neurons and other cells of nervous tissue), its deficiency primarily affects the developing nervous system.

Folic acid is involved in the production of basic blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets), which is important for both the mother and the fetus.

For the normal course of pregnancy, maintaining the health of the woman and the fetus, doctors recommend starting to take folic acid in the form of tablets 2-3 months before the planned pregnancy, and continue until childbirth. When consuming vitamin B 9, you must adhere to the doses recommended by your doctor, since an excess of this micronutrient is just as dangerous as its deficiency.

Vitamin B 9 is the only micronutrient whose role during pregnancy is not underestimated even by opponents of synthetic vitamin preparations and medications in general. Therefore, even if you avoid any medicines during pregnancy, do not refuse a course of vitamin B 9, at least for preventive purposes - this will save you and your child from a number of unjustified risks. Although sometimes you should compare the dosage prescribed by your doctor with the body's needs for folic acid.

Folic acid deficiency and its consequences

Vitamin B9 deficiency can develop due to its low content in the diet, impaired absorption of micronutrients in the intestines, or when the need for this substance increases (pregnancy, lactation).

A common cause of this hypovitaminosis is regular consumption of alcoholic beverages.

Lack of folic acid is the most common symptom in pregnant women and children in the first year of life. Vitamin B 9 deficiency in the fetus develops as a result of its lack in the mother's body, and in infants - due to its insufficient content in breast milk.

Deficiency of folic acid in the body of a pregnant woman can serve as a factor in the whole a number of serious violations:

• miscarriage;
• congenital malformations;
• mental retardation;
• neural tube malformation;
• spina bifida (in the fetus);
• malformations of the circulatory system;
• cleft lip or cleft palate;
• anemia.

A lack of vitamin B 9 is not always accompanied by obvious symptoms. However, according to research results, a lack of folic acid is present in 20-100% of people, depending on where they live. This is one of the most common hypovitaminosis. However, even in the absence of certain clinical symptoms, the likelihood of heart attack and stroke increases significantly, and immunity decreases.

Folic acid deficiency often leads to the development of pernicious anemia in premature infants. An increase in the need for vitamin B 9 occurs in a number of pathologies: leukemia, hemolytic anemia, chronic infectious diseases, carcinomatosis.

First of all, with a lack of vitamin B 9, megaloblastic anemia develops. With this type of anemia, not only the content of red blood cells in the blood decreases, but their activity is also disrupted, since most of them do not mature in the bone marrow. If the lack of folic acid is not compensated for, symptoms such as decreased appetite, nervousness, and loss of strength develop. Later vomiting, diarrhea, and alopecia appear. Morphological abnormalities of the skin and the appearance of ulcers in the oral cavity and pharynx are possible. If treatment is not started promptly, megaloblastic anemia can lead to death.

IN recent years A number of clinical trials were conducted, as a result of which it was found that vitamin B9 deficiency, disrupting the metabolism of sulfur amino acids, leads to a delay in the blood of the amino acid homocysteine. Homocysteine ​​has a negative effect on the intima of blood vessels, which leads to the appearance of atherosclerotic plaques and increases the risk of heart attacks and strokes.

Impaired absorption of vitamin B 9 can occur with stomach diseases, gastrectomy, when the body experiences a deficiency of antianemic factors (Castle factors) synthesized in the stomach. Folic acid can enter the blood only by combining with antianemic factors; accordingly, when they are deficient, the level of folic acid in the blood drops.

In addition to folic acid, Castle factor transports cyanocobalamin into the blood. Therefore, prolonged use of vitamin B 9 preparations in increased dosages can lead to a lack of cyanocobalamin.

Also, a lack of vitamin B 9 is observed in severe liver pathologies. It is in the liver that the vitamin is transformed into tetrahydrofolate, which takes part in biochemical reactions. Folic acid in its primary form is useless to the body.

If the body experiences a deficiency of vitamin B 9, the functioning of the hematopoietic system may be disrupted: red blood cells become immature, and defective cells that are not able to transport oxygen are released into the blood. This is one of the reasons for malformation of the nervous system in the fetus, since neurons cannot fully grow and develop under hypoxic conditions.

Together with red blood cells, the synthesis of leukocytes and platelets is disrupted, which can provoke a decrease in immunity and disrupt blood clotting. In pregnant women, vitamin B9 deficiency may be accompanied by iron deficiency. This increases the risk for both mother and baby.

Vitamin B9 deficiency can develop due to a lack of vitamins in the diet, fasting, or following unbalanced diets for weight loss. However, the most common factor of vitamin B9 deficiency is dysbiosis. Dysbacteriosis develops as a result of prolonged, often uncontrolled use of antibiotic drugs, incl. without a doctor's prescription.

In the United States, there is a law according to which the manufacturer is required to add a certain amount of vitamin B 9 to flour in order to prevent deficiency of this substance among consumers. In the USA, the prophylactic dose of vitamin B 9 is twice as high as in the Russian Federation.

Foods containing folic acid

Vitamin B 9 is found in large quantities in plant foods: spinach, onions, dill, parsley, beans, peas, buckwheat, oats, bran, bananas, walnut, grapefruit, dried apricots, melon, yeast, pumpkin, mushrooms, beets, turnips, etc.

Also a source of folic acid is meat and animal products: beef, lamb, pork, liver, kidneys, poultry, milk, eggs, trout, perch, cheese, etc.

A bowl of cereal porridge with milk and a glass of fresh orange juice replenishes 50% of the body's daily requirement for vitamin B9.

Consumption of bifidobacteria stimulates the endogenous formation of folic acid in the intestine.

Vitamin B 9 decomposes quite quickly under the influence of sunlight and simply during prolonged storage of food, as well as during temperature treatment of products. Folic acid contained in plant foods is destroyed most quickly. Folic acid in meat is more stable.

Therefore, to preserve the vitamin in foods, it is recommended to consume raw foods. Vegetables are best consumed in the form raw salads. It is best to add garden cabbage, parsley, dill, beet leaves, mint or dandelion to this salad. It is also useful to add young nettles to the salad. It is better to drink orange and tomato juices - they contain the most folic acid.

Among meat products, the liver contains the most folic acid. The liver can be lightly fried and boiled for a short time - in this case, the vitamin B 9 included in its composition is not destroyed.

Medicines containing folic acid

Folic acid is available in the form of a drug Folacin. One tablet of the drug contains 5 mg of vitamin B9. This is much more than the daily norm even for a pregnant woman. Excess folic acid has neither positive nor negative effects, but is simply excreted from the body. 1 tablet Apo-Folika also contains 5 mg of vitamin B 9. Given the increased content of the substance in the tablet, Folacin and Apo-Folik are used only in cases of acute and severe vitamin deficiency. For preventive purposes, these drugs are not recommended.

In one tablet of the drug Folio contains 0.4 mg of vitamin B 9 and 0.2 mg of iodine. The advantage of this dosage form is that it contains two micronutrients, so there is no need for additional use of iodine preparations. The dose of vitamin B 9 in one tablet is low, so it is recommended as a preventive drug. Folio is not prescribed for acute deficiency or increased need for folic acid.

Vitamin B 9 is included in multivitamin preparations for pregnant women. Folic acid content per tablet Each drug is different:

• Materna – 1 mg;
• Elevit – 1 mg;
• Vitrum prenatal – 0.8 mg
• Vitrum prenatal forte – 0.8 mg
• Multi-tabs perinatal – 0.4 mg
• Pregnavit – 0.75 mg.

Vitamin B 9 is absorbed much better from medications than from foods.

In addition to pharmaceuticals, folic acid can be obtained from dietary supplements.

Indications

• folate deficiency anemia;
• anemia as a complication after gastrectomy;
• sprue (tropical diarrhea);
• chronic intestinal inflammation;
• intestinal tuberculosis;
• pregnancy;
• lactation period;
• vitamin B deficiency 9.

• if there are pronounced signs of folic acid deficiency (in this case, the dosage is calculated individually by the attending physician);
• if there are factors that increase the need for vitamin B9, or stimulate its excretion from the body.

• use of combined oral contraceptives before conception;
• use of Maalox or Phosphalugel;
• taking anticonvulsants during the planning period and during pregnancy;
• protein diet before conception;
• lack of plant foods in the diet;
• disruption of the digestive tract;
• vomiting during pregnancy.

Clinical trials have demonstrated that vitamin B9 may have a beneficial effect in preventing Alzheimer's disease. Individuals with this pathology, as a rule, have reduced levels of folic acid and cyanocobalamin in the blood.

Directions for use and doses

The need for folic acid during pregnancy is 0.4 – 0.8 mg per day. However, in case of deficiency, the dosage is significantly increased in order to compensate for the lack of vitamin. The neural tube of the embryo begins to develop at 3-5 weeks of pregnancy. At this time, a woman may not know about pregnancy and may not undergo a timely course of compensation for folic acid deficiency. Therefore, vitamin B 9 must be taken another 1-3 months before the expected pregnancy. The most important thing is to maintain the required level of folic acid in the first trimester.

Folic acid should be taken during lactation in the amount of 0.3 mg per day (can be in the form of a multivitamin complex). This serves as a preventative course for both mother and child. If you use the drug in higher doses (for example, 1 mg), then the excess amount of vitamin is simply removed from the woman’s body, without harming either her or the baby.

It is important to maintain regular intake of vitamin B9. However, given that any drug contains a dose that exceeds the daily requirement for the vitamin, skipping one dose should not cause concern.

• Atherosclerosis. 5 mg of vitamin B 9 per day for two weeks, then 1 mg. It is recommended to take it as a B-complex vitamin.
• Aphthous stomatitis. As a rule, aphthae (ulcers on the oral mucosa) appear along with cracks on the lips due to a deficiency of vitamins and micronutrients involved in hematopoiesis. Among them: vitamin B 9, iron and cyanocobalamin. The recommended dosage is 5 mg of vitamin B 9 3 times a day and 10 mg of iron glycinate for 120-180 days. Once every 30 days, inject cyanocobalamin - 1 mg. During treatment, it is necessary to regularly check the level of cyanocobalamin.
• Viral hepatitis. Folic acid is used as an adjuvant. It is recommended to take 5 mg 3 times a day for 10 days, then 5 mg once a day.
• Gingivitis and periodontitis. Take 1 mg of vitamin B orally 9 times a day, rinse the mouth 2 times a day for one minute with a 1% solution of the vitamin for 60-70 days.
• Depression. Often observed in individuals with folic acid deficiency. Take 2-5 mg every day in combination with B-group vitamins.
• Osteochondrosis. Vitamin B 9 is involved in the formation of a framework from collagen on which calcium salts accumulate. Without a collagen framework, the bone does not acquire the necessary strength. The recommended dosage is once a day 5 mg of vitamin B 9, 50 mg of vitamin B6, 50 mg of B-complex vitamins.
• Colon tumor. If any of your direct relatives have had this cancer, it is strongly recommended to take 1-5 mg of vitamin B 9 and 100 mg of B-complex vitamins once a day.
• Colon spasm. Manifests itself in the form of alternating constipation and diarrhea, colic and bloating. A lack of vitamin B 9 can lead to chronic constipation, which leads to spasm of the colon. You need to start with 10 mg of the vitamin once a day. If no progress is observed after 15-20 days, the dose should be increased to 20-60 mg per day until a positive effect occurs. Then the dosage is gradually reduced. At the same time, it is recommended to take 0.1 g of B-complex vitamins once a day. During the course, it is necessary to regularly check the level of cyanocobalamin. It is recommended to include oat bran in your diet, which contains water-soluble fiber. Wheat bran is not suitable in this case, since its fiber is insoluble.
• Epilepsy. After an attack of epilepsy, the level of vitamin B 9 in the brain decreases. Anticonvulsants also reduce its concentration in blood plasma. As a result, attacks become more frequent. Typically, for epilepsy, 5 mg is prescribed once a day. However, the drug should be taken only after consulting a doctor.

Overdose

A serious disadvantage of long-term use of vitamin B 9 is that it hides the symptoms of megaloblastic anemia, but does not stop the neurological disorders characteristic of this disease. Therefore, with prolonged use of vitamin B 9 preparations, hidden progression of severe neurological disorders caused by a lack of cyanocobalamin is possible. Just 10 years ago it was generally accepted that there was no overdose of this micronutrient. However, studies are now known that indicate that pregnant women who have been taking vitamin B9 supplements in high dosages for a long time give birth to children with weak immunity and a tendency to bronchial asthma and colds.

Hypervitaminosis

Side effects

Vitamin B 9 has no toxic effect on the human body. Clinical studies have been conducted on the long-term use of vitamin B 9 at a dosage of 15 mg per day (40 times higher than the body's daily requirement). According to the research results, the drug did not have any toxic effect. However, prolonged use (more than 90 days) of vitamin B 9 in an increased dosage can lead to a drop in the level of cyanocobalamin in the blood, which can cause anemia. Increased doses of the vitamin can provoke digestive tract disorders, increase excitability, and cause an imbalance in kidney function.

Some drugs reduce the content of vitamin B 9 in the blood plasma. Among them:

• acetylsalicylic acid (in increased dosage);
• nitrofurans (taken for urinary tract infections);
• combined oral contraceptives;

Folic acid and men's health

The main indicator of men's health is considered to be the condition of sperm. Spermatozoa are the same cells; their synthesis requires protein and nucleic acids. In the absence of vitamin B 9, sperm synthesis is impaired. With a lack of vitamin, the concentration of sperm decreases and their condition worsens: sperm may have an unnatural shape or lack a tail, which reduces their motility. But the worst thing is that such sperm may have the wrong number of chromosomes, and this is the main factor in hereditary diseases in children (for example, Down syndrome).

Vitamin B 9 and the hormone testosterone determine the normal development of sperm. Folic acid is extremely important for men during puberty, since it is one of the factors in the development of secondary sexual characteristics (deepening of the voice, facial and body hair, intensive growth).

Folic acid in the treatment and prevention of cancer

Leucovorin is a drug based on folinic acid, successfully used in chemotherapy for cancer. It reduces the severity of intoxication after the use of cytostatic drugs (vomiting, diarrhea, hyperthermia, damage to bone marrow tissue).

Recent studies by scientists in the USA have proven the relationship between taking vitamin B9 supplements and the progression of colon tumors.

Since 1980, Harvard has conducted a survey every 2 years in which approximately 90,000 women with children participated. The questions concerned nutrition and, in particular, taking vitamin complexes. In 1994 collected information has been extensively studied for the incidence of colon cancer, the third most common cancer among women in the United States. Survey data showed that women who took sufficient amounts of vitamin B 9 - more than 0.4 g mg per day - were least likely to suffer from this disease.

Scientists have concluded: 75% of cases of colon tumors in women can be avoided if preventive doses of vitamin B9 are taken throughout life.

The research allowed us to draw another important conclusion. Colon tumors were least common in women who had regularly consumed vitamin complexes over the past 10-15 years.

Folic acid and prevention of atherosclerosis

Today, a new theory of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is popular in Western countries. According to this theory, the main reason for the progression of atherosclerosis is a high level in the blood of not everyone knows cholesterol, but another bioactive factor - homocysteine.

Homocysteine ​​is an endogenous amino acid. Under the influence of enzymes in the body, it is transformed into the essential fatty amino acid methionine, which is involved in the production of protein. If the body is deficient in the corresponding enzymes, homocysteine ​​accumulates in the blood and destroys the walls of blood vessels, causing inflammation. Cholesterol is involved in this process at later stages. Proponents of the new theory argue that without homocysteine, even with elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood, atherosclerosis does not progress.

What is the role of folic acid in this regard? The fact is that it is precisely this that is necessary for the synthesis in the body of enzymes that transform homocysteine ​​into methionine. Vitamin B9 deficiency causes a deficiency of the corresponding enzyme. As a result, excess homocysteine ​​accumulates in the blood, which leads to the progression of atherosclerosis, and then to its complications - ischemia of the heart muscle, heart attack, stroke.

Vitamin B9 (folic acid)– a water-soluble B vitamin that plays an important role in the development and functioning of the immune and circulatory systems.

Vitamin B9 also means - Vitamin M, Vitamin Bc.

Folic acid (lat. acidum folicum) called the dosage form of vitamin B9.

Folic acid and its derivatives (folacin, folate, pteroylglutamic acid) are combined into a group called - folates.

The lack of folic acid in the human body is mainly expressed by the risk of developing abnormalities during pregnancy, as well as fertile dysfunction of the seed in men.

Systematic name of folic acid: N-4-2-amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridyl)methylaminobenzoyl-L(+)-glutamic acid
Chemical formula: C19H19N7O6
CAS: 59-30-3

Chemical properties. Folic acid is a crystalline powder of yellow or yellowish-orange color, easily soluble in alkalis and slightly soluble in water and alcohol. It also decomposes in light.

The first mention of vitamin B9 appeared at the beginning of the 20th century. Thus, the English doctor-researcher Lucy Wills noticed in 1931 medicinal properties yeast extract, when taken, in the treatment of anemia in pregnant women. A few years later, other researchers discovered that the main active ingredient in yeast extract against anemia was folic acid. A little later, in 1941, folic acid was obtained from spinach leaves, and already in 1945, it was first synthesized chemically.

Functions of vitamin B 9 (folic acid)

As we already mentioned at the beginning of the article, one of the most important functions of vitamin B9 in the body is to regulate hematopoietic processes.

Besides, Folic acid has the following beneficial properties:

• • participates in the synthesis of DNA, protein, protein biosynthesis and redox processes in the body;
  • participates in the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates;
  • supports the normal functioning of the immune system, liver and gastrointestinal tract;
  • normalizes digestion;
  • regulates pregnancy - the creation and maintenance of new cells in a healthy state during the formation of the fetus, and also prevents unauthorized abortion of the child;
  • helps in overcoming postpartum depression;
  • participates in the formation and normal functioning of blood cells;
  • has a beneficial effect on the performance of the bone marrow and brain;
  • helps even out skin color and pigmentation;

• participates in cell regeneration;
• corrects sexual development in teenage girls, slows down the onset of menopause and reduces its symptoms;
• reduces the risk and prevents the development of other diseases of the cardiovascular system;
• normalizes;
• reduces cholesterol levels in the blood, and also removes poisons and toxins from the body;
• promotes the production of the hormone of joy (serotonin), with a lack of which a person is often haunted by despondency and;
• normalizes the development and normal functioning of the mental and nervous system.
• helps in the absorption of other B vitamins;

Daily requirement of vitamin B 9 (folic acid)

The daily dose of folic acid is increased when:

- use of contraceptives (pills);
- drinking alcoholic beverages;
- use of anticonvulsants and diuretics, antibiotics;
— ;
- chronic infectious diseases;
- after gastrectomy;
- liver failure and;
— .

Symptoms of deficiency (insufficiency) of vitamin B 9

Deficiency (lack) of folic acid in the body causes serious harm to human health, not only to adults, but also to the fetus, which is why a child can be born with various pathologies, in particular spina bifida or disorders of the nervous system.

Mainly, with a lack of vitamin B9, metabolism, cell regeneration are disrupted, dysfunction is observed in the digestive organs, nervous and mental systems, as well as a number of other pathologies, without attaching importance to which, a person’s life becomes more complicated.

Other signs of vitamin B 9 deficiency:

- anemia;
- growth retardation, mental retardation, dementia, memory problems;
— disorders in the gastrointestinal tract: loss of appetite;
- weight loss, development of anorexia;
— acceleration of the aging process of the body: gray hair, wrinkles, etc.;
- hair loss;
- increased fatigue;
- tongue pain;
- rapid heartbeat;
- depression, aggression, nervousness, anxiety, paranoia, mania, mood swings;
- during pregnancy, premature birth of a child;
- skin diseases: , .

Complications of folic acid deficiency

- megaloblastic anemia, which must be treated in urgently, otherwise death may occur.

Indications for the use of vitamin B 9 (folic acid)

The use of folic acid is indicated for:

— diseases of the cardiovascular system;
- to normalize hematopoietic processes
- anemia, sprue;
- liver diseases (chronic);
- some intoxications;
— mental disorders;
— dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract (Crohn’s disease, ulcerative disease, etc.);
— radiation sickness;
— treatment of cervical dysplasia;
— skin diseases: , ;
— malnutrition (food with small amounts and);
- pregnancy;
- taking antiepileptic drugs medicines;
- childhood, for normal development.

Contraindications to the use of folic acid

Hypersensitivity to the drug.

Dosages of vitamin B9 (folic acid)

Megaloblastic anemia. Adults and children, starting with the initial dose - up to 1 mg / day. When large doses are used, resistance may occur.

Maintenance treatment. For newborns - 0.1 mg/day, for children under 4 years old - 0.3 mg/day, for children over 4 years old and adults - 0.4 mg.

WITH therapeutic purpose (depending on the severity of vitamin deficiency) for adults - up to 5 mg / day for 20-30 days, for children - in smaller doses.

For prevention(based on daily requirements) adults are prescribed 150-200 mcg/day, children under 3 years old - 25-50 mcg/day, 4-6 years old - 75 mcg/day, 7-10 years old - 100 mcg/day.

During pregnancy prescribed - 400 mcg/day.

During lactation- 300 mcg/day.

Side effects when taking folic acid

Animals. Fish, milk and dairy products, liver, lamb, beef and poultry, eggs.

Synthesis in the body. It is synthesized by microorganisms of the colon, especially with additional intake of bifidobacteria.

Interaction of vitamin B9 with other substances

Folic acid promotes absorption.

A deficiency of folic acid in the body is caused by taking aspirin (large doses), analgesics, anticonvulsants, nitrofurans, estrogen and anti-tuberculosis drugs.

In addition, the body's absorption of folic acid is disrupted by the following drugs: antacids, antihyperlipidemics, antimetabolites, cholestyramine, antiulcer drugs, sulfonamines, oral contraceptives and alcohol-containing drugs.

The effect of folic acid on the body is reduced by: methotrexate, pyrimethamine, triamterene and trimethoprim, instead of which patients are prescribed calcium folinate.

Corticosteroid hormones promote the rapid removal of folic acid from the body.

Long-term therapy with folic acid in large doses can provoke deficiency.

*Bifidobacteria and propionic acid bacteria synthesize folic acid...

What is folic acid?

Folic acid- water-soluble vitamin B9 necessary for the growth and development of the circulatory and immune systems. Almost no one currently argues that “the new is the well-forgotten old.” This happened with folic acid (synonyms: vitamin B, vitamin B9, vitamin M, pteroylglutamic acid, folacin, folamin, cytofol, folsan, riofolin, milafol, etc.).When folic acid was isolated from green spinach leaves in 1941, which is how it got its name (from the Latin. folium- “leaf”), no one could have thought that decades later close attention scientists around the world will turn to this chemical compound with a very intricate name

N-4-2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-pteridyl‑methyl-aminobenzoyl-L-glutamic acid. Chemical formula: C19H19N7O6

Folic acid is not synthesized in the human and animal body; it comes from outside along with food. Another source of folic acid is natural intestinal microflora .

Importance of folic acid (vitamin B9)

The coenzyme functions of folic acid are associated not with the free form of the vitamin, but with the reduced pteridine derivative. Reduction involves the breaking of two double bonds and the addition of four hydrogen atoms to form tetrahydrofolic acid (THFA) and occurs in animal tissues in two stages with the participation of specific enzymes containing reduced NADP. First, with the participation of folate reductase, dihydrofolic acid (DHFA) is formed, which, with the participation of a second enzyme, dihydrofolate reductase, is reduced to THFA.

The coenzyme functions of THFA are directly related to the transfer of one-carbon groups, the primary sources of which in the body are derivatives of well-known amino acids (serine, glycine, methionine, choline, tryptophan, histidine), as well as formaldehyde, formic acid and methanol. THFA derivatives play an extremely important role in the biosynthesis of proteins and nucleic acids, so the profound metabolic disorders that are often observed with folic acid deficiency are understandable.

Folic acid has hydrogen acceptor properties, which determines its participation in redox processes. folic acid takes an active part in the processes of regulation of the functions of the hematopoietic organs, has an antianemic effect in macrocytic anemia, and has a positive effect on the functions of the intestines and liver, preventing its fatty infiltration.

Therefore, folic acid is present in all tissues of animals and humans and is very important for the normal processes of growth, development and proliferation of tissues, including erythropoiesis and embryogenesis. In addition, folic acid is necessary for the formation of adrenaline, the catabolism of nicotinic acid, and has an estrogen-like effect. According to some data, taking folic acid reduces the risk of developing cervical cancer in women taking hormonal contraceptives.

Folate deficiency

Folate deficiency until recently, it was associated mainly with pathology of the development of the central nervous system and folate deficiency anemia. Today it is also correlated with the risk of developing acute coronary syndromes and strokes. Folic acid is believed to provide prevention of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.

It has been known for 50 years that folic acid deficiency in women of childbearing age leads to the development of congenital pathologies of the central nervous system in children. Neural tube defects are one of the most serious congenital defects, among them the most common are spina bifida and anencephaly. Every year in the USA they are registered in 1 case per 1 thousand pregnancies, and about 4 thousand pregnancies are terminated both spontaneously and artificially due to impaired development of the central nervous system of the fetus. According to statistics, every year 500 thousand children are born in the world with such anomalies. According to statistics, the incidence of spina bifida and anencephaly is 2 per 1 thousand pregnancies, which is 4 times higher than when women regularly receive folic acid prophylactically.

Quite a long time ago, namely in 1964, the Lancet published the results of a study conducted in Liverpool, in which out of 98 women who gave birth to children with defects of the central nervous system, 54 were found to have a disorder of folic acid metabolism. As you know, within 28 days after fertilization, the development of the fetal neural tube is completed, and it is very important that women take folic acid during this period.

Neural tube defects develop due to failure of the closure or, in some cases, due to reopening. Anencephaly results in either stillbirth or death shortly after birth.

Newborns with spina bifida currently survive, especially with intensive treatment and surgical interventions, but most often become severely disabled with paralysis and pelvic dysfunction. Sometimes there are mild variants of the defect in the form of kyphosis or scoliosis. As a rule, such children have mental retardation and are less psychologically adapted to environment. The results of a randomized trial show that at least 75% of cases of congenital malformations of the central nervous system could be prevented if women took folic acid - vitamin B9 at a dose of 800 mcg / day before conceiving a child and in early pregnancy.

In practical medical practice, folate-deficiency anemia is sometimes encountered, with its hematological symptoms reminiscent of B12-deficiency anemia, but having a slightly different etiology. It can be caused by nutritional deficiency and enteritis with malabsorption, taking drugs that inhibit the synthesis of folic acid (cytostatics, anticonvulsants, barbiturates), increased need for folic acid (malignant tumors, hemolysis, exfoliative dermatitis, pregnancy), as well as chronic alcohol intoxication .

FOLIC ACID AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS

Despite the well-known fact that cholesterol metabolism disorders are considered the main risk factor for atherosclerosis, today more and more attention is paid to the role of homocysteine, a derivative of the amino acid methionine. Its accumulation is associated with endothelial dysfunction and loosening of the inner surface of the vascular wall, facilitating the deposition of cholesterol and calcium with the formation of an atherosclerotic plaque. Increased content homocysteine in plasma is a sign of folate deficiency.

As is known, atherosclerosis coronary and cerebral vessels is the main cause of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and cerebral strokes. ACS can manifest itself both in the form of angina pectoris and in the form of heart attacks (with post-infarction cardiosclerosis), conduction disturbances, heart failure, and sudden coronary death. In the clinic, pain syndrome predominates, although silent forms of ACS are not excluded.

Ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke is most often characterized by irreversible structural changes in the brain with the occurrence of various disorders (behavioral, mental, emotional, motor disorders in the form of paresis and paralysis), which can either be reduced or persist. Recently, an opinion has emerged that the preventive effect of folic acid in atherosclerosis is realized, among other mechanisms, through a decrease in the level of homocysteine ​​in the blood.

A randomized trial conducted in China showed that the use of multivitamin complexes containing folic acid leads to a reduction in mortality from strokes. In 2000, the results of a double-blind, randomized study were presented, the authors of which showed that dietary folic acid supplementation led to a significant improvement in endothelial function in patients with atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries. In particular, taking folic acid reduces the risk of acute coronary syndromes by 16%, deep venous thrombosis by 25% and the risk of stroke by 24%.

DAILY REQUIREMENT OF THE BODY FOR FOLIC ACID

Folates as a coenzyme they participate in the metabolism of nucleic acids and amino acids. Folate deficiency leads to disruption of the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, resulting in inhibition of cell growth and division, especially in rapidly proliferating tissues: bone marrow, intestinal epithelium, etc. Insufficient folate intake during pregnancy is one of the causes of prematurity, malnutrition, and congenital deformities and child development disorders. A strong relationship has been shown between folate and homocysteine ​​levels and the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Note: Folates are derivatives of folic acid, essentially the same folic acid in natural form or vitamin B9.

Physiological requirements for folate according to Methodological recommendations MP 2.3.1.2432-08 on the norms of physiological needs for energy and nutrients for various groups of the population of the Russian Federation:

• The upper tolerable intake level is 1000 mcg/day
• The specified physiological requirement for adults is 400 mcg/day.
• The physiological need for children is from 50 to 400 mcg/day.

Sources of vitamin B9 - folic acid

Substances with folic acid activity are widespread in nature. Rich sources of them are green leaves of plants and yeast. These substances are also found in liver, kidneys, meat, egg yolk, cheese and other products.

Table 2. Folic acid content in food

Many intestinal microorganisms of animals and humans synthesize folic acid in quantities sufficient to meet the body's needs for this vitamin. According to WHO recommendations, the daily requirement of folic acid for adults and children over 12 years of age is 400 mcg, the same dose is recommended by the Institute of Medicine and the US Social Health Service for women of childbearing age, especially for those wishing to become pregnant.

Factors Contributing to Folic Acid Deficiency

The absorption of folic acid may be impaired by the use of diphenin and some other antiepileptic drugs due to the formation of insoluble complexes. The development of folic acid deficiency is also caused by taking “antifolic” drugs: trimethoprim (part of Biseptol, Bactrim), methotrexate (cytostatic), etc., qualitative and quantitative malnutrition, diseases of the small intestine, and systematic alcohol consumption.

As studies have shown, folic acid deficiency- one of the most common hypovitaminosis among pregnant women, newborns and young children. This is mainly due to poor nutrition, the presence of concomitant diseases, dysbacteriosis, alcohol consumption, etc. In the fetus, newborns and young children, it develops due to a deficiency of folic acid in the mother during pregnancy, and insufficient content of it in infant formula.

Breast-feeding helps eliminate folic acid deficiency, since regardless of the content of the vitamin in the mother’s blood, a constant concentration of the monoglutamate form of vitamin B9 is maintained in mother’s milk, which ensures active absorption in the child’s intestines and allows it to cover its physiological needs.

Folate deficiency in pregnant women, it is a trigger factor for the development of miscarriage, partial or complete placental abruption, spontaneous abortion or stillbirth, increases the risk of the fetus developing congenital malformations, in particular neural tube defects, hydrocephalus, anencephaly, cerebral hernias, etc.; increases the risk of mental retardation in the child. If there is a deficiency of folic acid in a pregnant woman, the likelihood of developing toxicosis, depression, pain in the legs, and anemia increases.

The large number of possible complications is due to the important role played by folic acid in metabolism. Its coenzyme forms ensure the normal metabolism of a number of amino acids, the biosynthesis of RNA, DNA, which is especially important for tissues that are actively dividing and differentiating. The important role of folic acid for the developing organism is confirmed by the fact that in children with folic acid deficiency, in addition to macrocytic anemia, there is often a lag in weight, bone marrow function is inhibited, the normal maturation of the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract, skin and creates the basis of for the development of enteritis, diaper rash, delayed psychomotor development.

Currently installed that under certain circumstances, severe folic acid deficiency can cause serious neuropsychiatric disorders - emotional disturbances in thinking and dementia, that is, disorders of the brain. In children with a lack of folic acid, in addition to macrocytic anemia, malnutrition develops, development is delayed, bone marrow function is inhibited, the maturation of the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract is disrupted, and conditions are created for the development of enteritis. Delayed growth and development is possible without anemia. In premature newborns, due to folic acid deficiency, hypovitaminosis develops 2-3 weeks after birth. The risk of infectious complications also increases.

Literature data suggest that alcohol accelerates the decline in serum folate levels, especially in people with diets deficient in folic acid. Folic acid deficiency is also aggravated by alcoholic liver damage and impaired absorption of folic acid in the intestine. The damage to the nervous system depends on the degree of folic acid deficiency: with a mild degree, predominantly neuritis is observed, with a moderate degree - polyneuritis, with a severe degree - memory impairment and depressive disorders.

For folic acid deficiency in the tissues of the body the content of coenzyme forms of folic acid decreases, the metabolism of a number of amino acids is disrupted and the rate of RNA and DNA biosynthesis decreases, which is clearly manifested in the state of tissues with intensive division (mucous membranes, skin, blood). Most early sign developing folic acid deficiency is a decrease in its level in the blood plasma to 2-3 ng/l and lower (in the blood plasma, folic acid is represented mainly in the monoglutamate form). With the further development of folic acid deficiency, polysegmented leukocytes appear in the blood, the urinary excretion of formylinoglutamic acid, a degradation product of L-histidine, increases, and, finally, at relatively late stages of the development of folic acid deficiency in the bone marrow, its morphological examination reveals megaloblastic hematopoiesis, and anemia develops .

The main cause of folacin deficiency is malabsorption from food products.

The average content of vitamin B9 with an optimal combination of food products is 500-600 mcg, mainly in the polyglutamate form. About 50% of this amount is destroyed during cooking. The content of folacin in the blood serum of healthy people ranges from 6 to 25 ng/l. We can talk about folic acid deficiency if its level in the blood serum ranges from 3 to 5.9 ng/l, and a folic acid level below 3 ng/l indicates hypovitaminosis. A more accurate and reliable method is to determine the concentration of folic acid in red blood cells. A concentration not higher than 100 ng/l clearly indicates an existing folic acid deficiency.The amount of folic acid recommended by a special WHO expert commission is 400 mcg per day for adolescents aged 13 years and older. An adult's need for folic acid is 200 mcg per day.During pregnancy Folic acid requirements approximately double to 800 mcg. During lactation, 600 mcg is recommended on the basis that during breastfeeding, folic acid is excreted in breast milk, and at the same time losses noted during pregnancy should be restored.

It should be remembered that folic acid reserves are easily depleted by frequent drinking of strong tea and in women while taking birth control pills. Alcohol reduces the absorption of folic acid in the intestine, therefore increasing the need for it. Folic acid is not recommended for people with epilepsy as it may worsen seizures.

From the above it follows that for the prevention and complex treatment of diseases associated with folic acid deficiency, as well as due to poor absorption in the body of the polyglutamate form of folic acid found in food products, incl. in case of impaired intestinal absorption function, it is very useful to consume probiotic food products based on starters of bifido- and propionic acid bacteria or directlyprobiotics , because they contain folacin producers and directly regulate the absorption of vitamins in the gastrointestinal tract.

NOTE...

FOLIC ACID (VITAMIN B9) DEFICIENCY CAUSES HARM TO SEVERAL GENERATIONS AT A TIME

FOLIC ACIDbelongs to the group of vitamins B9. Vitamin B9 includes a group of compounds - folic acid, folacin, folates - these are groups of substances that consist of pterin, para-aminobenzoic acid and varying amounts of glutamic acid residues.

In the human liver, as a rule, there are some reserves of folacin, which can protect against folate deficiency for 3-6 months if for some reason it is temporarily not supplied with food. Healthy intestinal microflora can also synthesize folic acid on their own.

An adult's need for vitamin B9 is about 200 mcg/day, pregnant and lactating women - 400-600 mcg; children of the first year of life - 40-60 mcg. The body of a healthy person contains from 5 to 10 mg of folic acid.

FOLIC ACID RESERVES in the body are depleted with regular consumption of alcohol, with frequent consumption of strong tea and in women during the period of taking birth control pills.

During pregnancy, the need for FA approximately doubles, amounting to 800 mcg. During lactation, 600 mcg is recommended on the basis that during breastfeeding FA is excreted in breast milk, and at the same time the losses observed during pregnancy should be restored.

DEFICIT FOLIC ACID in a parent's diet can affect not only the health of the child, but also future generations. This assumption was made by scientists after conducting a study on mice: insufficient consumption of folic acid causes disorders in both the “children” and “grandchildren” of the individual.

All expectant mothers and doctors know that a deficiency of folic acid - a vitamin necessary for the formation of proteins, the creation and maintenance of new cells in a healthy state - during pregnancy can lead to birth defects in the child, including low birth weight. A lack of folic acid can provoke the development of cancer, megaloblastic anemia and bone marrow lesions.

About the research. For the study, Erica Watson from the University of Cambridge and her colleagues bred mice with a mutation in the folate metabolism gene (MTRR). The effect of such a mutation is similar to the acquired consequences of a lack of folic acid in food, but it is easier to control experimentally. When mice with a similar mutation were crossed with normal individuals, some of the offspring were born with abnormalities - heart pathologies and spina bifida.

Their normal siblings were bred with other normal mice at puberty, but even their offspring were born with similar problems. And the next two generations too. A similar effect occurred even if the descendants did not inherit the gene mutation itself - that is, the lack of acid was inherited not through the DNA itself, but through changes in the “on-off” system of genes.

This epigenetic system is able to turn gene expression on and off by adding chemical tags, such as a methyl group. Until recently, it was believed that these epigenetic markers were erased with each subsequent generation. But when Watson's team studied the DNA of the offspring of folic acid-deficient mice, they discovered serious changes in methylation processes.

It is curious that the deviations were present in the grandchildren, regardless of who was the carrier of the MTRR mutation - the grandfather or grandmother. This suggests that development is affected not only by the amount of folic acid consumed during intrauterine development of the child: folic acid deficiency leaves its imprint on eggs and sperm.

This work once again proves that there is generational continuity regarding epigenetic changes. For example, previous studies have shown that stress early in life predicts symptoms of anxiety and depression in male mice.

Every modern man has the understanding that for normal functioning his body needs a certain amount of vitamins and microelements per day. It is also well known today that our body synthesizes some microelements and vitamins on its own, while others can only come from the outside with one or another consumed food. That is why, to maintain your health in good condition, it is imperative to eat properly and balanced.

Among all the vitamins and microelements, our body needs vitamin B9 in sufficient quantities. What this vitamin is needed for and what role it plays in the body, you will learn from this article.

What is folic acid?

Vitamin B9 (folic acid) is a water-soluble B vitamin that plays an extremely important role in the normal functioning of the body.

It is synthesized in very small quantities in our body by the microflora of the large intestine, but the frantic pace of modern life, constant stress, lack of sleep and poor nutrition almost completely nullify what our body produces on its own.

Meanwhile, this substance is indispensable for the normal functioning of almost all organs and systems, so it is very important to balance the diet in such a way that B9 (vitamin) is supplied in the required quantity with the food consumed.

Why does our body need B9?

Its benefits are truly difficult to overestimate. In addition to the fact that a sufficient amount of it ensures normal metabolism, has a positive effect on the functioning of the nervous system, and stimulates appetite, it is also of great importance in the following processes:

• in DNA synthesis, as well as maintaining the integrity of its structure;
• cellular growth;
• the production of enzymes that prevent the appearance of tumors;
• in improving the functioning of the immune system;
• support of the cardiovascular system;
• in the synthesis of amino acids;
• regulation of processes of inhibition and excitation of the nervous system.

What role does B9 play in the functioning of the female body?

B9 is a vitamin that the female body simply needs. One of the main tasks performed by this vitamin is its positive effect on the formation of new cells. This, in turn, promotes the growth of healthy hair, strengthening nails, active regeneration of the skin of the face and the whole body. This substance also reduces the risk of cancer of the ovaries and mammary glands.

Since in most cases women are much more emotional than representatives of the stronger sex, for many ladies this property of folic acid will be very useful, such as its participation in the process of producing serotonin - a substance better known as the “hormone of happiness” or “hormone of joy”.

The benefits of folic acid for the male body

B9 is directly involved in the formation and growth of new cells in our body, which means that its deficiency can lead to a significant decrease in the number of active sperm. This can significantly reduce a man's ability to conceive a child.

Also, a sufficient amount of this substance reduces the risk of the formation of gene mutations in the future offspring of a man. Lack of folic acid in adolescence is fraught with disturbances in the process of puberty.

Folic acid and pregnancy: what you need to know?

During pregnancy, the female body needs folic acid much more than usual. It is especially important to receive the required amount in the first trimester of pregnancy, when the entire nervous system of the future baby is developing.

It has been scientifically proven that maintaining a sufficient level of B9 in the female body several months before pregnancy significantly reduces the risk of pathologies in the intrauterine development of the child. The accepted norm for the vitamin requirement of a woman bearing a child is 0.6 mg per day.

B9 is a vitamin that takes part in the process of cell division of tissues and organs of the unborn baby, as well as their proper development and growth. The vitamin is also involved in the process of hematopoiesis, it is thanks to it that leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets are formed.

What foods are rich in folic acid?

Folic acid gets its name from the Latin word folicum, which means “leaf.” Based on this, it becomes clear that it is green leafy vegetables that are rich in vitamin B9.

It is worth saying that it is almost completely destroyed when exposed to high temperatures, which means that thermally processed products are unlikely to become a sufficient source of it. By choosing products that contain large number substances, it is best to give preference to those that you can eat raw: this is how vitamin B9 is best absorbed. You can read below which products contain it and in what quantity (µg B9 per 100 g of product):

• asparagus - 262;
• raisins - 260;
• sunflower seeds - 240;
• beef liver - 240;
• peanuts - 240;
• soybean - 200;
• lentils - 180;
• beans - 160;
• porcini mushrooms - 140;
• beans - 128;
• parsley - 117;
• cod liver - 110;
• flax seeds - 108;
• avocado - 90;
• spinach - 80;
• walnut - 77.

Eat as many of these foods as possible if you want your body to get enough B9 (vitamin). Foods that do not need to be cooked, as already mentioned, will be the best source of this substance.

Which vitamin complexes contain folic acid?

Today, purchasing this or that vitamin, or their complex, will not be difficult at all: every pharmacy offers the widest selection of the most modern and effective drugs. If we talk about what vitamins B9 contains, then the simplest and most accessible drug is called “Folic acid”. Release form - tablets containing, as a rule, 1 mg of the substance.

If you want to purchase a complex vitamin supplement containing B9, then pay attention to the following preparations:

• "Complivit";
• "Foliber"
• "Maltofer";
• "Efalar";
• "Doppelgerts asset"

How to understand that the body lacks vitamin B9?

A deficiency of this substance can pose a risk of developing many serious diseases, so it is very important to diagnose and correct its deficiency in time. Symptoms of vitamin deficiency may include:

• decreased hemoglobin levels, which manifests itself as excessive pallor and weakness;
• loss of appetite, which occurs due to insufficient production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach;
• frequent mood swings, depression;
• excessive brittleness of nails, deterioration of hair condition, as well as hair loss and others.

If you have these and any other alarming symptoms, then you need to see a doctor who will carefully examine you and prescribe the necessary treatment, as well as give recommendations on nutrition.

It should be remembered that folic acid, like all other microelements and vitamins, is necessary for the normal functioning of your body. Smoking, drinking alcohol, lack of sleep, not balanced diet- all this leads not only to the destruction of B9 in the body, but also to its poor absorption into food. Therefore, in order to feel good and not complain about your health, you need to eat a healthy, balanced diet, which will enable your body to receive all the necessary vitamins and microelements.

Is it possible to harm the body from consuming vitamin B9?

Harm to our body from the described vitamin is possible only if its consumed amount significantly exceeds the norm. This is why it is very important to consult a specialist before using any medications containing B9.

In case of overdose, kidney problems, digestive tract problems, increased nervousness, sleep disorders and some other ailments are possible.

In conclusion, I would like to say that vitamin B9, like all others, should be supplied to the body with healthy food. To do this, it will not be superfluous to adjust your diet in such a way that the body receives all the microelements and vitamins it needs with food, only in this case there will be no need to take any additional medications, and you will always feel vigorous and healthy.

It is a biologically inactive substance. For medical purposes, the substance is obtained artificially. Vitamin B9 is made in the form of ampoules, powders or tablets. Folic acid is also found in foods: spinach, beans, tomatoes, beets, eggs, meat, and animal liver.

Pharmacological properties

The substance is involved in metabolism, and also plays a major role in the synthesis of immune cells, improves digestion. This drug is also called the motherhood vitamin, because folic acid is the most important vitamin during pregnancy, which forms the fetus, stimulates cell growth and is necessary for the development of the placenta. A lack of this substance in the initial stages of pregnancy can threaten the fetus with a defect in the nervous system.

Folic acid with vitamins B12 and B6 regulates a person’s mental state and is involved in the synthesis of the hormones serotonin and adrenaline, which are important for the nervous system. The substance is necessary for the replication of amino acids, nucleic acids, purines, pyrimidines, and takes part in choline metabolism. That is why, for a complex effect, doctors recommend taking folic acid along with vitamins B12 and B6.

Folic acid (+ vitamin B12 and B6) “Evalar” combines substances in the right proportions for best absorption in the body. Optimal dosage, excellent quality, affordable price - these are the positive qualities that distinguish the drug. Folic acid (+ vitamin B12 and B6) is taken as an active biological additive to food. Patient reviews of the drug from the company "Evalar" are positive.

Vitamin B9 prescribed as a medicine (in combination with other supplements) is well absorbed in gastrointestinal tract, intensively interacts with plasma proteins, penetrates the blood-brain semi-permeable barrier into the placenta and breast milk. The folic acid complex is excreted by the kidneys in the form of metabolites. Overdose is a rare occurrence.

Indications for use

For those who have insufficient levels of vitamin B9 in the body, folic acid (vitamin B12 and B6) is indicated. Instructions for use include the following points:

• The dietary supplement must be taken with meals;
• adults need to take one tablet per day;
• The duration of the course is a month and a half.

Folic acid (vitamins B6, B12, C, E, B9) is a powerful compound that supports the cardiovascular system. The supplement is recommended for use for various types of heart and vascular diseases, for atherosclerosis, and also to reduce the risk of heart attacks.

Other indications for the use of folic acid as part of maintenance therapy are:

• intestinal tuberculosis;
• chronic gastroenteritis;
• anemia and leukopenia;
• pregnancy (the vitamin is indicated to prevent neural tube disorders in the fetus);
• insufficient amount of acid in the body (due to poor nutrition, vegetarianism, pregnancy);
• tropical diarrhea.

Folic acid with vitamins B12 and B6 promotes the formation of enzymes that prevent the development of benign and malignant tumors.

The most common combination and good compatibility of substances are vitamins K, B6, B12, folic acid, zinc. Vitamin B9 is a practically safe drug, but doctors do not recommend taking the supplement long time, as it reduces the concentration of vitamin B12 in the body.

Folic acid for women: dosage regimen

Seven out of ten women face vitamin B6 deficiency. Folic acid with vitamins B12 and B6 is especially necessary for expectant mothers and women just planning pregnancy. A lack of vitamin in the mother's body increases the risk of having a baby with pathologies or mental insufficiency, which can lead to miscarriage, premature birth, or placental abruption.

With a lack of B9, pregnant women experience weakness, dizziness, general health worsens, hair begins to fall out, and their appearance leaves much to be desired. Vomiting or diarrhea and anemia may occur.

Doctors recommend starting to take vitamins B6, B12 with folic acid daily in a dosage of 0.4 to 0.8 mg three months before the planned conception of a child and during pregnancy. If this is not the first pregnancy and developmental pathologies are detected in the first baby, it is necessary to increase the dosage to 4 mg.

This drug is also necessary for women after fifty years of age, as the biological supplement improves well-being during menopause. Vitamin B6 reduces unpleasant symptoms by having an estrogen-like effect. With regular use, the drug improves mental state, normalizes sleep, reduces sweating, regulates the ebb and flow of tides, normalizes blood pressure, and eliminates rapid heartbeat.

Vitamin B9 also protects against macular degeneration - this is damage to the retina and, as a result, a rapid and severe deterioration in visual acuity.

Folic acid for men: dosage

Folic acid in a man's body is responsible for productivity and sperm count, and an insufficient amount of vitamin B9 can even lead to infertility. In addition, a lack of folic acid can subsequently have a negative impact on the child, causing the development of Down syndrome, epilepsy or schizophrenia. For men, as for women, it is important to start taking a dietary supplement three months before planned conception.

To compensate for the lack of folic acid in the body, you should consume fresh vegetables, fish, meat, cottage cheese, and cheese in sufficient quantities. As a rule, doctors additionally prescribe 1 tablet (1 ml) of vitamin per day, and as part of the treatment of various diseases, the dosage is increased to 2-5 tablets per day.

Folic acid for children: instructions

From development in the womb to three years of age, during maturation, formation and growth, the child especially needs vitamin B9. But if the mother adheres to a balanced and healthy diet, the baby under one year old does not need additional vitamin intake. Folic acid with vitamins B12 and B6 is necessary for teenagers for normal growth and good memory.

Depending on the age of the child, different dosages are prescribed:

• up to 6 months - 25 mcg;
• from one to 3 years - 50 mcg;
• from 14 years old - 200 mcg.

One tablet contains 1000 mcg of the substance, so children need to dilute one tablet in water, and then use a measuring syringe to measure the required dosage.

Use for weight loss and cosmetic purposes

Scottish scientists have confirmed that folic acid is a necessary element for maintaining women's health and beauty. The vitamin is the main participant in the formation of leukocytes, red blood cells, new skin and hair cells. Vitamin B9 ensures a healthy complexion, which is important for women.

For cosmetic purposes, vitamin B9 is used to heal and strengthen hair, prevent baldness, improve and strengthen nails, and also as a regenerating and soothing agent. Liquid acid is used for hair in combination with masks, conditioners and shampoos. As part of a vitamin complex or in products, vitamin B9 is used to speed up metabolism in the body and combat excess weight.

Recipes for hair masks with vitamin B9:

1. Burdock oil, rub half a teaspoon of vitamin B9 into your hair, wrap your head in a towel and leave for half an hour. Rinse the product from your hair with shampoo containing a drop of folic acid.
2. Mask for dry hair. Combine avocado pulp (contains B9) with olive oil, add two drops lemon juice. Keep the mask on for about half an hour. Rinse off with warm water and shampoo.

Folic acid breaks down fats in the human body. So a successful weight loss program is taking vitamins, proper and balanced nutrition, and moderate physical activity.

Side effects and overdose

The possibility of overdosing on folic acid is very low. Excess acid is excreted from the body through urine. But despite the harmlessness of the drug, there are side effects and a slight possibility of overdose.

Doctors advise not to set the dosage yourself, but to drink as directed.

Possible side effects include:

• rash, itchy skin, asthma attack, allergic reactions;
• insufficient amount of vitamin B12;
• development of anemia;
• thickening of the epithelial layer in the kidneys.

An overdose of vitamin B9 causes insomnia, diarrhea, cramps, acute abdominal pain, vomiting, and constipation. If you identify the above symptoms, you should consult a doctor and only adjust your vitamin intake under his supervision. Additional therapy may be required.

Interaction with other drugs

Vitamin B9 reduces the effectiveness of phenytoin. Analgesics, anticonvulsants, estrogens and contraceptives increase the body's need for vitamin B9. Antacids, Cholestyramine, and sulfonamides reduce the absorption of folic acid. Triamterene, Pyrimethamine, Trimethoprim inhibit dihydrofolate reductase and reduce the effect of folic acid. When prescribing vitamin B9, people who use these drugs are additionally prescribed calcium folinate.

Contraindications to taking the supplement

It is not recommended to use vitamins B6, B12 and folic acid in case of hypersensitivity, serious allergic reaction to B vitamins and bronchial asthma. Folic acid activates cancer cells. The use of the vitamin is contraindicated in case of renal failure and pyelonephritis. It is undesirable to take acid if you have hemochromatosis - this is a hereditary disease that manifests itself in impaired iron metabolism.

Tablets must be stored at a temperature not exceeding +25, in a dark and dry place. The shelf life is 36 months.