What are the types of loans: types, forms, payments. What types of loans are there for individuals? What types of loans are there?

Bank loan

Provided by banks and other financial institutions to legal entities, the population, the state, and foreign clients in the form of cash loans. A bank loan exceeds the boundaries of a commercial loan in terms of direction, duration and has a wider scope. Replacing a commercial bill with a bank bill makes this loan more elastic, expands its scope, and increases security. A bank loan is dual in nature: it can act as a capital loan for operating enterprises, companies, or in the form of a loan of money, i.e., as a means of payment when paying debts. As it develops and expands credit system The growth rate of bank credit is increasing. Currently, there are several forms of bank loans.

How is a bank loan classified?

Classification of a bank loan occurs according to a number of criteria.

1. Method of issuing a loan:

cash and non-cash loans (by transferring funds from an account or by issuing cash from an account)

refinancing (rediscounting of bills, purchasing resources on the interbank market, issuing bonds and other debt obligations by a commercial bank)

re-registration (debt restructuring)

bill loans

2. Loan currency:

in national currency

in the currency of the creditor's country

in the currency of a third country

3. Number of participants:

bilateral transactions

multilateral transactions

4. Purpose of a bank loan:

loans provided to increase fixed capital (renewal of production assets, new construction, expansion of production volumes)

for temporary replenishment working capital

on a consumer basis, including mortgage loans

5. Delivery technique:

one-time loans, i.e. issued in one amount

limited loans (overdraft, credit lines)

6. Loan security:

A secured loan is the main type of modern bank loan. The security can be any property owned by the borrower: real estate, securities and so on. If the borrower violates its obligations, this property is sold to compensate for losses incurred.

unsecured loan

7. Maturity period:

short-term- are provided mainly to replenish the borrower's working capital. They are used in the stock market, trade and services. The repayment period for this type of loan usually does not exceed one year

medium term- are provided for a period of one to three years for production and commercial purposes (for example, the agricultural sector or partial modernization of production)

long-term- used for investment purposes. They service the movement of fixed assets and are distinguished by large volumes of transferred credit resources. Used when lending for reconstruction, technical re-equipment, new construction at enterprises in all sectors of the economy. The average repayment period is usually from three to five years, but can reach 25 years or more, especially if appropriate financial guarantees are obtained from the state

8.Repayment method:

loans repaid in one lump sum at the end of the term are a traditional form of repayment of short-term loans

installment loans

loans repaid in unequal installments over the loan term (a grace period is possible)

9. Type of interest rate:

fixed rate loans

loans with floating interest rates

10. Methods of charging interest:

loans on which interest is paid at the time of its total repayment

loans, the interest on which is paid in equal installments by the borrower throughout the entire term of the loan agreement

loans, the interest on which is withheld by the bank at the time of its immediate issuance to the borrower (used only by usurious capital)

State loan

State loan should be divided into state loan and government debt. In the first case, state credit institutions lend to various sectors of the economy. In the second case, the state borrows funds from banks and other financial institutions on the capital market to finance budget deficit And government debt. At the same time, in addition to credit institutions, government bonds are purchased by the population, legal entities, various enterprises and companies.

State loan- this is a set of economic relations between the state represented by its authorities and management, on the one hand, and physical and legal entities- on the other hand, in which the state acts as a borrower, lender and guarantor.

If the state assumes responsibility for repaying loans or fulfilling other obligations undertaken by individuals and legal entities, then it is a guarantor.

Acting as a borrower, the state influences the size of centralized monetary funds.

State credit is characterized by urgency, payment, and repayment. Funds are raised by the state for a specific period. After a period of time, the amount must be repaid with interest.

Commercial loan

Provided by one operating enterprise to another in the form of the sale of goods with deferred payment.

The instrument of such a loan is a bill of exchange, payable through commercial bank. The peculiarity of commercial credit is that loan capital here merges with industrial capital.

The main purpose of such a loan- speed up the process of selling goods and the profit contained in them. The interest on a commercial loan, which is included in the price of the goods and the amount of the bill, is usually lower than on a bank loan.

The size of a commercial loan is limited to reserve capital, which are available to industrial and trading companies.

Consumer loan

As a rule, it is provided by trading companies, banks and specialized financial institutions for the purchase by the population of goods and services with installment payment.

Typically, durable goods are sold with the help of such a loan.

The loan term is up to a year, the interest is from 10 to 25. In case of non-payment, the property is seized by the creditor.

International loan

It is both private and public in nature, reflecting the movement of loan capital in the sphere of international economic and monetary relations.

A loan is characterized by the transfer by one party (the loan giver) to the other party (the borrower) of both money and things, or the transfer of both.

A loan acts as a special case of a loan agreement and involves:

• credit can't unless otherwise provided by the contract, be interest-free;
• transfer by one party (lender) to another party (borrower) only cash , and only for temporary use (not ownership);
• as creditor not any person speaks, but only credit institution.

Thus, a loan is a bank loan. Bank lending is a set of relations between the bank as a lender and its borrower regarding:

• provision by the borrower of a certain amount of funds for intended use (but there are also unrelated loans);
• their timely return;
• receiving payment from the borrower for the use of funds placed at his disposal.

Classification of bank loans

Commercial banks provide their clients with various types of loans, which can be classified according to various criteria.

By main groups of borrowers loans are distinguished:

• enterprises and organizations;
• banks;
• to individuals.

IN Russian Federation as of June 1, 2009, of the total amount of loans, which amounted to 19,377 billion rubles, 68.7% were to enterprises and organizations, 19.3% to loans to individuals and 12% to credit organizations.

By terms of use loans are:

• on demand, or on call;
• urgent.

The latter, in turn, are divided into:

• short-term (up to 1 year);
• medium-term (from 1 to 3 (5) years);
• long-term (over 3 (5) years).

By sizes loans are distinguished:

• large;
• average;
• small.

By ensuring:

• unsecured (blank);
• secured (collateralized, guaranteed and insured).

By method of issuing a loan can be divided into:

• compensation loans (directed to the borrower’s current account to reimburse him for his own funds, included in costs);
• payment loans (directly sent to pay for settlement documents presented to the borrower for payment for credited activities).

By repayment methods distinguish:

• bank loans repaid in installments (shares);
• bank loans repaid in one lump sum (at a specific date).

Types of bank loans

In global banking practice, there is no unified classification of bank loans. This is due to differences in the level of development banking systems V different countries, their established methods of providing loans. However, most often found in economic literature classification of loans according to the following criteria:

• purpose (loan purpose);
• area of ​​use;
• terms of use;
• provision;
• method of repayment;
• types of interest rates;
• sizes.

Types of bank loans by appointment:

• industrial;
• agricultural;
• trading;
• investment;
• consumer;

Industrial loans are provided to enterprises and organizations for the development of production, to cover the costs of purchasing materials, etc.

Agricultural loans are provided to farmers, peasant farms in order to facilitate their activities in cultivating the land, harvesting crops, etc.

Consumer loans are provided to individuals to cover urgent needs, repairs and purchase of apartments, houses, etc.

Mortgage Loans are issued against real estate for the purpose of construction, acquisition or reconstruction of housing.

areas of use: Loans to finance fixed or working capital. In turn, loans for working capital are divided into loans in the sphere of production and in the sphere of circulation.

On modern stage development Russian economy The most profitable and, as a result, the most common are loans directed to the sphere of circulation.

Types of bank loans depending on terms of use:

• poste restante;
• urgent.

Urgent Loans are usually divided into short-term (up to 1 year), medium-term (1 to 3 years) and long-term (over 3 years).

Types of bank loans for ensuring are divided into blank (unsecured) and secured. Blank loans are issued to first-class borrowers without the use of secondary forms of loan repayment collateral.

Secured Loans are the main type of modern bank credit. Depending on the type of security, they are usually divided into collateral, guaranteed and insured.

This classification of bank loans is used more in banking theory than in practice. IN practical activities Russian banks have adopted the division of bank loans depending not on the type, but on the quality of the collateral. In this regard, it is customary to distinguish between secured, undersecured and unsecured loans.

By repayment method bank loans are divided into loans repaid in one lump sum and loans repaid in installments. Loans repaid in a lump sum are a traditional form of repayment of a short-term loan, since they are convenient from the standpoint of legal registration. Installment loans mean repaying the loan in two or more payments over the entire loan term. Specific repayment conditions are determined and depend on the loan object, loan term, inflationary processes and a number of other factors.

By types of interest rates Bank loans can be divided into fixed or floating rate loans. Loans with a fixed interest rate imply the establishment of a certain interest rate for the entire loan period without the right to revise it. In this case, the borrower undertakes to pay interest at a constant agreed rate, regardless of changes in the capital market. In Russian bank lending practice, fixed interest rates are predominantly used. Floating rate lending involves the use of an interest rate, the amount of which is periodically revised. In this case, the interest rate consists of two components: the main rate, which varies depending on market conditions, and a premium, which is a fixed amount and determined by agreement of the parties.

By size, bank loans are divided into small, medium and large. In banking practice, there is no unified approach to classifying loans according to this criterion. In Russia, a large loan is considered to be a loan to one borrower that exceeds 5% of the bank’s capital.

Depending on areas of use Bank loans can be of two types: loans to finance fixed or working capital. In turn, loans for working capital are divided into loans in the sphere of production and the sphere of circulation.

By terms of use Bank loans are available on demand and urgent.

Urgent loans usually divided into: short-term (up to one year), medium-term (from one to three years) and long-term (over three years).

By ensuring loans are divided into blank (unsecured) and secured.

Blank loans issued to first-class borrowers without the use of secondary forms of loan repayment security.

Secured Loans are the main type of modern bank loan. Depending on the form of security, they are usually divided into collateral, guaranteed and insured. This classification of bank loans is used more in banking theory than in practice. In the practical activities of Russian banks, it is customary to divide bank loans into types depending not on the form, but on the quality of the collateral. In this regard, it is customary to distinguish between secured, undersecured and unsecured loans.

By repayment method Bank loans are divided into loans repaid in one lump sum and loans repaid in installments.

Loans repaid in a lump sum, are a traditional form of repayment of a short-term loan, since they are convenient from the standpoint of legal registration.

Installment loans, means repaying the loan in two or more payments over the entire loan term. Specific conditions for repayment of the loan are determined in loan agreement and depend on the object of lending, the term of the loan, inflationary processes and a number of other factors.

By types of interest rates Bank loans can be divided into fixed or floating rate loans.

Fixed rate loans assume the establishment of a certain interest rate for the entire lending period without the right to revise it. In this case, the borrower undertakes to pay interest at a constant agreed rate, regardless of changes in the capital market. In Russian bank lending practice, fixed interest rates are predominantly used.

Floating rate lending involves the use of an interest rate, the amount of which is periodically revised. In this case, the interest rate consists of two components: the main rate, which varies depending on market conditions, and a premium, which is a fixed amount and determined by agreement of the parties.

By sizes It is customary to divide bank loans into small, medium and large. In banking practice, there is no unified approach to classifying loans according to this criterion. In Russia, a large loan is a loan to one borrower that exceeds 5% of the bank’s capital.

Borrowed funds are money that can help solve many problems for a particular person. The money can be useful to pay for purchases or taxes, to contribute funds for study or treatment. Legal entities take out a loan to replenish working capital or use the money to purchase equipment or materials.

Getting money from a bank is often not easy. Most banks prefer to deal only with reliable and trusted clients who are able to confirm their social status and position. In our article we will look at what forms and types of loan security there are and how a citizen can confirm his solvency.

Before starting a conversation about what types of collateral there are for a loan, it is worth understanding what is meant by a loan and what forms of loan there are. This will allow you to determine in the future the necessary security and additional guarantees.

All types of loans are divided into two groups: targeted and non-targeted. Targeted loans include mortgages, car loans, and business loans, but non-targeted loans include consumer loans, credit cards, and mini-loans.

Regardless of which group your partner belongs to, the bank may require additional guarantees for repayment of the loan. In one case, we can talk about necessary documents and fulfillment of all requirements of the creditor, and in another - to provide security for the loan.

Who can apply for a loan and what requirements do banks impose on borrowers?

Despite the fact that there are a lot of forms and types of lending, the requirements for the applicant are, as a rule, standard. To apply for a loan you just need to meet the following standards:

• confirm the presence of a valid Russian passport with registration;
• The place of permanent registration must be in one of the regions of the Russian Federation.
• the applicant must be at least 21 years old;
• in the loan application you must indicate work experience - six calendar months;
• you will need to confirm your solvency in the form of a bank or in the form of a 2-NDFL certificate, but with any type of loan repayment security there may be no need to provide a certificate;
• In addition, a package of documentation for the collateral property may be required, as well as various certificates regarding the activities of the borrower.

As additional documentation, it is worth considering such papers as driver's license, INN, compulsory medical insurance policy, international passport. If all terms and conditions are met, the loan will be issued very quickly and in the required amount.

What types of loan collateral are there?

To ensure repayment of the loan, the applicant is required to provide certain guarantees to the bank. It should be noted that the types of collateral can be very diverse and depend on what type of loan the borrower is applying for.

Types of security include:

• use as collateral real estate, for example, an apartment or secondary home;
• land plot with or without equipped communications;
• You can offer a car or other equipment, including construction equipment, as collateral;
• third party guarantee.

Each option allows you to get the loan you want, but it may take a lot of time to prepare the accompanying documentation.

Is it worth taking out a secured loan?

This question is of interest to many borrowers, since in case of non-payment of the debt, the property will be transferred to the disposal of the bank and will be sold forcibly. To make such a decision, you must first carefully assess your own financial situation, as well as understand how reliable a client you are.

If the borrower is not confident in his solvency, then you should not risk your own property. In cases where there are additional guarantees, you can apply for a loan. Moreover, the collateral will significantly reduce the interest rate on the loan.

When applying for a guarantee, it is worth remembering that persons no younger than 21 years old and no older than retirement age can become participants in the event. This moment It is recommended to take this into account before contacting the bank, since the likelihood of loan refusal increases significantly. This approach is due to the fact that the debts incurred will be transferred to the guarantor and it is this person who will have to pay the funds.

It is very important to foresee all possible risks, since using property as collateral may cause it to be lost in the future. The best option for many borrowers may be to apply for a loan with the provision of official certificates and statements characterizing the financial stability of the citizen, but much depends on the type of lending. For example, with a car loan, the car automatically becomes collateral, and in the case of a mortgage, this property is an apartment.

Conclusion

Regardless of what situation a person finds himself in, he should not immediately apply for a loan and provide his own property as collateral. First, you need to assess your own capabilities and existing risks. This will allow you to objectively understand whether it is possible to apply for this loan without causing future damage to yourself and your property, or whether you should act with caution and try to solve the problem in a different way.

Many people have been actively using credit for quite some time, but for some, the experience of using borrowed funds is still a curiosity. Let's figure out together whether it is easy to get a loan in our country and what you need to pay attention to so that your first application to the bank does not end in refusal and disappointment.

What types of loans are there?

First of all, you need to decide what you need a loan for. Today in the domestic lending market there are the following main types of loan products:

• Targeted consumer loan
• Non-targeted consumer loan
• Car loan
• Mortgage loan
• Loan for housing construction
• Business loans

Targeted consumer loans

The main difference between these loans is that the bank gives the borrower money to purchase specific, pre-agreed goods and/or services.
As a rule, such loans are not issued to the borrower. When making a purchase, the invoice is simply forwarded to the bank for payment. In fact, the bank immediately pays for the purchase, while the money immediately goes to the seller, and the borrower simply repays the loan to the bank under the agreement.

Non-targeted loans

Here the situation is a little different: the bank is completely indifferent to what the borrower will spend the loan funds on, as long as he makes payments under the agreement on time after using the borrowed funds. The borrower can spend the money received under a non-targeted loan on absolutely any goods or services at his discretion. This kind of money can be cashed out at an ATM and spent by paying at the supermarket, or you can buy a tour to warmer climes - everyone needs something different.
The peculiarity of non-targeted loans is that the borrower himself has to pay for the bank’s less curiosity. In non-targeted loan programs, as a rule, conditions are slightly worse. Thus, the interest rate and late fees on such loans may be slightly higher.

Car loans

From the title it is clear that we are talking about buying a car on credit, but not everyone knows that in this way you can buy not only new car from a car dealership, but also a used (used) car on the secondary market.
Of course, the terms of a loan for a used car and a brand new car from a showroom will be different, because the bank’s risks will be different in both cases.

Mortgage loan

A mortgage provides the opportunity to use borrowed funds to purchase housing. In our country, this type of lending is especially relevant, because real estate prices are constantly rising and for young people the housing issue is becoming a serious stumbling block.
A mortgage loan is actually a type of targeted loan because the borrower does not participate in the financial side of the transaction, his task is only to provide the bank with the necessary package of documents and show the apartment or house that he would like to purchase. If the bank approves the required loan amount, it simply transfers the money to the property owner after signing a purchase and sale agreement with the borrower.
From the moment the payment is made, ownership of the property finally passes to the borrower, and the right of claim passes to the bank that paid for the purchase. Mortgages have some of the longest repayment terms, providing payments for 15 years or more.

Construction loan

In fact, this is the same mortgage, only slightly modified. Here the borrower must provide the bank with all documentation that confirms his ownership rights land plot, on which he is going to build a house, all the necessary design and permits, which should give him the corresponding government bodies.
The bank checks this whole hefty pile of papers and if they find no reason for refusal, they give the borrower the amount of money he needs. After this, you can safely begin building your home.

Social credit programs

Social credit programs are a very powerful tool through which a variety of lending benefits are provided to a variety of groups of citizens. For example, in our country there is a special type of mortgage loans for military personnel. The essence of this loan is that the borrower, if he is a military man, having taken out an apartment on credit, pays only part of this loan, while the other part is paid for by the state.
In our country there are various social lending programs, including:
Mortgage loan for young families
State program for subsidizing car loans
Preferential loans for education and others.

Business loans

This type of loan is perfect for all entrepreneurs, young and old. A businessman can use borrowed funds in different ways, for example, he can:
purchase raw materials for your production
purchase the latest equipment
build a new workshop or even a whole plant
invest money in the development of some innovative technology, etc.
As you can see, there are a lot of opportunities, but borrowed funds will have to be repaid in any case, so you need to use them extremely carefully and carefully, weighing all the pros and cons, as well as assessing possible risks.

Where do they give loans?

Having decided which loan is right for you, you can safely ask the question of where to get it.
Today, you can get a loan even at home using a computer and the Internet. The most common options today are:
Loans that are issued directly at places where something is sold (equipment, building materials, car dealerships, etc.).
Loans issued by banks.
Internet loans (while sitting at home, you send an application for a loan to any bank, provide them with basic information about yourself and wait for a response from the bank; if the loan is approved, you go to the office with a full package of documents and draw up a loan agreement. Convenient, isn’t it ?).

What determines whether a loan will be given or not?

To describe it in a nutshell, the key factor in the question of whether a loan will be given or not is the solvency and reliability of the borrower. What is actually hidden behind these concepts is a question.
From the bank’s point of view, a borrower can be considered reliable and solvent if:
The borrower is over a certain age;
He has a stable source of income (job);
This stable source of income can be confirmed by documents (certificate from place of employment);
The borrower's income is sufficient to repay the loan (payments are no more than 50% of the borrower's monthly income);
The borrower has some social connections (family, permanent place of residence, work).
In addition to these factors, there are many others, but most banks keep them secret in order to protect themselves from all sorts of fraud.

How easy is it to get a loan?

There can be no clear answer to this question. Objectively assess the situation, if you fit the description outlined above, then your chances of getting a loan are quite high. In the same case, if any of the points (or even all) do not meet the established requirements, then problems may arise. In any case, to increase your chances of receiving a loan, you should provide the most complete package of documents confirming your solvency.

What are the loan payments?

In fact, there are only 2 types of loan payments:
Differentiated
Annuity
Their difference is that according to the differentiated method, the loan body gradually decreases and, as a consequence, interest, too. With this type of payment, by the end of the loan term the amount of monthly payments is significantly reduced.
With annuity payments the picture looks different. The borrower pays the same amount each month from the first payment to the last. The differences are clearly demonstrated in the diagram below.

Type of loan This is a characteristic of loans based on economic characteristics. The main purpose of lending is capital movement. The lender, having not found a better use for the funds, leases them to the borrower for a certain period with subsequent return and a set fee. A loan, in essence, is a financial transaction with benefits for both parties.

To date, no uniform global standards have been established for dividing loans into types. In our country, loans are classified depending on the object of lending, fee, urgency of lending, its security, etc.

The main popular types of loans are: car loans, mortgages, consumer loans and cash loans.

Types of credit.

According to the repayment terms, they are distinguished:

• Overnight - interbank lending for one night;
• Extra-term - loan up to 3 months;
• Short-term - the loan is issued for a period of up to a year;
• Medium-term - lending from 1-5 years;
• Long-term - repayment period is more than 5 years;
• On-call - presented in the form of a line of credit, mainly used by brokers.

By security types of loan distinguish:

• Unsecured - a loan issued at the risk and risk of the lender, without guarantee or any additional guarantees;
• Partially secured - the collateral against which the loan is issued only partially covers the amount of loan funds, or the guarantor assumes the obligation to pay only part of the debt;
• Secured - the collateral against which the loan is issued fully covers the loan, or the guarantor guarantees payment of the entire amount of the debt.

Depending on the fee, the following types of loans are distinguished:

• Interest is the most common type of lending. The borrower, when borrowing money, undertakes to repay part of the debt, including interest, every period (month, quarter or year).

Interest-bearing loans can be divided into several more subtypes:

• Rollover - interest rates that apply mainly to long-term loans. These are loans without a fixed interest rate, which changes depending on fluctuations in the foreign exchange market;
• Fixed - interest rates remain fixed throughout the entire period of use of credit funds;
• Mixed - a loan containing a fixed interest rate (primary) and variable (floating).
• An interest-free or targeted loan (issued for the purchase of a specific product) - an agreement is concluded between the bank and the seller and the seller pays the interest. At the same time, he compensates for the paid interest with an inflated price for the goods. Less often, a large seller himself becomes a creditor and is ready to give an interest-free deferment on payment.
• With a fixed payment - upon receiving loan money, repaying it partially or fully, the borrower undertakes to pay fixed fee. This type of lending is quite rare.

By purpose of issuance types of loan distinguish:

• Targeted - loan funds can only be used to achieve the purpose provided for in the loan agreement. The most common are housing loans (mortgages), car loans, land loans, educational loans, brokerage loans and, of course, consumer loans.
• Non-targeted - money borrowed, the borrower has the right to spend at his own discretion.

Depending on financial and social status:

• Unofficially employed or unemployed - this includes categories of people who are not able to confirm their income (dividends, interest on profits, income from renting out housing, etc.);
• For individual entrepreneurs- the income of this category of people is difficult to control, therefore the lending conditions are more stringent;
• Pension loan - the size of such a loan depends on the size of pension payments and the age of the borrower.

Depending on the lender:

• Usurious - a loan that involves a very high interest rate and material collateral. Such type of loans is very rare, mainly characteristic of countries with a poorly developed credit system;
• Banking - the lender is a bank or a credit institution;
• Commercial - a credit transaction between legal entities or a legal entity and an individual;
• State - a loan issued by a state bank for special conditions(more profitable). Very often, government programs are called credit programs for young families, for example: youth loan;
• International - an investment of money from one or several states into another.