Maps of Tartaria XIV - XVIII centuries. Maps of Tartaria XIV - XVIII centuries Ancient atlases and maps of ancient Tartaria

One of the most absurd and harmful theories of the so-called “alternative historians” (and at the same time various neo-pagan sects and neo-Nazi organizations) is the myth of the “Great Tartary” - the Slavic-Aryan Empire, allegedly destroyed by Muscovy, that is, by our ancestors. This myth was invented famous swindler N. Levashov (although there are suspicions that this is a product of American intelligence services). The theory of “Great Tartary” itself is a clear anti-Russian sabotage aimed at undermining Russian historical self-awareness and fits perfectly into the American program for the collapse Russian Federation in 2015 , which included propaganda of “new chronology”, “alternative history”, vulgarization and denigration of Russian historical science (propaganda campaign “Beware, history!”), various separatist movements (United States of Siberia, Great Finnogria, Pomeranian separatism, Ingermanland separatism, etc. ) with the creation of theories about the “eternal Russian genocide”, artificial languages, etc. The last chord should have been the Ukrainian Maidan, with the subsequent war with Russia, the economic war of the West against Russia and, as a consequence, civil war and the collapse of Russia. However, the West failed to implement these plans.

As a result, the theory of “Great Tartary” turned out to be extremely short-lived (it should have worked by 2015, and there the Russian “savages” would have had no time for the Slavic-Aryan empires) and disposable, like a condom. The entire mythology is presented by the “Great Tartaria” on the Levashov website. I assure you that you will find nothing more about Tartaria besides this - that’s all the information. There is simply no other. The reason, one might think, is the cessation of funding by the American intelligence services for the “Great Tartary” project, as well as for others, such as the United States of Siberia, in connection with the Ukrainian Maidan and the failure of hopes for the Russian Maidan and the collapse of Russia.

However, the harmful theory bore its poisonous fruits in immature minds, sowing hatred and disgust towards Russia. These immature, deceived people, overwhelmed by Nazi and sectarian ideas, stubbornly continue their activities to spread anti-Russian propaganda. The main argument of these people is the European maps of “Great Tartary”. Which looks very strange. If, according to them, literally all memory of the “Great Tartary” was destroyed, then how did this destruction not affect the cards? No “alternative historian” can answer this question.

Let's look at these cards. I will rely on the article by I.K. Fomenko “The Legacy of the Golden Horde in European Cartography of the XV-XVIII Centuries.” So I.K. Fomenko did not set out to refute the theories of “alternative historians”; I will add my comments to the article. The text by I.K. Fomenko will be marked with the initials I.F., my comments - KS.

I.F. As a rule, foreign authors who wrote about Russia before the 16th century received information about Muscovy and the various “Tartar kingdoms” second-hand, drawing information from literature, chronicles, documents and oral stories. This is how Matthew Mekhovsky, Pavel Jovius Novokomsky, Paolo Campania, Johann Fabri and others worked. “Notes on Muscovite Affairs” by Sigismund Herberstein is one of the first descriptions of the country by an eyewitness. But no matter how many representatives of Europe visited Muscovy, the stereotypes of perception of Tartary-Russia remained largely unchanged.

KS. A very important clarification. European cartographers received information about Russia and its neighbors from different sources, sometimes separated by centuries. Therefore, maps sometimes painted an already outdated picture, not to mention the accuracy of the objects depicted. There were no satellites or airplanes at that time, so objects were drawn, as they say, by eye, and sometimes even in accordance with one’s own imagination. Thus, strange lakes and rivers, mythical and long-vanished cities (like Grustina), as well as ancient ancient names mixed with modern ones, appeared on European maps. Therefore, medieval maps of European cartographers cannot be considered as an objective reflection of reality, but should be approached critically. This is especially true for territories that Europeans knew from hearsay.

I.F. Let's look at the copper round map of the world - "Planisphere of Stefan Borgia" (1440/1450 - 17th century) from the Vatican Apostolic Library. On the planisphere, which was primarily a wall decoration, one of the first mentions of the ethnonym Tartary is found. The miniature in the Middle Volga region (left bank) depicts a nomadic city, perhaps this is the residence of the Khan of the Great Horde. Tents, alternating with carts, form a square, in the center of which there is a source of water, unharnessed horses graze nearby, the miniatures show the life of nomads; near the nomadic camp there is a text that, with minor changes, is often found in cartography of the 16th century. in the same place: " Kingdom of Great Tartaria: When the Tartars move to a place, they harness bulls and other beasts of burden and look for a place where there are good pastures. Their city consists of many tents, carts, etc.".

Planisphere by Stefan Borgia.

KS. Great Tartary is the Mongol empire of Genghis Khan, as the Europeans called it. At the time of the creation of the Stephen Borgia map, this was an anachronism. The Empire collapsed and the Golden Horde itself was going through a period of disintegration. The very description on the map refutes the fictions of “alternative historians” about the “Aryan Empire”. Before the viewer, the Tartars are nomads, which does not contradict historical data about the Mongols, whom Europeans and Russians called only Tatars.

I.F. On the planisphere of 1448 by the Benedictine monk from Salzburg Andreas Walsperger, we also find one of the early names associated with the name "Tartara". The state of the Tartar Empire is located above the Koman kingdom, which is in the Middle Don region. On the right bank of the Don (brother Andrei has some confusion with rivers) there is a city, and next to it is the text: " Sarai is the capital of Tartarus, where the emperor lives". In the Middle Volga region in the land of Kumania there is a huge miniature of a city surrounded by a high fortress wall, next to it there is a comment: " This is the city (Sarai) djedit of the Tatar Bataille, where the great khan died"It should be noted that the name of the Khan of the Golden Horde, mentioned on the map of 1448, appeared for the first and only time in cartographic legends known to me.

KS. It is worth noting that Brother Andreas really did not understand the information received. He has the Coman kingdom and the Tartar empire on equal terms. The Tartar Empire is the empire of Genghis Khan, which at that moment ceased to exist. The Koman kingdom is the Desht-i Kipchak of eastern sources, as the Golden Horde was called in the East. The Golden Horde had many names. Sarai was indeed the capital of the Golden Horde and Batu Khan died in 1256. Brother Andreas shifted the chronology on the map by 200 years: XIII century. moved to the 15th century. As a result, the Golden Horde and the empire of Genghis Khan mixed up. As a result, information about the Golden Horde as part of the Mongol Empire came onto the map and Batu was mistakenly called the Great Khan, which he never was.

I.F. On an anonymous planisphere from the mid-15th century. from Modena (the so-called "Anonymous of Modena") in Great Tartary, closer to the north, near the green hills, rests a huge royal crown, which marks the place of Temujin's election as khan with the title "Genghis", commented on by the following legend: " In 1187 the First Tartar King was crowned here".

KS. The date of Genghis Khan's proclamation as Great Khan is not exact. This date is based on the book of Marco Polo: “It happened that in 1187 the Tatars chose a king for themselves, and in their name he was called Genghis Khan...” (ch. 65). It is not difficult to understand that there is no “Slavic-Aryan Empire” here anywhere near. Genghis Khan is the Mongol Khan and there is no doubt about it. Too many sources have survived to doubt this. Calling Genghis Khan “Aryan”, “European”, “Slav”, “Alan-Scythian” is possible only with great imagination and a large dose of obscurantism. The light eyes of Genghis Khan, noted by historians, prove absolutely nothing, just like the color of the eyes of Russian people.

I.F. Fra Mauro also reports on the sources of his remarkable cosmography on the graphic field of the map, placing the text in the place where the border between Europe and Asia was traditionally marked - in the bend of Tanais. " This work was made for the Serenissima (Venice - I.F.) and is not as perfect as we would like. For it is impossible for the human mind to create cosmography or an image of the ecumene without the Supreme Providence... I did not follow Ptolemy both in terms of measures of longitude and latitude, as well as in structure... Regarding myself, I will give the answer that I tried to support my work on land description with experience, spending on this is many years and communicating with trustworthy people who visited those countries and saw with their own eyes everything that I demonstrate here... As for the number of lands in the world, there is no clear opinion among cosmographers on this matter, and I, in turn, will refrain here from my point of view. But in all regions, even the most insignificant, I put the letter “P” (the sign of a province) for convenience in designating the various lands and peoples inhabiting them... Regarding the issue of the circumference of the earth’s circle, there are different opinions and statements that are not supported by experienced knowledge... and in this case I trust in the Wisdom of the Lord and the measure of His Providence, for He alone knows everything exactly.".

The map was an order of the Portuguese monarch Affonso V. It should be noted that before the appearance of this masterpiece of medieval cartography, we do not see roads on European maps. Fra Mauro laid out roads that connect regions and cities of Russia, which is another argument in favor of the fact that he drew information from travelers who visited there. The informants were probably “guests from Surodzhan”, merchants who traded in Italian trading posts in the Northern Black Sea region. Russian "guests" in the XIV–XV centuries. They traded between Surozh (Sugdeya), Tana and Moscow, and in search of birds of prey, highly valued in the West and East, they even reached Pechora. The map shows trade routes along the Don and rivers of the Moscow region, as well as a complex of northern rivers (Sukhona, Dvina, Vychegda, Yug).

Fra Mauro identifies as many as 5 Russias: southern and southwestern Russia - Russia Rossa (Red); northern and northwestern lands - Russia, Russia Sarmatia or Russia in Europe; eastern - Russia Bianca (White) Sarmatia or Russia in Asia; central and northeastern - Negra (Black) Russia. The author explains this color differentiation as follows: " This division (of the country) into white, black and red Russia has no other explanation than the fact that these parts of Russia are called as follows. White Russia got its name from the (nearby) White Sea, the other part - Black Russia is called so from the black river, and Red Russia is called so after the name of the red river. The Tatars call the white sea “akteniz”, the black river “karasu”, and the red river “kozusu”.".

The boundaries of lands and settlements of peoples in Fra Mauro are a kind of “forest belts”, about which the author says: “Please note that throughout the map there are green icons and groups of trees; their purpose is to indicate the boundaries of various provinces.” In Venetian cosmography there is the ethnonym “Tartaria” - in the names of the regions where cartographers previously depicted Alania and Cumania (South Russian steppes) in the interfluve of the Dnieper, Don and Volga. On this map there is also the city of “Tartaria” - below the mouth of the river. Ursa, which flows into the Don. This city cannot yet be localized due to poor archaeological knowledge of the region.

The miniature of the first capital of the Golden Horde, the city of Sarai, on the Fra Mauro map is significantly inferior to Sarai, surrounded by a powerful fortress wall, to which the artist Andrea Bianco not in vain gave the definition of “Grando”. Near Saray Grando there is a miniature of a luxurious tomb with an accompanying text-epitaph, which dates back to the events of 1395." Tartar Tomb: which contains 18 burials made by the will of Tamerlane, who inflicted the greatest defeat on them (the Tartars) here. And he ordered that only the most noble be buried here, and this burial mausoleum is similar to what is shown (on the map)". The value of the map of 1459 is also that the author placed on it two capitals of the Golden Horde on the left bank of the Edil (Volga): "Sarai" on the left bank of the river "Kara Sarai", at its confluence with the Edil, corresponds to the city Sarai-Batu, and "Sarai Grando" (Sarai al-Jedid). There is also a third Sarai on the map - Sarai Kalmukov, which is located on the right bank of the Volga.

KS. Here one may disagree that the information reached the Italian cartographer through Russian merchants. Red Russia received its name from the Cherven cities conquered in 981 by Prince Vladimir. Black Rus' means “subordinate (to Lithuania and Poland) Rus'.” The meaning of “black” in the sense of “subordinate” has been preserved in the Russian language in such expressions as “black hundred”, “black-growing peasants”. There is also a strange etymology from the names of rivers in the Turkic language. Rather, the information came from the Tatars, who knew about the color division of the geography of Rus', but gave it their own etymology, different from the Russian one.

The Old Sarai (Sarai-Batu) is well known to archaeologists. No traces of the “Slavic-Aryan civilization” were found there. “Alternative historians” don’t even have anything to say here.

I.F. On the planisphere of 1505 by Nicolo Caverio in the center of the Golden Horde, called “Tartaria” on the map, in a red and blue luxurious tent, above which flutters a red two-pointed banner with a golden Jochid tamga, the ruler sits on a low throne. This is the only anthropomorphic image on the map, which indicates its special significance.

With the weakening of the Mongol Empire and the state of the Golden Horde, the image of the Sarai ruler on maps gradually decreases in size, and his title also changes - the word “emperor” is reduced. We see the aggressive image of “Tartaro”, armed with a sword, in the Northern Black Sea region on the navigation map from the 1512 maritime atlas of Vesconte Maggiolo, as well as on the portolan of another representative of the famous Genoese clan of cartographers Tue. floor. XVI century Jacopo Maggiolo.

When describing countries and peoples remote from the cartographic centers of Europe, the authors widely used the works of antiquity (Strabo, Pliny, etc.). Therefore, a paradoxical situation often arises - ancient and medieval names of the same country often appear side by side on the map. The popularity of “Geography” by Claudius Ptolemy continued to grow, by the middle of the 16th century. Many editions of this work were published in various printing houses in Europe.

KS. By the 15th century The Golden Horde ceased its historical existence. However, on European maps it continued to exist under the name “Tartaria”, but as a geographical name, gradually losing its political significance. Now Tartary means the geographical area inhabited by Tatars (Turks and Mongols). At the same time, it is specifically stated which Tartaria it is.

The appearance of Scythia and Sarmatia on European maps should also not come as a surprise - this is a kind of inertia of the scientific thinking of medieval scientists who stubbornly clung to ancient geography, before which the Europeans of the Renaissance felt almost sacred awe. The same trend affected Tartary, which even as a geographical term was outdated and outdated, nevertheless it appeared in European geography until the 19th century.

I. F. On the map of the Italian monk Marcus Beneventan (Rome, 1507), who took as a basis the map of Nicholas of Cusa, the westernmost branch of the “Tartar” peoples - Perekop Tartary - is located on the eastern bank of the Dnieper River. On the world map of Johan Ruysch (Rome, 1508), the lands beyond the Arctic Circle are called the “Dark Province”; to the east is the Great Tartaria. To the south of the North Pole are Muscovy, Russia Alba (the right bank of the Dnieper), Kazan, Strakhan, the land of Tartary (between the Pontus Euxine and Hyrcanian seas). On the world map of 1513 (Strasbourg), entitled "Hydrographic or sea map", the land of Tartaria is located in the foothills of the North Caucasus, in the Middle Volga region and on the left bank of the river. Ra (Volga). All of Western Siberia is called "Tartaria". The map of 1515 by Gregor Reisch, abbot of the Carthusian monastery from Freiburg is very sketchy. It is noteworthy that the cartographer paid special attention to various “Tartaria” in “Asia”: Perekop Tartary; Tartaria Kumanov (Middle Volga region); Tartary Voronya (Western Siberia); Tartaria Torquesten (Eastern Urals); Tartaria Abundant Süm (Eastern Siberia); Tartary Tangut (northeast Eurasia).

KS. As we see, Great Tartaria on European maps already at the beginning of the 16th century. crumbled into many small Tartaria. European cartographers attached the term “Tartaria” to every region east of Russia. There is not even any talk of any kind of empire.

I.F. Cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced and published in 1516 his famous “sea map” (“Carta Marina...”) on 12 sheets, from which, despite numerous archaisms, Europeans could obtain at least some information about something almost unknown to them. Tartary. The most remarkable thing for our theme is the 3rd sheet of its first row, which depicts " Russia Alba"and a significant part of Asian Russia, extending to 65° east longitude. Waldseemüller gleaned information about the lands depicted on the map from the writings of Odorico Pordenone, Plano Carpini, Marco Polo and other travelers. Beyond the Riphean Mountains lies the vast TARTARIA, consisting of many different kingdoms (regio). Along the eastern slope of the Riphean Mountains from north to south are the following regions: Mordvani with the legend: " Here in this region live a people called "Bilers" and they are vassals of Tartarus"; then follows the region of Great Bulgaria; in the lower reaches of the Don (left bank) lies the country of Kazan, and above the land - Nagai. In the land of Nagai, between the Tanais and the rivers Ra, sits in a tent on a low throne with a sword in hand " great nomadic ruler over the Great Emperors, king of Kazan and emperor over many nations"Beyond the Volga, which flows diagonally across Russia from the Caspian Sea to the Baltic Sea, crosses Lake Ilmen and flows into the Gulf of Finland, above the Caspian Sea, which is called the "Sea of ​​Abacus, or Salt Sea", lies the vast land of "Kumania". In the east , beyond the Jaxartes River, lies Saracen Tartary; Land of the Bisermen" And " Kangit Kingdom". "In the center of Tartaria, among the tents scattered across the map field, in a frame there is a traditional legend about the way of life of the Tartars: they do not live in cities, but roam with their herds, eating milk and meat.

KS. On Waldseemüller's map you can see a typical European cartography mishmash of eras and names, which clearly shows how little the Europeans of the 16th century knew. about Asia. Here ancient names coexist peacefully with the realities of the 13th century. The Kazan Khanate and the Nogai Horde are mixed up. The outlines of the continent are frankly fantastic. For some reason, the Kazan khans received the title of Tartar emperor. The Tartars are called nomads without any ambiguity, without any indication of a certain Slavic-Aryan empire.

I.F. In the 16th century The Italian school of cartography occupied a leading place in the world, mainly thanks to nautical charts. In 1525, cartographer Battista Agnese produced a map of Muscovy based on first-hand information. This is a "Map of Muscovy, based on evidence received from Ambassador Dmitry (Gerasimov) himself." The map was compiled as an appendix to the book about Muscovy and Tartaria by Bishop Pavel Jovius. The informant was the interpreter (in the title of the card - “ambassador”) of Grand Duke Vasily III. On a relatively small map there are seven ethnonyms of Tartaria and one image of “MAGNUS TARTARUS OCCIDENTALIS”. The Great Ruler of Eastern Tartary sits on a throne 3/4 of a turn towards the viewer. He is dressed in long robes, on his head is a high headdress, and in his right hand is a scepter. Behind the ruler is a city of tents, spread out in the “desert”, penetrated only by rhumb lines. On the map there is Perekopskaya Tartaria (located between the Dnieper and Don estuaries); simply Tartaria (between the lower reaches of the Dnieper and Don); Asian Tartaria (on both banks of the Volga); Tartary (located above the only “Tartar” city on the map - casanum tartarum); opposite Kazan, the Tartars beyond the Volga live the Tartars of the Sheibanids. Up the river (apparently the Kama) is the land of “nogai tartari”, and the seventh Tartary is located in Western Siberia, where MAGNUS TARTARUS sits.

KS. As we can see, with the receipt of reliable information, “Great Tartary” began to move further and further to the east. There was no place for it in real history and geography.

I.F. Let's turn to Anton Vida's map of Muscovy. An artist from Danzig made this map based on materials provided by the fugitive Moscow okolnichy Ivan Vasilyevich Lyatsky. In the legend, the author did not fail to mention the role played by the former governor in the creation of the map: " In the work of marking cities and rivers, the noble Mr. John Lyatsky, one of the people who held important positions in Muscovy, helped us a lot...". In 1542, Wied created a manuscript, and the famous engraving by Franz Hogenberg dates back to 1555. The toponymy on the map is bilingual: Latin transliteration of Russian toponyms and their dubbing in Cyrillic. To the north of the Cossack Horde, in the watershed of the Dyck (Yaik) and Volga rivers, the nomads of the Nagai Horde are shown ; the Nagais have the most numerous herds of sheep and horses in Tartary. The Perekop horde is located in its traditional place in the Crimea, their herds graze to the north, reaching the sources of the Sosna River. Near the armed figures of the Perekop Tatars there is a legend: “ These Tartars are strongly at enmity with Christians".

KS. It is not difficult to notice that Tartary on the map has finally turned into a geographical region, part of Asia. There is no empire "Great Tartaria" on the map.

I.F. The ongoing Russian-Lithuanian conflict sanctioned the embassy to Russia in 1526 of Sigismund Herberstein, supplied with instructions from the Austrian Archduke Ferdinand. In addition to the territory and climate, the humanist diplomat was interested in flora and fauna, government structure countries and the attitude of their subjects to the supreme power, the religion of the inhabitants of Muscovy, the origin of the Russian people and their connection with other Slavic ethnic groups, etc. Herberstein approached the information he received critically and checked the information by asking the same questions to different people.

The map “Moscovia Sigismundi Liberi Baronis in Herberstein Neiperg et Gutenhag MDXLVI” (1546), which was supposed to be an appendix to his book, was published 3 years before the appearance of Herberstein’s Notes. It was made by the famous engraver Augustin Hirschvogel, who fruitfully worked with Herberstein during 1546 and 1547. This small map included: Nagai Tartars, Cheremis people, Mordovian people, Chirkas peoples, Pyatigorsk Chirkas.

KS. One can only ask the question: “Why didn’t Herberstein say a word about the ancient Slavic-Aryan Empire, which was Russia’s neighbor?” The answer is simple: Herberstein could not tell about something that did not happen. Tartaria (Tataria) are lands inhabited by Tatars (Kargopol, Nogai, etc.). Before us is an ethnic map, not a political one. Mixing a geographical map with a political one on one map is another feature of European geographical science. This is what modern falsifiers of history have taken advantage of, passing off an ethnic name as a political one.

I.F. One of the most prominent representatives of the Italian school of cartography of the Renaissance is Giacomo Gastaldo. Contemporaries awarded him the epithet "excellentissimo cosmografo Piamontese". In 1548 he compiled the “New Map of Muscovy”. The eastern and southeastern parts of the map are made up of: the Kuriapatzor region (in the North Caucasus); the Tartakosia region east of Meotida, above – Chirkassia and Alania. Along the right bank of La Volga fl. the regions are located: Kipchak (above Astrakhan); Palastra (in the Middle Volga); Kabata near the city of Cassan. On the left bank of the Volga is Chagatai (near the estuary); Above are the Tartars of Shambanida.

I.F. The works of the famous Flemish geographer and cartographer Abraham Ortelius were of great importance for the development of historical geography. His "Theatrum Orbis Terrarum" was a huge success. The work consisted of 70 cards on 53 sheets; The volume increased from edition to edition, becoming the first systematic collection of maps. Among the maps published by Ortelius was a map of Muscovy in 1562, which was republished without changes until 1612, as well as a map of East Asia - “Tartaria, or the kingdom of Great Ham.”

KS. It is not difficult to notice how, under the pressure of facts, Tartary is moving further and further to the east. Here is the characteristic voicing of the title for Romance languages. khan, How boor. Now “alternative historians” are actively using such archaic sounding words (boorish, Asia, etc.) to give weight to their falsifications, since they clearly do not have enough facts.

I. F. The author of the map of Muscovy, or rather “Description of Russia, Muscovy and Tartaria,” is Anthony Jenkinson, an outstanding diplomat and merchant who represented the English Moscow trading company at the court of Ivan the Terrible. It is noteworthy that the Kazan Khanate was included in the Moscow state, and the Astrakhan Khanate was shown to be still independent, although Jenkinson knew about the conquest of Astrakhan by Moscow, which he mentions in his work (a frequent discrepancy between the author and the publisher).

The regions of central Russia are shown in detail: Muscovy, Kargopolia, Volodemer, etc. In the north, from the Condor region to the land of Bayda, the Samoyed region stretches; the middle part of the map, up to the Volga River, is occupied by Russia; in the south - from the Mordva region to the Boghar (Bukhara) region there is the ethnonym TARTARI, and to the south of the Samar River - NAGAIA. In the upper reaches of the Kama River lies a region called Tyumen. Among these areas, tents are placed, nomads graze herds of camels. In the upper left corner of the card is depicted “John Vasilyevich, Emperor of Russia, Duke of Moscow, etc.”

The geographical accuracy of the territory shown on the map, through which Anthony Jenkinson, who led an expedition in 1557 to find trade routes to Bukhara and Persia, passed, is quite high, which was largely achieved thanks to his determination of the latitudes of individual points. Below the Baida region, to the right of the large Chinese lake from which the Ob River originates, there is a legend about miracles that took place in Tartary. The commentary to the miniature is framed in a luxurious cartouche, which is complemented by a corresponding painting. The viewer can see an impressive armed column moving along the eastern slopes of Mount Imaus, surrounded by numerous herds of sheep and camels. The legend says: “These rocks have a human likeness, as well as camels and other animals with various luggage, as well as small livestock. Once upon a time, in ancient times, this was a horde, whose representatives were engaged in cattle breeding, herding small and large livestock; but at one point, By some magic, they all turned to stone and became rocks, retaining the likeness of people and animals. This miraculous transformation took place 300 years ago. d".

KS. There is no Tartaria on Jenkinson's map. There is an ethnonym - Tatars. There are no “tartaries” characteristic of European maps here either, because Jenkinson himself was present in these places and did not find any “tartaries”. There are only ethnonyms on the map.

I.F. The map “Tartaria or the kingdom of the Great Ham” was published in Antwerp in 1570. It is preceded by a text of a historical and ethnological nature. Let us present some excerpts that characterize the stable ideas of Europeans about the “Tartares,” as well as the sources of this knowledge. " Those whom we call Tartars include many peoples who live over a vast territory. Since Tartary currently extends from the Eastern Ocean or Mangico, its lands stretch from the Northern Ocean to the southern regions of Sinam, part of India, and also extend beyond the rivers Ganges, Sakos, Oxus..., the Caspian Sea and the Maeotis swamp; in the West, the border of Tartary touches Muscovy, which was all once occupied by the Tartars, and they had headquarters in its cities. In ancient writings, Tartary was called “Asian Sarmatia”, as well as “Scythia” and “Serica” (which today is approximately occupied by Cathay). This terrible name was first heard in Europe in 1212. “Hordes”, in their language, means many. And despite the fact that they live in different Provinces, at considerable distances from each other, nevertheless, in general, their morals and way of life have a lot in common. Their physique is square, their appearance is squat, their eyes are deep-set and narrow, their beard is terrible, but otherwise their body is powerful and their spirit is courageous; They kill horses, as well as other animals, and they serve them as food, but it is not customary for them to eat pigs... You can get information about the Tartars, their morals and customs from Sigismund Herberstein. Also see Antony Bonfinius and his commentaria Hungarica; M(arco) Polo the Venetian, who constantly lived among them (tartar). About their origin read Matthew from Mekhov; (essay) Hetum of Armenia; The Saracen history of Caelius Curio, as well as the writings of the Jesuit James of Navarre. Information about the Tartars, which can be gleaned from Nicephorus, in the book, will also not hurt. Chapter 18 30". The texts placed on the map are replete with information that traditionally goes back to ancient and medieval authors and contain many legendary and mythological subjects.

KS. The inscriptions on the map of A. Ortelius clearly say that the Tartars are nomadic tribes with a Mongoloid appearance. European geographers do not know and have never known any Slavic-Aryan Tartars.

I.F. At the so-called “Wroclaw Jenkinson” in the region of Tartary, in the southwest of Lake China in the region of Tumen, Nagaia and Cassakia, near a miniature of a nomadic camp surrounded by numerous herds of sheep, horses and camels, an extensive legend is given in the cartouche telling about the way of life peoples living there: “ Residents of the Tyumen region, Cossacks and Nagais are Tartars-Mohammedans who live in communities. And wherever they go, they take with them their many wives, whom they value. The Tartars are a people who eat horse meat, and from some horses they also get milk. They also eat fruits growing on trees. They have no money in circulation. These people are addicted to practicing magic and casting spells on demons. If an enemy threat comes to them or the skies darken due to a thunderstorm, then they gather a council in order to make a decision regarding this sign or enemy threat. And then one of them (priest, shaman), using spells, herbs, roots, as well as (special) stones, demonstrates his skill in interpreting various signs».

I.F. For the engraved map of the Detecum brothers “A new description of the Northern Regions, including Muscovy, Ruthenov, Tartarus, as well as the Tartar Hordes surrounding these lands...” (until 1572), an unknown compiler collected materials from outstanding travelers and cartographers of the first half of the 16th century: Sigismund Herberstein; Ivan Lyatsky; Gerard Mercator; Anthony Jenkinson; Giacomo Gastaldo, Olaus Magnus, master Caspar Fopelius. The map is replete with hundreds of miniatures.

In the southeast of Lake China in the region of Yugoria and Cassakia, near a miniature of a nomadic camp, we read a legend with a general description of the Tatar ethnic group: " The Tartar people have always been distinguished by their belligerence and led a nomadic lifestyle, and they are divided into Hordes"We list the most significant of them: the Horde in the land of Bulgaria; the Horde in the land of Kassakia (southeast of Lake Teletskoye); the Horde in the region of the middle Urals; the Horde in the land of Nagai (between the Volga and Yaik); the Horde in the upper reaches of Yaik; the Horde in Turkestan .

Between the Yaik and Volga rivers, near the image of the nomadic Horde, there is an explanatory comment: " "Horde" in the Tartar language means a union of people, which thus constitutes a single community. And this community (Horde) constantly leads a nomadic lifestyle, moving from one region to another". The map contains a lot of information about the wars of past years and contemporary map authors. We present legends related to the topic under study. In the northern Azov region in the Crimea region: "To The Romans are Mohammedans, they raid the Muscovites, with whom they constantly fight fighting ". Over the city of Kazan: " In 1551, the Tartar Kazan Kingdom was defeated and included in the power of the Emperor of Russia". Near the city of Astrakhan: " In 1554, the Astrakhan Tartar kingdom was subordinated and annexed to the Russian Empire"As we see, cartographers are ahead real events for 1–2 years. Near the city of Little Khorasan: " Here is the city of Khorasan, which is located in the Persian Kingdom; in 1558 it was captured by the Tartars".

KS. As you can see, all the attempts of “alternative historians” to falsify a certain “Great Tartary” based on European maps are refuted by European medieval geographers themselves. If at first Europeans called the Mongol Empire “Great Tartary,” then from the middle of the 15th century. this term turns into the name of a geographical region of Asia. European geographers do not know any “Slavic-Aryan Empire”. The Tartars, according to the maps, are Mongoloid Asian nomads, the religion of the Tartars is Islam, and not the Aryan Vedic faith in Tarha and Tara. Our ancestors knew this, and we know it too. There never were any Vedic Aryans and their mythical empire “Great Tartary” - contemporaries simply do not know it. Therefore even geographical maps, which “alternative historians” refer to, refute their lies.

Well, in continuation of today’s article, I will also provide you with some historical information-mystery.

Just recently, a few years ago, the word “Tartaria” was completely unknown to the vast majority of Russian residents. Now many copies have already been broken in disputes, many films have been made about the falsification of history, etc.

Have you ever heard of such a country?

Here is such a version.

Back in the 19th century, both in Russia and in Europe, the memory of Tartaria was alive, many people knew about it. The following fact serves as indirect confirmation of this. IN mid-19th centuries, European capitals were fascinated by the brilliant Russian aristocrat Varvara Dmitrievna Rimskaya-Korsakova, whose beauty and wit made the wife of Napoleon III, Empress Eugenie, green with envy. The brilliant Russian was called “Venus from Tartarus.”

For the first time, Nikolai Levashov openly reported about Tartary on the Russian-language Internet in the second part of his article “The Silenced History of Russia,” published on Sovetnik in July 2004. Here's what he wrote then:

Encyclopedia Britannica, first edition, Volume 3, Edinburgh, 1771.

Title page of the first Encyclopedia Britannica Brittanica, 1771 edition.

Article about Tartary in the first edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica 1771

A map of Europe from the first, not yet corrected, edition of Brittanica (1771), which shows the largest country in the world - Great Tartary.

Map of Tartary in the third volume of the first edition of Brittanica, 1771.

As follows from the Encyclopedia Britannica of 1771, there was a huge country of Tartaria, the provinces of which had different sizes. The largest province of this empire was called Great Tartaria and covered the lands of Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia and the Far East. In the southeast it was adjacent to Chinese Tartary [please do not confuse it with China]. To the south of Great Tartary there was the so-called Independent Tartary [Central Asia]. Tibetan Tartary (Tibet) was located northwest of China and southwest of Chinese Tartary. In the north of India was the Mongol Tartary (Mogul Empire) (modern Pakistan). Uzbek Tartary (Bukaria) was sandwiched between Independent Tartary in the north; Chinese Tartary in the northeast; Tibetan Tartary in the southeast; Mongol Tartary in the south and Persia in the southwest. In Europe there were also several Tartaries: Muscovy or Moscow Tartary (Muscovite Tartary), Kuban Tartars (Kuban Tartars) and Little Tartary.

What Tartaria means was discussed above and, as follows from the meaning of this word, it has nothing to do with modern Tatars, just as the Mongol Empire has nothing to do with modern Mongolia. Mongol Tartary (Mogul Empire) is located on the site of modern Pakistan, while modern Mongolia is located in the north of modern China or between Great Tartary and Chinese Tartary."

Information about Great Tartary was also preserved in the 6-volume Spanish encyclopedia Diccionario Geografico Universal, published in 1795, and, in a slightly modified form, in later editions of Spanish encyclopedias.

Title page of the Spanish Universal Gazetteer, 1795

Article about Tartary in the Spanish Universal Geographical Directory, 1795.

Well, now maps of Great Tartaria from different times and countries.

The fact that Europeans were very aware of the existence of various Tartaries is also evidenced by numerous medieval geographical maps. One of the first such maps is the map of Russia, Muscovy and Tartary, compiled by the English diplomat Anthony Jenkinson, who was the first plenipotentiary ambassador of England in Muscovy from 1557 to 1571, and also a representative of the Muscovy Company - the English trading company founded by London merchants in 1555. Jenkinson was the first Western European traveler to describe the coast of the Caspian Sea and Central Asia during his expedition to Bukhara in 1558-1560. The result of these observations was not only official reports, but also the most detailed map at that time of areas that were practically inaccessible to Europeans until that time.

Tartary is also in the solid world Mercator-Hondius Atlas of the early 17th century. Jodocus Hondius (1563-1612) - Flemish engraver, cartographer and publisher of atlases and maps bought printed forms Mercator's world atlas, added about forty of his own maps to the atlas and published an expanded edition in 1606 under the authorship of Mercator, and indicated himself as the publisher.

The main population of this vast space were nomadic and semi-nomadic Turkic and Mongolian peoples, collectively known at that time to Europeans as “Tatars.” Until the middle of the 17th century. Europeans knew little about Manchuria and its inhabitants, but when the Manchus conquered China in the 1640s, the Jesuits there also classified them as Tatars.

The main religion of the peoples of Tartaria in the early period was Tengrism, in the late period Islam (most Turkic peoples) and Buddhism (most Mongolian peoples). Some peoples professed Christianity (especially the Nestorian persuasion).

The first state formation throughout the territory of Great Tartary was the Turkic Kaganate. After the collapse of the unified Khaganate, states existed on the territory of Tartaria at different times: Western Turkic Khaganate, Eastern Turkic Khaganate, Kimak Khaganate, Khazar Khaganate, Volga Bulgaria, etc.

At the end of the 12th - beginning of the 13th centuries, the entire territory of Tartaria was again united by Genghis Khan and his descendants. This public education known as the Mongol Empire. As a result of the division of the Mongol Empire into uluses, the centralized state of the Golden Horde (Ulus Jochi) arose in the western part of Tartaria. A single Tatar language developed on the territory of the Golden Horde.

In Russian, instead of the word "Tartaria", the word "Tataria" was more often used. (The ethnonym “Tatars” has a fairly ancient history). Russians traditionally continued to call the majority of Turkic-speaking peoples living on the territory of the former Golden Horde Tatars.

After the collapse of the Golden Horde, several states existed on its former territory at different times, the most significant of which are: the Great Horde, the Kazan Khanate, the Crimean Khanate, the Siberian Khanate, the Nogai Horde, the Astrakhan Khanate, the Kazakh Khanate.

As a result of the transition of many Turkic peoples to a sedentary lifestyle and their isolation in separate states, the formation of ethnic groups occurred: Crimean Tatars, Kazan Tatars, Siberian Tatars, Astrakhan Tatars, Abakan Tatars.

From the beginning of the 16th century, states on the territory of Tartary began to fall into vassal dependence on the Russian state. In 1552, Ivan the Terrible captured the Kazan Khanate, in 1556 - the Astrakhan Khanate. By the end of the 19th century, most of the territory once called “Tartaria” became part of the Russian Empire.

Manchuria, Mongolia, Dzungaria (the “Tatar” part of East Turkestan) and Tibet by the middle of the 18th century. everyone came under the rule of the Manchu (that is, for Europeans of the 17th century, the “Tatar” Qing dynasty); these territories (especially Mongolia and Manchuria) were often known to Europeans as "Chinese Tartary".

Currently, the name Tataria is assigned to the Republic of Tatarstan (in Soviet times, the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic).

Map of Asia from the first edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

A copy of the map of Asia from the Atlas of 1754 (taken from the Slavic-Aryan Vedas.

One of the oldest maps mentioning Tartary.

French map of Asia 1692 and map of Asia and Scythia (Scythia et Tartaria Asiatica) 1697.

Map of Tartaria or the “Empire of the Great Khan”. Compiled by Heinrich Hondius.

Map of Tartaria (fragment). Guillaume Delisle, 1706. The map shows three Tatars: Moscow, Free and Chinese.

Ethnographic map of Remezov.

Map of Great Tartary in 1706.

Russia according to the map of Anthony Jenkinson 1562 Engraving by Frans Hogenberg.

Tartaria, 1814.

The atlas “Theatrum Orbis Terrarum” (lat. Spectacle of the globe) - the world's first geographical atlas, consisting of 53 large format maps with detailed explanatory geographical texts, was compiled by the Flemish cartographer, Abraham Ortelius (1527-1598). It was printed in Antwerp on May 20, 1570 and reflected the state of geographical knowledge at that time.

Tartary appears both on the Dutch map of Asia of 1595, and on the map of 1626 by John Speed ​​(1552-1629), an English historian and cartographer who published the world's first British cartographic atlas of the world, A Prospect of the Most Famous Parts of the World). Please note that on many maps the Chinese Wall is clearly visible, and China itself is located behind it, and before it was the territory of Chinese Tartary.

Tartary on the Dutch map of Asia 1595.

Image of the earth's globe (author's right - assoc. Kartair). Mid 18th century Copper engraving. Conformal transverse azimuthal projection.

And here is the last map, which still has a similar name. It dates back to 1786:

I will also provide you with some historical mystery information.

Just recently, a few years ago, the word “Tartaria” was completely unknown to the vast majority of Russian residents. Now many copies have already been broken in disputes, many films have been made about the falsification of history, etc.

Have you ever heard of such a country?

Here is such a version.

Back in the 19th century, both in Russia and in Europe, the memory of Tartaria was alive, many people knew about it. The following fact serves as indirect confirmation of this. In the middle of the 19th century, European capitals were fascinated by the brilliant Russian aristocrat Varvara Dmitrievna Rimskaya-Korsakova, whose beauty and wit made Napoleon III's wife, Empress Eugene, green with envy. The brilliant Russian was called “Venus from Tartarus.”

For the first time, Tartaria was openly reported on the Russian-language Internet Nikolay Levashov in the second part of his article “The Silenced History of Russia,” published on Sovetnik in July 2004. Here's what he wrote then:

“...In the same British encyclopedia, the Russian Empire, better known as (Great Tartary) , call the territory east of the Don, at the latitude of Samara to the Ural Mountains and the entire territory east of the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean in Asian:

“TARTARY, a vast country in the northern parts of Asia, bounded by Siberia on the north and west: this is called Great Tartary. The Tartars who lie south of Muscovy and Siberia, are those of Astracan, Circassia, and Dagistan, located north-west of the Caspian-sea; the Calmuc Tartars, who lie between Siberia and the Caspian-sea; the Usbec Tartars and Moguls, who lie north of Persia and India; and lastly, those of Tibet, who lie north-west of China".

(Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. III, Edinburgh, 1771, p. 887.)

Translation:“Tartaria, a huge country in the northern part of Asia, bordering Siberia in the north and west, which is called. Tartars living south of Muscovy and Siberia are called Astrakhan, Cherkasy and Dagestan, living in the northwest of the Caspian Sea are called Kalmyk Tartars and who occupy the territory between Siberia and the Caspian Sea; Uzbek Tartars and Mongols, who live north of Persia and India and, finally, Tibetans, living northwest of China").

(Encyclopedia Britannica, first edition, Volume 3, Edinburgh, 1771, p. 887).

Encyclopedia Britannica, first edition, Volume 3, Edinburgh, 1771.

Title page of the first Encyclopedia Britannica Brittanica, 1771 edition

Article about Tartary in the first edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica 1771

Map of Europe from the first, not yet corrected edition of Brittanica (1771), which shows the largest country in the world - Great Tartary

Map of Tartary in the third volume of the first edition of Brittanica, 1771.

“As follows from the Encyclopaedia Britannica of 1771, there was a huge country Tartary, whose provinces had different sizes. The largest province of this empire was called Great Tartaria and covered the lands of Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia and the Far East. In the southeast it was adjacent to Chinese Tartary (WITHhinese Tartary) [please do not confuse with China (China) ]. In the south of Great Tartary there was the so-called Independent Tartary (Independent Tartary) [Central Asia]. Tibetan Tartary (Tibet) was located northwest of China and southwest of Chinese Tartaria. Mongol Tartary was located in northern India (Mogul Empire) (modern Pakistan). Uzbek Tartaria (Bukaria) was sandwiched between Independent Tartary in the north; Chinese Tartary in the northeast; Tibetan Tartary in the southeast; Mongol Tartary in the south and Persia (Persia) in the southwest. In Europe there were also several Tartaries: Muscovy or Moscow Tartary (Muscovite Tartary) , Kuban Tartaria (Kuban Tartars) and Little Tartaria (Little Tartary) .

What Tartaria means was discussed above and, as follows from the meaning of this word, it has nothing to do with modern Tatars, just as the Mongol Empire has nothing to do with modern Mongolia. Mongol Tartaria (Mogul Empire) is located on the site of modern Pakistan, while modern Mongolia is located in the north of modern China or between Great Tartary and Chinese Tartary.”

Information about Great Tartary is also preserved in the 6-volume Spanish encyclopedia Diccionario Geografico Universal 1795 publication, and, already in a slightly modified form, in later editions of Spanish encyclopedias.

Title page of the Spanish Universal Gazetteer, 1795

Article about Tartary in the Spanish Universal Geographical Directory, 1795.

(Jodocus Hondius, 1563-1612)

Well, now maps of Great Tartaria from different times and countries. Almost all maps are clickable 2000-4000 px

The fact that Europeans were very aware of the existence of various Tartaries is also evidenced by numerous medieval geographical maps. One of the first such maps is the map of Russia, Muscovy and Tartaria, compiled by the English diplomat Anthony Jenkinson (Anthony Jenkinson) , who was the first plenipotentiary ambassador of England to Muscovy from 1557 to 1571, and also a representative of the Moscow company (Muscovy Company) - an English trading company founded by London merchants in 1555. Jenkinson was the first Western European traveler to describe the coast of the Caspian Sea and Central Asia during his expedition to Bukhara in 1558-1560. The result of these observations was not only official reports, but also the most detailed map at that time of areas that were practically inaccessible to Europeans until that time.

Tartary is also in the solid world Mercator-Hondius Atlas of the early 17th century. Jodocus Hondius (Jodocus Hondius, 1563-1612) - a Flemish engraver, cartographer and publisher of atlases and maps in 1604 bought printed forms of Mercator’s world atlas, added about forty of his own maps to the atlas and published an expanded edition in 1606 under the authorship of Mercator, and listed himself as the publisher.

The main population of this vast space were nomadic and semi-nomadic Turkic and Mongolian peoples, collectively known at that time to Europeans as “Tatars.” Until the middle of the 17th century. Europeans knew little about Manchuria and its inhabitants, but when the Manchus conquered China in the 1640s, the Jesuits there also classified them as Tatars.

The main religion of the peoples of Tartaria in the early period was Tengrism, in the late Islam (most Turkic peoples) and Buddhism (most Mongolian peoples). Some peoples professed Christianity (especially the Nestorian persuasion).

The first state formation throughout the territory of Great Tartary was the Turkic Kaganate. After the collapse of the unified Khaganate, states existed on the territory of Tartaria at different times: Western Turkic Khaganate, Eastern Turkic Khaganate, Kimak Khaganate, Khazar Khaganate, Volga Bulgaria, etc.

At the end of the 12th - beginning of the 13th centuries, the entire territory of Tartaria was again united by Genghis Khan and his descendants. This state entity is known as the Mongol Empire. As a result of the division of the Mongol Empire into uluses, the centralized state of the Golden Horde (Ulus Jochi) arose in the western part of Tartaria. A single Tatar language developed on the territory of the Golden Horde.

In Russian, instead of the word "Tartaria", the word "Tataria" was more often used. (The ethnonym “Tatars” has a fairly ancient history). Russians traditionally continued to call the majority of Turkic-speaking peoples living on the territory of the former Golden Horde Tatars.

After the collapse of the Golden Horde, several states existed on its former territory at different times, the most significant of which are: the Great Horde, the Kazan Khanate, the Crimean Khanate, the Siberian Khanate, the Nogai Horde, the Astrakhan Khanate, the Kazakh Khanate.

As a result of the transition of many Turkic peoples to a sedentary lifestyle and their isolation in separate states, the formation of ethnic groups occurred: Crimean Tatars, Kazan Tatars, Siberian Tatars, Astrakhan Tatars, Abakan Tatars.

From the beginning of the 16th century, states on the territory of Tartary began to fall into vassal dependence on the Russian state. In 1552, Ivan the Terrible captured the Kazan Khanate, and in 1556 - the Astrakhan Khanate. By the end of the 19th century, most of the territory once called “Tartaria” became part of the Russian Empire.

Manchuria, Mongolia, Dzungaria (the “Tatar” part of East Turkestan) and Tibet by the middle of the 18th century. everyone came under the rule of the Manchu (that is, for Europeans of the 17th century, the “Tatar” Qing dynasty); these territories (especially Mongolia and Manchuria) were often known to Europeans as "Chinese Tartary".

Currently, the name Tataria is assigned to the Republic of Tatarstan (in Soviet times, the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic).

Map Asia from the first edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica

Copy cards Asia from the Atlas of 1754 (taken from the Slavic-Aryan Vedas

one of the oldest maps mentioning Tartary

French map Asia 1692 and map Asia and Scythia (Scythia et Tartaria Asiatica) 1697.

Map Tartaria or "Empire of the Great Khan". Compiled by Heinrich Hondius

Map of Tartaria (fragment). Guillaume Delisle, 1706. The map shows three Tatars: Moscow, Free and Chinese.

Ethnographic map Remezova.

Map Great Tartaria 1706.

This is the most unique map was published in Antwerp in 1584. Much of the information provided on map associated with the journey of Marco Polo in 1275-1291. Map of Tartary (Siberia) by Abraham Ortelius

Russia by map Antony Jenkinson 1562 Engraving by Frans Hogenberg

Tartary, 1814.

Tartary De Lisle 1706

Not earlier than 1705

Blau Publishing House - Map Tartaria. Amsterdam, 1640-70

Map Tartaria Jodocus Hondius

Abraham Ortelius (Abraham Ortelius, 1527-1598) - Flemish cartographer, compiled the world's first geographical atlas, consisting of 53 large format maps with detailed explanatory geographical texts, which was printed in Antwerp on May 20, 1570. The atlas was named Theater Orbis Terrarum(lat. Spectacle of the globe) and reflected the state of geographical knowledge at that point in time.

The Atlas "Theatrum Orbis Terrarum" (Latin: Spectacle of the Globe) - the world's first geographical atlas, consisting of 53 large format maps with detailed explanatory geographical texts, was compiled by the Flemish cartographer, Abraham Ortelius (1527-1598). It was printed in Antwerp on May 20, 1570 and reflected the state of geographical knowledge at that time.

Tartary appears on both the Dutch map of Asia of 1595 and on the 1626 map of John Speed (John Speed, 1552-1629) English historian and cartographer who published the world's first British cartographic atlas of the world, "Review of the World's Most Famous Places" (A Prospect of the Most Famous Parts of the World) . Please note that on many maps the Chinese wall is clearly visible, and China itself is located behind it, and before it was the territory of Chinese Tartary (WITHhinese Tartary) .

Tartary on the Dutch map of Asia 1595

Clickable 5000 px

Image of the earth's globe (author's right - assoc. Kartair). Mid 18th century Copper engraving. Conformal transverse azimuthal projection

And here is the last map, which still has a similar name. It dates back to 1786.

The name Tartary has nothing to do with the name of the Turkic tribes. When foreigners asked the inhabitants of this country about who they were, the answer was: “We are the children of Tarkh and Tara” - brother and sister, who, according to the ideas of the ancient Slavs, were the guardians of the Russian land. Map of 1754 "I-e Carte de l"Asie"

On the map, the border of Tartaria with China runs along the Great Wall of China. At the same time, the southern part of the wall is higher than the northern one, and the loopholes also face south, so it becomes clear who defended themselves from whom with this wall.

Information about a huge country Tartaria also contained in Volume 4 of the second edition "New Encyclopedia of Arts and Sciences" (A new and complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences), published in London in 1764. On page 3166 a description of Tartaria is given, which was later included in its entirety in the first edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica, published in Edinburgh in 1771.

"TARTARY, a vast country in the northern parts of Asia, bounded by Siberia on the north and west: this is called Great Tartary. The Tartars who lie south of Muscovy and Siberia, are those of Astracan, Circassia, and Dagistan, located north -west of the Caspian-sea; the Calmuc Tartars, who lie between Siberia and the Caspian-sea; the Usbec Tartars and Moguls, who lie north of Persia and India and lastly, those of Tibet, who lie north-west of China; ".

"Tartaria, a huge country in the northern part of Asia, bordering Siberia in the north and west, which is called Great Tartaria.
Tartars living south of Muscovy and Siberia are called Astrakhan, Cherkasy and Dagestan, living in the northwest of the Caspian Sea are called Kalmyk Tartars and who occupy the territory between Siberia and the Caspian Sea; Uzbek Tartars and Mongols, who live north of Persia and India, and, finally, Tibetans, living northwest of China."

Map of the 18th century - "L"Asie dresse sur les observations de l"Academie Royale des Sciences et quelques autres, et Sur les memoires les plus recens. Amsterdam. Chez R. & J. Ottens"

Tartaria was also described by the founder of modern chronology Dionysius Petavius(1583-1652) - French cardinal, Jesuit, Catholic theologian and historian. In his geographical description of the world "World History" (The History of the World: Or, an Account of Time, Together With a Geographical Description of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America), published in 1659, the following is said about Tartary:

TARTARIA (in ancient times known as Scythia, after their first ruler Scythian, who was first called Magogus(from Magog, son of Yaphet), whose descendants settled this country) is called Tartary by its inhabitants, the Mongols, after the name of the Tartarus River, which washes most of it. It is a vast Empire (incomparable in size to any country except the overseas dominions of the King of Spain, which it also surpasses, it is united by strong ties, while these are very scattered), extending 5400 miles from east to west, and 3600 miles from north to south; therefore its Great Khan or Emperor owns many kingdoms and provinces containing a great many good cities.

West of the Volga we see “European Muscovy” - Moscovie Europeane:

In the east it borders with China, the Xing Sea or the Eastern Ocean and the Anian Strait. In the west - mountains Imaus(Himalayan Range), although there are Tartar hordes who recognize the power of the Khan on the other side of them; in the south - the Ganges and Oxus rivers (Oxus), which we now call Abia(modern Amu Darya), Hindustan and the upper part of China, or, as some argue, with the mountain...., the Caspian Sea and the Chinese wall. In the north - with the Scythian or Icy Ocean, on the coast of which it is so cold that no one lives there. In addition, there is also a rich and great kingdom Katay (Cathai), in the center of which is the city of Kambalu ( Cambalu or Cunbula), stretching over 24 Italian miles along the Polisangi River (Polisangi). There are also kingdoms Tangut (Tangut), Tenduk (Tenduk), Kamul (Camul), Tainfour (Tainfur) And Tibet (Thebet), as well as the city and province of Kaindo (Caindo). However, according to general opinion, today Tartary is divided into five provinces.

Map made in Paris in 1670.

1. Little Tartary (Tartaria Precopensis) is located on the Asian bank of the Tanais River (modern Don) and occupies the territory of the entire Tauride Chersonese. It has two main cities, which are called Crimea. The one in which the ruler sits is called the Tartar Crimea and Prekop, after which the country is called. These Tartars must help the Turks by sending 60,000 men without payment at the first request (if they lack people), for which the Tartars will inherit their Empire.

A fragment of a map of North America from the 1771 Encyclopædia Britannica.

A huge white patch is visible covering most of the North American continent

2. Asian Tartaria or Moskovitskaya or Pustynnaya is located on the banks of the Volga River. The people there live mainly in tents and form an army called the Horde. They do not stay in one place longer than the food for their livestock in the pasture runs out, and in their movements they are guided by the North Star. Currently they are under the control of one prince, who is a tributary of Muscovy. Here are their cities: Astrakhan (under the walls of which Selim II, a Turk, was defeated by Vasily of Moscow) and Noghan (Noghan). The northernmost hordes of this country, the Nogais, are the most warlike people.

Map of Europe from the 18th century Encyclopaedia Britannica.

3. Ancient Tartary- the cradle of this people, from where they spread wildly throughout Asia and Europe. It runs into the Cold Ocean. The common people live in tents or under their carts. However, they have four cities. One of which is called Horace (Choras), famous for the khan’s tombs. This province is home to the Lop Desert. (Lop), where King Tabor came to persuade them to Judaism. Charles V burned it in Mantua in 1540.

Map of Asia from the 18th century Encyclopædia Britannica.

4. Chagatai (Zagathai) divided into Bactria, bordered in the north and east by Sogdiana near the Oxus River, and in the south by Aria (Aria), where in ancient times there were beautiful cities - some were destroyed, and some were built by Alexander. Three of them are: Khorasan ( Chorazzan or Charassan), after whom the country is named. Bactra (Bactra), named after the river that is now called Bochara, where the ancient Pythians were born; and also Zoroaster, who in the time of Ninus [king of Babylon] was the first king of that land, and who is credited with the invention of astronomy. Shorod Istigias (Istigias), which, as some assert, is the capital of this province, one of the most pleasant cities in the East.

Russian map of Asia 1737

Margiana (Margiana) located between Bactria in the east and Hyrcania (Hircania) in the west (although some say it lies north of Hyrcania). It is called Tremigani and Feselbas because people wear huge turbans. Its capital is Antioch (named after the king of Syria, Antiochus Soter, who surrounded it with a strong stone wall). Today it is called India or Indion, and was once called Margiana of Alexandria (Alexandria Margiana). Sogdiana is located to the west of Bactria. Its two cities are Oxiana on the Oxus River and Sogdiana of Alexandria, which Alexander built when he went to India. It also contains Cyropol, a strong city built by Cyrus. Alexander was wounded under its walls. A stone hit him right in the neck, he fell to the ground, and his entire army assumed he was dead.

Map of Asia 1720

Turkestan, where the Turks lived before they went to Armenia in 844, the barren land forced them to do so. They have two cities - Galla and Oserra, about the glory of which I know nothing.

And finally, to the north of these four lies the province Zagatae?, which was named after the Tartar nobleman Sachetaie?. Ogg, Tamerlane's father, was the heir Sachetaie. Tamerlane, who was called the Wrath of God and the Fear of the Earth, married Gino (Gino), daughter and heiress, and thereby received the Tartar Empire, which he divided among his sons. And after his death, they lost everything that he had won. Its capital is Samarkand- the place of residence of Tamerlane, which he enriched with booty brought from his many campaigns. And he also has Bukhara, where the governor of the province is located.

Gessel Geretis. Russia (Muscovy) 1613-1614

Katay (Cathai)(which has long been called Scythia, which does not include the Himalayas, and Chagatai - Scythia within the Himalayas) took its name from Cathey, which Strabo located here. It borders China to the south, the Scythian Sea to the north, and lies east of the Tartarian Provinces. They think that the Sers lived here before (Seres), who possessed the art of weaving silk yarn from the beautiful wool that grows on the leaves of trees, which is why silk is called in Latin serika. The peoples of Katai and Chagatai are the most noble and cultured among the Tartars, and lovers of all kinds of arts. This province has many beautiful cities: among which the capital Kambalu (Cambalu), the area of ​​which is 28 miles, besides the suburbs, as some say, and others say 24 Italian miles, in it resides Great Khan. But in Xainiu he also has a palace - incredible in length and grandeur.

Tartary - Edition by Guillaume de Lisle 1707-1709

The first of the Great Khans or Emperors of Tartaria was Genghis in 1162, who, conquering Mucham, the last King of Tenduk and Cathay, changed the name of Scythia to Tartaria: the fifth after him was Tamerlane or Tamir Khan. During his reign, this monarchy was at its very peak of power. The ninth was Tamor, after which we do not know who was the ruler there, and what outstanding events happened there because they said that neither the Tartars, nor the Muscovites, nor the king of China allowed anyone except traders and ambassadors to visit them, and did not allow their subjects to travel outside their countries.

But it is known that tyranny reigns there: life and death occur according to the word of the Emperor, whom ordinary people call the Shadow of the Spirit and the Son of the immortal God. The largest among the various rivers are the Oxus, which originates from the Taurus Mountains. The Persians never crossed it to expand their possessions, because they were always defeated, the same thing happened with the Tartars if they dared to do the same.

General map of Siberia and Great Tartaria 1670-1680.

Scythians They were a valiant, populous and ancient people, never submitting to anyone, but they rarely attacked themselves in order to conquer anyone. There was once a long debate about who is older: Egyptians or Scythians, which ended up being Scythians were recognized as the most ancient people. And because of their numbers they were called mother of all migrations of peoples. The philosopher Anacharsis was born in this country, which extends to the north of the Danube. This area is called Sarmatia or Scythians of Europe.

Regarding the richness of their territory, they say that since they have many rivers, they have a lot of grass, but not enough fuel, so they burned bones instead of wood. This country abounds in rice, wheat, etc. Since they are cold, they have a large supply of wool, silk, hemp, rhubarb, musk, fine fabrics, gold, animals and everything that is necessary for life, not only for survival, but for a comfortable life. There the thunder and lightning are very strange and terrible. Sometimes it is very hot there, and sometimes it is suddenly very cold, there is a lot of snow falling and the winds are the strongest. In the kingdom of Tangut, a lot of Rhubarb is grown, which is supplied to the whole world.

Russia and Scandinavia Nicholas Whisker 1660
Many gold mines and lapis lazuli were found in Tenduk. But Tangut is better developed and abounds in vines. Tibet is full of wild animals and an abundance of coral; there is also a lot of musk, cinnamon and other spices. The articles of trade of this country are rice, silk, wool, hemp, rhubarb, musk and excellent fabrics made of camel's hair. In addition to trading within the country - between their cities, they also annually send 10,000 carts loaded with silk and other goods from China to Kambala. To this we can add their numerous invasions into Europe and Asia, their huge profits that come from Muscovy and other parts, especially from China, now for a long time. We can't say for sure, but Tartarus is very rich. All those who live to the North are in great need, while their neighbors (who obey one prince) have a lot of things.

Map by V. Kiprianov "Image of the Earth's Globe", 1707. Western Hemisphere
Regarding the Tartar religion: some are Mohammedans, who proclaim daily that there is one God. There are more idolaters in Cathay than Mohammedans, who worship two gods: the god of Heaven, whom they ask for health and admonition, and the god of Earth, who has a wife and children who take care of their herds, crops, etc. Therefore, they ask these things from him in this way: rubbing the mouth of his idol with the fattest meat when they eat, as well as his wife and children (small images of whom they have in their houses), the broth is poured out into the street for the spirits. They keep the god of Heaven in a high place and the God of Earth in a low place. They believe that human souls are immortal, but pass from one body to another, according to Pythagoras. They also worship the Sun, Moon and the four elements. They call Pope and all Christians infidels, dogs And idolaters.

Map by V. Kiprianov "Image of the Earth's Globe", 1707. Eastern hemisphere

They never fast or celebrate one day more than another. Some of them are similar to Christians or Jews, although there are few of them: these are the Nestorians - those who are from the Papist and Greek Church, saying that Christ has two hypostases; that the Virgin Mary is not the Mother of God; that their priests could marry as often as they pleased. They also say that it is one thing to be the Word of God, and another thing to be Christ. They also do not recognize the two councils of Ephesus.

Their Patriarch, the one who resides in Musale (Musal) in Mesopotamia, is not elected, but the son succeeds his father - the first elected archbishop. Among them there is one strong and unnatural practice: they feed their old people fat, burn their corpses, and carefully collect and store the ashes, adding it to the meat when they eat. Prester John, king of Cathay or Tenduk, was defeated by the Great Tartar Cengiz in 1162, 40 years after he adopted the Nestorian faith, nevertheless he remained the ruler of a small country. These Nestorian Christians spread their influence to the city of Kampion, some of them remained in Tangut, Sukir, Kambalu and other cities.

A huge “white spot” in place of Siberia and the Far East. At the bottom of the Siberian white spot there is only the inscription in large letters: Tartary.

Tartary Many European artists - writers and composers - also mentioned it in their works. Here's a short list with some of those mentions...

Giacomo Puccini(1858-1924) - Italian opera composer, opera "Princess Turandot". The father of the main character - Calaf - Timur - the deposed King of Tartars.

William Shakespeare(1564-1616), play "Macbeth". Witches add Tartarine's lips to their potion.

Mary Shelley, "Frankenstein". Doctor Frankenstein pursues the monster "among the wild expanses of Tartary and Russia..."

Charles Dickens"Great Expectations" Estella Havisham is compared to Tartarus because she is "firm and haughty and capricious to the last degree..."

Robert Browning"The Pied Piper of Hamelin" The piper mentions Tartary as a place where work was successfully completed: “Last June in Tartary, I saved Khan from a swarm of mosquitoes.”

Geoffrey Chaucer(1343-1400) "The Canterbury Tales". "The Esquire's History" tells about the royal court of Tartary.

Map by V. Kiprianov "Image of the Earth's Globe", 1707. Enlarged fragment
European part of Russia.

Map by V. Kiprianov "Image of the Earth's Globe", 1707. Enlarged fragment
A huge “white spot” in the place of Svernoye and Northwestern America.

Clickable

Map of Russia and Great Tartary. 1786

The French inscription on top of the card reads: Carte de l "Empire de Russie & de la Grande Tartarie dressee avec soin par F.L. Gussefeld & publee par les Herit de Homann, l"an 1786.

Just recently, a few years ago, the word “Tartaria” was completely unknown to the vast majority of Russian residents. The most that a Russian person who heard it for the first time associated with was the Greek mythological Tartarus, the well-known saying “fall into tartars,” and, perhaps, the notorious Mongol-Tatar yoke. (To be fair, we note that all of them are directly related to Tartary, a country that relatively recently occupied almost the entire territory of Eurasia and the western part of North America).

Have you ever heard of such a country?

But back in the 19th century, both in Russia and in Europe, the memory of her was alive, many people knew about her. The following fact serves as indirect confirmation of this. In the middle of the 19th century, European capitals were fascinated by the brilliant Russian aristocrat Varvara Dmitrievna Rimskaya-Korsakova, whose beauty and wit made Napoleon III’s wife, Empress Eugene, green with envy. The brilliant Russian was called “Venus from Tartarus.”

For the first time, Nikolai Levashov openly reported about Tartary on the Russian-language Internet in the second part of his remarkable article “The Silenced History of Russia,” published in July 2004 (at that time the author of the article did not yet have his own website. Its creation was just planned). Here's what he wrote then:

“...In the same British encyclopedia, the Russian Empire, better known as Great Tartary, refers to the territory east of the Don, at the latitude of Samara to the Ural Mountains, and the entire territory east of the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean in Asian:

“TARTARY, a vast country in the northern parts of Asia, bounded by Siberia on the north and west: this is called Great Tartary. The Tartars who lie south of Muscovy and Siberia, are those of Astracan, Circassia, and Dagistan, located north-west of the Caspian-sea; the Calmuc Tartars, who lie between Siberia and the Caspian-sea; the Usbec Tartars and Moguls, who lie north of Persia and India; and lastly, those of Tibet, who lie north-west of China".

(Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. III, Edinburgh, 1771, p. 887).

Translation: “Tartaria, a huge country in the northern part of Asia, bordering Siberia in the north and west, which is called Great Tartary. Tartars living south of Muscovy and Siberia are called Astrakhan, Cherkasy and Dagestan, living in the northwest of the Caspian Sea are called Kalmyk Tartars and who occupy the territory between Siberia and the Caspian Sea; Uzbek Tartars and Mongols, who live north of Persia and India and, finally, Tibetans, living northwest of China").

(Encyclopedia Britannica, first edition, Volume 3, Edinburgh, 1771, p. 887).

“As follows from the Encyclopedia Britannica of 1771, there was a huge country of Tartaria, the provinces of which were of different sizes. The largest province of this empire was called Great Tartaria and covered the lands of Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia and the Far East. In the southeast it was adjacent to Chinese Tartary (Chinese Tartary)[please do not confuse with China (China)]. In the south of Great Tartary there was the so-called Independent Tartary (Independent Tartary)[Central Asia]. Tibetan Tartary (Tibet) was located northwest of China and southwest of Chinese Tartaria. Mongol Tartary was located in northern India (Mogul Empire)(modern Pakistan). Uzbek Tartaria (Bukaria) was sandwiched between Independent Tartary in the north; Chinese Tartary in the northeast; Tibetan Tartary in the southeast; Mongol Tartary in the south and Persia (Persia) in the southwest. In Europe there were also several Tartaries: Muscovy or Moscow Tartary (Muscovite Tartary), Kuban Tartaria (Kuban Tartars) and Little Tartaria (Little Tartary).

What Tartaria means was discussed above and, as follows from the meaning of this word, it has nothing to do with modern Tatars, just as the Mongol Empire has nothing to do with modern Mongolia. Mongol Tartaria (Mogul Empire) is located on the site of modern Pakistan, while modern Mongolia is located in the north of modern China or between Great Tartary and Chinese Tartary.”

Information about Great Tartary is also preserved in the 6-volume Spanish encyclopedia "Diccionario Geografico Universal" 1795 publication, and, already in a slightly modified form, in later editions of Spanish encyclopedias. For example, back in 1928 in the Spanish encyclopedia "Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada Europeo-Americana" there is a rather extensive article about Tartaria, which starts on page 790 and takes up about 14 pages. This article contains a lot of truthful information about the Motherland of our ancestors - Great Tartary, but at the end the “spirit of the times” already affects us, and fiction appears that is familiar to us even now.

We provide a translation of a small fragment of the text of the article about Tartary from this Encyclopedia of 1928 edition:

“Tartaria - for centuries this name was applied to the entire territory of inner Asia inhabited by hordes of Tartar-Mughals (tartaromogolas). The extent of the territories that bore this name differs in area (distance) and the relief features of the 6 countries that bear this name. Tartary extended from the Strait of Tartary (the strait separating the island of Sakhalin from the Asian continent) and the Tartarian mountain range (also known as Sikhota Alin - a coastal mountain range), which separates the sea from Japan and the already mentioned Strait of Tartary on one side, to the modern Tartar Republic , which extends to the Volga (both banks) and its tributary the Kama in Russia; to the south are Mongolia and Turkestan. On the territory of this huge country lived the Tartars, nomads, rude, persistent and reserved, who in ancient times were called Scythians (escitas).

On old maps, Tartary was the name given to the northern part of the Asian continent. For example, on the Portuguese map of 1501-04, Tartary called a large territory that extends between Isartus (Jaxartus) to Occardo (Obi), to the Ural Mountains. On the map of Ortelius (1570), Tartary is the entire vast region from Catayo (China) to Muscovy (Russia). On the map J.B. Homman (1716) Tartary has an even greater extent: Great Tartary (Tartaria Magna) stretches from the Pacific Ocean to the Volga, including all of Mogolia, Kyrgyzstan and Turkestan. The last three countries were also called Independent Nomadic Tartary (Tartaria Vagabundomni Independent), which extended from the Amur to the Caspian Sea. Finally on the world map la Carte Generals de toutes les Cosies du Blonde et les pavs nouvellement decouveris, published in Amsterdam in 1710 by Juan Covens (Juan Covens) and Cornelio Mortier (Cornelio Mortier), Tartaria is also mentioned under the name of Great Tartaria (Grande Tartarie) from the Amur Sea, which is located in the Amur delta, to the Volga. On all maps published before the end of the 18th century, Tartary is the name given to a huge area that covers the center and north of the Asian continent...” (Translation by Elena Lyubimova).

From here follows a completely logical conclusion that everyone (if not all, then many) knew well about Great Tartary even in the first quarter of the 20th century. This is also evidenced by the almost universal use of Vedic symbols (various swastikas and others), which in the USA and Europe continued until the end of the 30s, and in Asia still continues. After the Second World War, organized, financed and skillfully carried out by world Zionism, truthful information about our Motherland - Great Tartary - began to disappear catastrophically quickly. And after the murder of Joseph Dzhugashvili (Stalin), who left the subordination of the Zionists and tried to subordinate the world to himself, no one stopped the world financial mafia from controlling all the media and dictating to the whole world only what they want (the truth about the true role of Joseph Dzhugashvili in the fate of Russian people, read section 2.29 of the first volume of Academician N.V. Levashov’s book “Russia in Crooked Mirrors”).

So, in a relatively short period of time (during the lifetime of only a few generations), our enemies managed to almost completely remove from everyday life all information about our truly Great Motherland, about our truly heroic ancestors who fought against Evil for many hundreds of thousands of years. And instead, the Zionist gang taught many of us that the Russians were wild people, and only the civilization of the West helped them get out of the trees in which they supposedly lived and joyfully follow the enlightened world into a bright future.

In fact, everything is exactly the opposite! Our entire site is dedicated to debunking this big lie about Rus' and the Russians. And some fun facts about the “enlightened” and “civilized” West can be read in the article « Medieval Europe. Touches to the portrait." When enemies began to bite off small pieces from the western part of Great Tartaria and create separate states from them in Europe, everything there quickly began to decline. The Christian religion, which ousted the Vedic worldview from the conquered peoples with fire and sword, quickly turned people into stupid, dumb slaves. This process and its phenomenal results are very well described in the article “Christianity as a Weapon of Mass Destruction.” So, it is simply unlawful to talk about any enlightened and civilized West. There was no such thing! At first there was no “West” itself in our today’s understanding of this term, and when it appeared, it could not be, and was not, enlightened and civilized due to completely objective reasons!

* * * However, let’s return to Tartary. The fact that Europeans were very well aware of the existence of various Tartaries is also evidenced by numerous medieval geographical maps. One of the first such maps is the map of Russia, Muscovy and Tartaria, compiled by the English diplomat Anthony Jenkinson (Anthony Jenkinson), who was the first plenipotentiary ambassador of England to Muscovy from 1557 to 1571, and also a representative of the Moscow company (Muscovy Company)- an English trading company founded by London merchants in 1555. Jenkinson was the first Western European traveler to describe the coast of the Caspian Sea and Central Asia during his expedition to Bukhara in 1558-1560. The result of these observations was not only official reports, but also the most detailed map at that time of areas that were practically inaccessible to Europeans until that time.

Tartary is also in the solid world Mercator-Hondius Atlas of the early 17th century. Jodocus Hondius (Jodocus Hondius, 1563-1612)- a Flemish engraver, cartographer and publisher of atlases and maps in 1604 bought printed forms of Mercator’s world atlas, added about forty of his own maps to the atlas and published an expanded edition in 1606 under the authorship of Mercator, and listed himself as the publisher.

Abraham Ortelius (Abraham Ortelius, 1527-1598)- Flemish cartographer, compiled the world's first geographical atlas, consisting of 53 large format maps with detailed explanatory geographical texts, which was printed in Antwerp on May 20, 1570. The atlas was named Theatrum Orbis Terrarum(lat. Spectacle of the globe) and reflected the state of geographical knowledge at that point in time.

Tartary appears on both the Dutch map of Asia of 1595 and on the 1626 map of John Speed (John Speed, 1552-1629) English historian and cartographer who published the world's first British cartographic atlas of the world, "Review of the World's Most Famous Places" (A Prospect of the Most Famous Parts of the World). Please note that on many maps the Chinese wall is clearly visible, and China itself is located behind it, and before it was the territory of Chinese Tartary (Chinese Tartary).

Let's look at a few more foreign cards. Dutch map of Great Tartary, Great Mogul Empire, Japan and China (Magnae Tartariae, Magni Mogolis Imperii, Iaponiae et Chinae, Nova Descriptio (Amsterdam, 1680)) Frederica de Vita (Frederik de Wit), Dutch map by Pieter Schenk (Pieter Schenk).

French map of Asia 1692 and map of Asia and Scythia (Scythia et Tartaria Asiatica) 1697.

Map of Tartary by Guillaume de Lisle (1688-1768), French astronomer and cartographer, member of the Paris Academy of Sciences (1702). He also published a world atlas (1700-1714). In 1725-47 he worked in Russia, was an academician and the first director of the academic astronomical observatory, and from 1747 - a foreign honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

We have presented only a few of the many maps that clearly indicate the existence of a country whose name cannot be found in any modern textbook on the history of our country. How impossible it is to find any information about the people who inhabited it. Oh ta r Tarakhs, who are now called Tatars by all and sundry and are classified as Mongoloids. In this regard, it is very interesting to look at the images of these “Tatars”. We will have to turn again to European sources. The famous book is very indicative in this case "The Travels of Marco Polo"- that’s what they called her in England. In France it was called "The Book of the Great Khan", in other countries “The Book about the Diversity of the World” or simply “The Book”. The Italian merchant and traveler himself entitled his manuscript “Description of the World.” Written in Old French rather than Latin, it became popular throughout Europe.

In it, Marco Polo (1254-1324) describes in detail the history of his travels across Asia and his 17-year stay at the court of the “Mongol” Khan Kublai Khan. Leaving aside the question of the reliability of this book, we will direct our attention to the fact how Europeans portrayed the “Mongols” in the Middle Ages.

As we see, there is nothing Mongolian in the appearance of the “Mongolian” Great Khan Kublai Khan. On the contrary, he and his entourage look quite Russian, one might even say European.

Oddly enough, the tradition of depicting the Mongols and Tatars in such a strange European form has continued. And in the XVII, and in the XVIII, and in 19th centuries Europeans stubbornly continued to portray the “Tatars” from Tartary with all the signs of the people of the White Race. Look, for example, at how the French cartographer and engineer Male depicted the “Tatars” and “Mongols” (Allain Manesson Mallet)(1630-1706), whose drawings were printed in Frankfurt in 1719. Or an engraving from 1700 depicting a Tartar princess and a Tartar prince.

From the first edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica it follows that at the end of the 18th century there were several countries on our planet that had the word Tartary. In Europe, numerous engravings of the 16th-18th and even the beginning of the 19th centuries have been preserved, depicting citizens of this country - Tartars. It is noteworthy that medieval European travelers called Tartars the peoples who lived on a vast territory that occupied most of the continent of Eurasia. With surprise we see images of oriental tartars, Chinese tartars, Tibetan tartars, Nogai tartars, Kazan tartars, small tartars, Chuvash tartars, Kalmyk tartars, Cherkasy tartars, tartars of Tomsk, Kuznetsk, Achinsk, etc.

Above are engravings from books Thomas Jeffrey (Thomas Jefferys) “Catalogue of national costumes of different peoples, ancient and modern”, London, 1757-1772. in 4 volumes (A Collection of the Dresses of Different Nations, Antient and Modern) and Jesuit travel collections Antoine Francois Prevost(Antoine-Francois Prevost d'Exiles 1697-1763) called "Histoire Generale Des Voyages", published in 1760.

Let's look at a few more engravings depicting the various Tartars who lived in the territory Great Tartaria from a book by a German, professor of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Johan Gottlieb Georgi(Johann Gottlieb Georgi 1729-1802) "Russia, or a complete historical account of all the peoples living in this Empire" (Russia or a compleat historical account of all the nations which compose that Empire) London, 1780. It contains sketches of the national costumes of Tartar women from Tomsk, Kuznetsk and Achinsk.

As we now know, except Great Tartaria, which, according to Western cartographers, occupied Western and Eastern Siberia and Far East, there were several more Tartaries in Asia: Chinese Tartary (this is not China), Independent Tartary (modern Central Asia), Tibetan Tartary (modern Tibet), Uzbek Tartary and Mughal Tartary (Mughal Empire). Evidence of representatives of these Tartars is also preserved in historical European documents.

Some names of peoples were unknown to us. For example, who are these Tartars? Taguris or tartars Kohonor? The above mentioned helped us to solve the mystery of the name of the first tartars. "Travel Collection" Antoine Prevost. It turned out that these were Turkestan Tartars. Presumably, geographical names helped identify the second tartars. Qinghai Province is located in west-central China. (Qinhai), bordering Tibet. This province is rich in endorheic lakes, the largest of which is called Qinghai (Blue Sea), which gave the name to the province. However, we are interested in another name for this lake - Kukunor (Kuku Nor or Koko Nor). The Chinese captured this province from Tibet in 1724. So Kokhonor tartars may well be Tibetan tartars.

It was not clear to us who they were Tartares de Naun Koton ou Tsitsikar. It turned out that the city of Qiqihar still exists today, and is now located in China northwest of Harbin, which, as is known, was founded by Russians. Regarding the founding of Qiqihar, traditional history tells us that it was founded by the Mongols. However, it is not clear where the Tartars could have come from there?

Most likely, the founders of the city were the same Mongols who founded Mughal Empire in northern India, the territory of which is now modern Pakistan, and which has nothing in common with the modern state of Mongolia. The two countries are thousands of kilometers apart, separated by the Himalayas and inhabited by different peoples. Let's look at some images of these "mysterious" Mughals made by a French cartographer Male (Allain Manesson Mallet), Dutch publisher and cartographer Isaac Tyrion (Isaac Tirion)(1705-1769) and Scottish historian and geographer Thomas Salmon (Thomas Salmon)(1679-1767) from his book "Modern History" (Modern History or the Present State of all Nations), published in London in 1739.

Taking a close look at the clothes of the Mughal rulers, one cannot help but notice their resemblance is striking with the ceremonial clothes of Russian tsars and boyars, and the appearance of the Mughals themselves has all the signs of the White Race. Pay attention also to the 4th picture. It depicts Shah Jahan I (Shah Jahan)(1592-1666) - ruler of the Mughal Empire from 1627 to 1658. The same one that the famous one built Taj Mahal. The signature in French under the engraving reads: Le Grand Mogol. Le Impereur d'Indostan, which means Great Mogul - Emperor of Hindustan. As we can see, there is absolutely nothing Mongolian in the Shah’s appearance.

By the way, ancestor Babura, founder of the Mughal Empire, is a great warrior and outstanding commander Tamerlane(1336-1405). Now, let's look at his image. The engraving says: Tamerlan, empereur des Tartares – Tamerlane - Emperor Tartarus, and in the book "Histoire de Timur-Bec, connu sous le nom du grand Tamerlan, empereur des Mogols & Tartares", written by Sharaf al Din Ali Yazdi in 1454 and published in Paris in 1722, it is, as we see, called Emperor Mughal and Tartarus.

We also managed to find images of other Tartars and see how various Western authors depicted representatives Little Tartary - Zaporozhye Sich, as well as Nogai, Cherkasy, Kalmyk and Kazan tartars.

Why are there so many countries on the world maps of those times that have the word in their names? Tartary? Academician answered this question Nikolay Levashov in its most interesting article“The Silenced History of Russia-2”:

“The reason for the appearance of so many Tartarians is the spin-off from the Slavic-Aryan Empire (Great Tartary) outlying provinces, as a consequence of the weakening of the Empire as a result of the invasion of the Dzungar hordes, which captured and completely destroyed the capital of this Empire - Asgard-Irian in 7038 AD or 1530 AD.”

Tartary in Dubville's "World Geography"

Recently we came across another encyclopedia that talks about our Motherland, Great Tartary - the largest country in the world. This time the encyclopedia turned out to be French, edited, as we would say today, by the royal geographer Duval Dubville (DuVal d'Abbwille). Its name is long and sounds like this: “World Geography containing descriptions, maps and coats of arms of the main countries of the world” (La Geographie Universelle contenant Les Descriptions, les Сartes, et le Blason des principaux Pais du Monde). Published in Paris in 1676, 312 pages with maps. In what follows we will simply call it "World Geography".

Below we present to you a description of the article about Tartary from “World Geography” in the form in which it is given in the Puzzles library, from where we copied it:

“This ancient book is the first volume of a geographical atlas with accompanying articles describing contemporary states around the world. The second volume was the geography of Europe. But this volume has apparently sunk into history. The book is made in a pocket format measuring 8x12 cm and about 3 cm thick. The cover is made of papier-mâché, covered with thin leather with gold embossing of a floral pattern along the spine and ends of the cover. The book contains 312 numbered, bound pages of text, 7 unnumbered bound pages title pages, 50 pasted unfolded sheets of maps, one pasted sheet is a list of maps, among which, by the way, European countries are also listed. On the first spread of the book there is a bookplate containing the coat of arms and the inscriptions: "ExBibliotheca" And "Marchionatus: Pinczoviensis". The dating of the book is written in Arabic numerals 1676 and Roman “M.D C.LXXVI”.

"World Geography" is a unique historical document in the field of cartography and is of great importance for all countries of the world in the field of history, geography, linguistics, and chronology. It is noteworthy that in this geography, of all countries (excluding European ones), only two are called empires. This Empire of Tartary (Empire de Tartarie) on the territory of modern Siberia, and Mughal Empire (Empire Du Mogol) on the territory of modern India. In Europe, one empire is indicated - Turkish (Empire des Turcs). But, if in modern history you can easily find information about the Empire of the Great Mogul, then Tartary, as an empire, is not mentioned in textbooks either on world or domestic history, or in materials on the history of Siberia. 7 countries have coats of arms, including Empire of Tartaria. Interesting combinations of geographical names that have survived to this day and have sunk into time. For example, on the map of Tartaria, it borders in the south with CHINE(modern China), and nearby on the territory of Tartary, behind the Great Wall of China, there is an area named CATHAI , a little higher is the lake Lak Kithay and locality Kithaisko. The first volume includes the contents of the second volume - the geography of Europe, which, in particular, indicates Muscovy(Mofcovie) as an independent state.

This book is also of interest to historical linguists. It is written in Old French, but, for example, the use of the letters V and U, which are often substituted for each other in geographical names, has not yet been established. For example, titles AVSTRALE And AUSTRALES on one insert sheet between 10-11 s. And the letter “s” in many places is replaced by the letter “f”, which, by the way, was the main reason for the difficulty of translating the text by specialists who do not know about such a replacement. For example, the name of Asia in some places was written as Afia. Or the word desert desert written as defert. The letter "B" from the Slavic alphabet is clearly corrected to "B" from the Latin, for example, on the map of Zimbabwe. And so on".

Below is the semantic translation of the article "Tartaria" from Dubville's "World Geography" (pp. 237-243). The translation from Middle French was made by Elena Lyubimova especially for “The Cave”.

We have placed this material here not because it contains some unique information. Not at all. It's just placed here as one more thing. irrefutable evidence that Great Tartary - the Motherland of the Rus - existed in reality. You also need to keep in mind that this encyclopedia was published in the 17th century, when the distortion of world history by the enemies of Humanity was almost universally completed. Therefore, one should not be surprised at some inconsistencies in it, such as the fact that “the Chinese wall was built by the Chinese.” The Chinese are not able to build such a wall today, and even more so then...

Tartaria Occupies the most extensive territory in the north of the continent. In the east it extends to the country Yesso(1), the area of ​​which is equal to the area of ​​Europe, since in length it occupies more than half of the northern hemisphere, and in width it is much larger than East Asia. The name itself Tartary, which replaced Scythia, comes from the Tatar River, which the Chinese call Tata because they do not use the letter R.

The Tartars are the best archers in the world, but are barbarically cruel. They fight often and almost always defeat those they attack, leaving the latter confused. The Tartars were forced to surrender: Cyrus, when he crossed the Araks; Darius Hystaspes, when he went to war against the Scythians of Europe; Alexander the Great when he crossed the Oxus (Oxus)[modern Amu Darya. – E.L.]. And in our times, the Great Kingdom of China could not escape their domination. Cavalry is the main striking force of their numerous armies, contrary to what is practiced in Europe. She is the one who attacks first. The most peaceful of them live in felt tents and keep livestock, doing nothing else.

At all times their country has been the source of many conquerors and founders of colonies in many countries: and even the great wall which the Chinese have built against them is not able to stop them. They are ruled by princes they call hanami. They are divided into several Hordes - this is something like our districts, camps, tribes or clan council, but this is what little we know about them like what their common name is Tartars. The object of their great worship is owl, after Genghis, one of their sovereigns, was saved with the help of this bird. They don't want anyone to know where they are buried, so each of them chooses a tree and someone who will hang them on it after their death.

They are mainly idolaters, but there are also a large number of Mohammedans among them; we learned that those who conquered China almost do not profess any special religion, although they adhere to several moral virtues. As a rule, Asian Tartaria is usually divided into five large parts: Desert Tartaria (Tartaree Desert), Çağatay(Giagathi), Turkestan (Turquestan), Northern Tartaria (Tartarie Septentrionale) And Kim Tartaria (Tartare du Kim).

Desert Tartaria has this name because most of its land is left uncultivated. She recognizes for the most part the Grand Duke of Moscow, who receives beautiful and rich furs from there, and subjugated many people there, because this is a country of shepherds, not soldiers. Its cities of Kazan and Astrakhan are located on the Volga, which flows into the Caspian Sea with 70 mouths, in contrast to the Ob, which flows in the same country, and which flows into the Ocean with only six. Astrakhan conducts an extensive trade in salt, which the residents extract from the mountain. Kalmyks are idolaters and are similar to the ancient Scythians due to raids, cruelty and other traits.

Chagatai peoples (Giagathai) And Mavaralnahi (Mawaralnahr) have their own khans. Samarkand is the city in which the great Tamerlane established a famous university. They also have a trading city called Bokor (Bockor), which is considered the birthplace of the famous Avicenna, philosopher and physician, and Orkan (Orchange) almost on the Caspian Sea. Alexandria of Sogd became famous because of the death there of the famous philosopher Callisthenes. (Callisthene).

Mughal tribe (de Mogol) known from the origin of their prince of the same name, who rules over the greater part of India. The inhabitants there hunt wild horses with falcons; in several parts they are so disposed and so inclined towards music that we have observed their little ones singing instead of playing. Those of the Chagatais and Uzbeks (d'Yousbeg) who are not called Tartars are Mohammedans.

Turkestan is the country from which the Turks came. Tibet supplies musk, cinnamon and coral, which act as money for local residents.

Kim(n) Tartaria is one of the names used to call Katay (Cathai), which is the largest state of Tartaria, for it is heavily populated, full of rich and beautiful cities. Its capital is called Flounder (Сambalu)(2) or more often Manchu (Muoncheu): some authors talked about wonderful cities, the most famous of which are called Hangzhou (Quinzai), Xantum (?), Suntien (?) And Beijing (Pequim): They report on other things that are in the Royal Palace - twenty-four columns of pure gold and another - the largest of the same metal with a pine cone, made of cut precious stones, with which you can buy four large cities. We took a trip to Katay(Cathai) different roads, in the hope of finding there gold, musk, rhubarb (3), and other rich goods: some went by land, others by the northern sea, and some again ascended the Ganges (4).

The Tartars of this country entered China in our time, and the king Niuche(5), which is called Xunchi, is the one who conquered him at the age of twelve, following the good and faithful advice of his two uncles. Fortunately, the young conqueror was distinguished by great moderation and treated the newly conquered peoples with all the gentleness that one can imagine.

Old or true Tataria, which the Arabs called by different names, is located in the north and is little known. They say that Shalmaneser (Salmanasar), the king of Assyria, brought tribes from the Holy Land, which are Hordes, which to this day have retained their names and customs: both him and the imams known in ancient times, and the name of one of the largest mountains in the world.

Translator's Notes

1. The country of Esso was designated differently on French medieval maps: Terre de Jesso or Je Co. or Yesso or Terre de la Compagnie. This name was also associated with different places - sometimes with about. Hokkaido, which was depicted as part of the mainland, but mainly called the western part of North America. (See 1691 map by French cartographer Nicholas Sanson (Nicolas Sanson) 1600-1667).

2. During the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, founded by Kublai Khan, the city of Beijing was called Khanbalyk(Khan-Balyk, Kambaluk, Kabalut), which means “Great residence of the Khan”, it can be found in the notes of Marco Polo in writing Cambuluc.

3. Rhubarb – medicinal plant, widespread in Siberia. In the Middle Ages it was an export item and constituted a state monopoly. The habitats of the plant were carefully hidden. It was unknown in Europe and began to be widely cultivated only in the 18th century.

4. On medieval maps, the Liaodong Gulf was called the Ganges. (See Italian map of China from 1682 Giacomo Cantelli (Giacomo Cantelli(1643-1695) and Giovanni Giacomo di Rossi(Giovanni Giacomo de Rossi)).

5. The northeastern fragment of an Italian map of China from 1682 shows the kingdom Niuche(or Nuzhen), which is described in the description as having conquered and ruled China, which occupied the north of Liaodong and Korea, in the northeast lies the lands Yupy Tartars(or Fishskin Tartars), And Tartari del Kin or dell'Oro(Kin Tartars or Golden Tartars).

In the text of the article about Tartary there is a name Tamerlane which is called great. We found several engravings of him. It is interesting that Europeans pronounced his name differently: Temur, Taimur, Timur Lenk, Timur i Leng, Tamerlane, Tamburlaine or Taimur e Lang.

As is known from the course of orthodox history, Tamerlane (1336-1406) - “a Central Asian conqueror who played a significant role in the history of Central, South and Western Asia, as well as the Caucasus, Volga region and Rus'. Outstanding commander, emir (since 1370). Founder of the Timurid empire and dynasty, with its capital in Samarkand".

Like Genghis Khan, today he is usually depicted as a Mongoloid. As can be seen from photographs of original medieval European engravings, Tamerlane was not at all the same as orthodox historians portray him. Engravings prove the absolute fallacy of this approach...

Tartaria in the "New Encyclopedia of Arts and Sciences"

Information about a huge country Tartaria also contained in Volume 4 of the second edition "New Encyclopedia of Arts and Sciences" (A new and complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences), published in London in 1764. On page 3166 a description of Tartaria is given, which was later included in its entirety in the first edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica, published in Edinburgh in 1771.

“TARTARY, a vast country in the northern parts of Asia, bounded by Siberia on the north and west: this is called Great Tartary. The Tartars who lie south of Muscovy and Siberia, are those of Astracan, Circassia, and Dagistan, located north-west of the Caspian-sea; the Calmuc Tartars, who lie between Siberia and the Caspian-sea; the Usbec Tartars and Moguls, who lie north of Persia and India; and lastly, those of Tibet, who lie north-west of China".

“Tartaria, a huge country in the northern part of Asia, bordering Siberia in the north and west, which is called Great Tartaria. Tartars living south of Muscovy and Siberia are called Astrakhan, Cherkasy and Dagestan, living in the northwest of the Caspian Sea are called Kalmyk Tartars and who occupy the territory between Siberia and the Caspian Sea; Uzbek Tartars and Mongols, who live north of Persia and India, and, finally, Tibetans, living northwest of China.”

Tartaria in the “World History” of Dionysius Petavius

Tartaria was also described by the founder of modern chronology, and in fact the falsification of world history, Dionysius Petavius(1583-1652) - French cardinal, Jesuit, Catholic theologian and historian. In his geographical description of the world "World History" (The History of the World: Or, an Account of Time, Together With a Geographical Description of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America), published in 1659, the following is said about Tartary (translation from Middle English by Elena Lyubimova):

Tartary(in ancient times known as Scythia, after their first ruler Scythian, who was first called Magogus(from Magog, son of Yaphet), whose descendants settled this country) is called Tartary by its inhabitants, the Mongols, after the name of the Tartarus River, which washes most of it. This is a vast Empire (incomparable in size to any country except the overseas dominions of the King of Spain, which it also surpasses and between which communications are established, while the latter is very scattered), extending for 5400 miles from east to west, and to 3600 miles from north to south; therefore its Great Khan or Emperor owns many kingdoms and provinces containing a great many good cities.

In the east it borders with China, the Xing Sea or the Eastern Ocean and the Anian Strait. In the west - mountains Imaus(Himalayan Range), although there are Tartar hordes who recognize the power of the Khan on the other side of them; in the south - the Ganges and Oxus rivers (Oxus), which we now call Abia(modern Amu Darya), Hindustan and the upper part of China, or, as some claim, with the mountain…. , the Caspian Sea and the Chinese Wall. In the north - with the Scythian or Icy Ocean, on the coast of which it is so cold that no one lives there. In addition, there is also a rich and great kingdom Katay (Cathai), in the center of which is the city of Kambalu ( Cambalu or Cunbula), stretching over 24 Italian miles along the Polisangi River (Polisangi). There are also kingdoms Tangut (Tangut), Tenduk (Tenduk), Kamul(Camul), Tainfour (Tainfur) And Tibet (Thebet), as well as the city and province of Kaindo (Caindo). However, according to general opinion, today Tartary is divided into five provinces.

1. Little Tartary (Tartaria Precopensis) is located on the Asian bank of the Tanais River (modern Don) and occupies the territory of the entire Tauride Chersonese. It has two main cities, which are called Crimea. The one in which the ruler sits is called the Tartar Crimea and Prekop, after which the country is called. These Tartars must help the Turks by sending 60,000 men without payment at the first request (if they lack people), for which the Tartars will inherit their Empire.

2. Asian Tartaria or Moskovitskaya or Pustynnaya is located on the banks of the Volga River. The people there live mainly in tents and form an army called the Horde. They do not stay in one place longer than the food for their livestock in the pasture runs out, and in their movements they are guided by the North Star. Currently they are under the control of one prince, who is a tributary of Muscovy. Here are their cities: Astrakhan (under the walls of which Selim II, a Turk, was defeated by Vasily of Moscow) and Noghan (Noghan). The northernmost hordes of this country, the Nogais, are the most warlike people.

3. Ancient Tartary- the cradle of this people, from where they spread wildly throughout Asia and Europe. It runs into the Cold Ocean. The common people live in tents or under their carts. However, they have four cities. One of which is called Horace (Choras), famous for the khan’s tombs. This province is home to the Lop Desert. (Lop), where King Tabor came to persuade them to Judaism. Charles V burned it in Mantua in 1540.

4. Chagatai (Zagathai) divided into Bactria, bordered in the north and east by Sogdiana near the Oxus River, and in the south by Aria (Aria), where in ancient times there were beautiful cities - some were destroyed, and some were built by Alexander. Three of them are: Khorasan ( Chorazzan or Charassan), after whom the country is named. Bactra (Bactra), named after the river that is now called Bochara, where the ancient Pythians were born; and also Zoroaster, who in the time of Ninus [king of Babylon] was the first king of that land, and who is credited with the invention of astronomy. Shorod Istigias (Istigias), which, as some assert, is the capital of this province, one of the most pleasant cities in the East.

Margiana (Margiana) located between Bactria in the east and Hyrcania (Hircania) in the west (although some say it lies north of Hyrcania). It is called Tremigani and Feselbas because people wear huge turbans. Its capital is Antioch (named after the king of Syria, Antiochus Soter, who surrounded it with a strong stone wall). Today it is called India or Indion, and was once called Margiana of Alexandria (Alexandria Margiana). Sogdiana is located to the west of Bactria. Its two cities are Oxiana on the Oxus River and Sogdiana of Alexandria, which Alexander built when he went to India. It also contains Cyropol, a strong city built by Cyrus. Alexander was wounded under its walls. A stone hit him right in the neck, he fell to the ground, and his entire army assumed he was dead.

Turkestan, where the Turks lived before they went to Armenia in 844, the barren land forced them to do so. They have two cities - Galla and Oserra, about the glory of which I know nothing.

And finally, to the north of these four lies the province Zagatae?, which was named after the Tartar nobleman Sachetaie?. Ogg, Tamerlane's father, was the heir Sachetaie. Tamerlane, who was called the Wrath of God and the Fear of the Earth, married Gino (Gino), daughter and heiress, and thereby received the Tartar Empire, which he divided among his sons. And after his death, they lost everything that he had won. Its capital is Samarkand- Tamerlane’s place of residence, which he enriched with booty brought from his many campaigns. And he also has Bukhara, where the governor of the province is located.

Katay (Cathai)(which has long been called Scythia, which does not include the Himalayas, and Chagatai - Scythia within the Himalayas) took its name from Cathey, which Strabo located here. It borders China to the south, the Scythian Sea to the north, and lies east of the Tartarian Provinces. They think that the Sers lived here before (Seres), who possessed the art of weaving silk yarn from the beautiful wool that grows on the leaves of trees, which is why silk is called in Latin serika. The peoples of Katai and Chagatai are the most noble and cultured among the Tartars, and lovers of all kinds of arts. This province has many beautiful cities: among which the capital Kambalu (Cambalu), the area of ​​which is 28 miles, besides the suburbs, as some say, and others say 24 Italian miles, in it resides Great Khan. But in Xainiu he also has a palace - incredible in length and grandeur.

The first of the Great Khans or Emperors of Tartaria was Genghis in 1162, who, conquering Mucham, the last King of Tenduk and Cathay, changed the name of Scythia to Tartaria: the fifth after him was Tamerlane or Tamir Khan. During his reign, this monarchy was at its very peak of power. The ninth was Tamor, after which we do not know who was the ruler there, and what outstanding events took place there, because they said that neither the Tartars, nor the Muscovites, nor the king of China allowed anyone except traders and ambassadors to visit them, and did not allow their subjects to travel outside their countries.

But it is known that tyranny reigns there: life and death occur according to the word of the Emperor, whom ordinary people call the Shadow of the Spirit and the Son of the immortal God. The largest among the various rivers are the Oxus, which originates from the Taurus Mountains. The Persians never crossed it to expand their possessions, because they were always defeated, the same thing happened with the Tartars if they dared to do the same.

Scythians They were a valiant, populous and ancient people, never submitting to anyone, but they rarely attacked themselves in order to conquer anyone. There was once a long debate about who is older: Egyptians or Scythians, which ended up being Scythians were recognized as the most ancient people. And because of their numbers they were called mother of all migrations of peoples. The philosopher Anacharsis was born in this country, which extends to the north of the Danube. This area is called Sarmatia or Scythians of Europe.

Regarding the richness of their territory, they say that since they have many rivers, they have a lot of grass, but not enough fuel, so they burned bones instead of wood. This country abounds in rice, wheat, etc. Since they are cold, they have a large supply of wool, silk, hemp, rhubarb, musk, fine fabrics, gold, animals and everything that is necessary for life, not only for survival, but for a comfortable life. There the thunder and lightning are very strange and terrible. Sometimes it is very hot there, and sometimes it is suddenly very cold, there is a lot of snow falling and the winds are the strongest. In the kingdom of Tangut, a lot of Rhubarb is grown, which is supplied to the whole world.

Many gold mines and lapis lazuli were found in Tenduk. But Tangut is better developed and abounds in vines. Tibet is full of wild animals and an abundance of coral; there is also a lot of musk, cinnamon and other spices. The articles of trade of this country are rice, silk, wool, hemp, rhubarb, musk and excellent fabrics made of camel's hair. In addition to trading within the country - between their cities, they also annually send 10,000 carts loaded with silk and other goods from China to Kambala. To this we can add their numerous invasions into Europe and Asia, their huge profits, which have been coming from Muscovy and other parts, especially from China, for a long time. We can't say for sure, but Tartarus is very rich. All those who live to the North are in great need, while their neighbors (who obey one prince) have a lot of things.

Regarding the Tartar religion: some are Mohammedans, who proclaim daily that there is one God. There are more idolaters in Cathay than Mohammedans, who worship two gods: the god of Heaven, whom they ask for health and admonition, and the god of Earth, who has a wife and children who take care of their herds, crops, etc. Therefore, they ask these things from him in this way: rubbing the mouth of his idol with the fattest meat when they eat, as well as his wife and children (small images of whom they have in their houses), the broth is poured out into the street for the spirits. They keep the god of Heaven in a high place and the God of Earth in a low place. They believe that human souls are immortal, but pass from one body to another, according to Pythagoras. They also worship the Sun, Moon and the four elements. They call Pope and all Christians infidels, dogs And idolaters.

They never fast or celebrate one day more than another. Some of them are similar to Christians or Jews, although there are few of them: these are the Nestorians - those who are from the Papist and Greek Church, saying that Christ has two hypostases; that the Virgin Mary is not the Mother of God; that their priests could marry as often as they pleased. They also say that it is one thing to be the Word of God, and another thing to be Christ. They also do not recognize the two councils of Ephesus.

Their Patriarch, the one who resides in Musale (Musal) in Mesopotamia, is not elected, but the son succeeds his father - the first elected archbishop. Among them there is one strong and unnatural practice: they feed their old people fat, burn their corpses, and carefully collect and store the ashes, adding it to the meat when they eat. Prester John, king of Cathay or Tenduk, was defeated by the Great Tartar Cengiz in 1162, 40 years after he adopted the Nestorian faith, nevertheless he remained the ruler of a small country. These Nestorian Christians spread their influence to the city of Kampion, some of them remained in Tangut, Sukir, Kambalu and other cities.

* * * Tartary Many European artists, writers and composers, also mentioned it in their works. Here's a short list with some of those mentions...

Giacomo Puccini(1858-1924) – Italian opera composer, opera “Princess Turandot”. The father of the main character, Calaf, is Timur, the deposed King of Tartars.

William Shakespeare(1564-1616), play "Macbeth". Witches add Tartarine's lips to their potion.

Mary Shelley, "Frankenstein". Doctor Frankenstein pursues the monster “among the wild expanses of Tartary and Russia...”

Charles Dickens"Great Expectations" Estella Havisham is compared to Tartarus because she is “firm and haughty and capricious to the last degree...”

Robert Browning"The Pied Piper of Hamelin." The piper mentions Tartary as a place where work was successfully completed: “Last June in Tartary, I saved Khan from a swarm of mosquitoes.”

Geoffrey Chaucer(1343-1400) The Canterbury Tales. "The Esquire's History" tells about the royal court of Tartary.

Tartary in Nicholas Sanson's 1653 Atlas of Asia

Information about Great Tartaria can also be found in Nicholas Sanson (Nicholas Sanson)(1600-1667) - French historian and court cartographer of Louis XIII. In 1653, his atlas of Asia was published in Paris - “L’Asie, En Plusieurs Cartes Nouvelles, Et Exactes, &c.: En Divers Traitez De Geographie, Et D’Histoire; La ou sont descrits succinctement, & avec une belle Methode, & facile, Ses Empires, Ses Monarchies, Ses Estats &c.

The atlas contains maps and descriptions of the countries of the Asian continent in as much detail as the availability of information about the realities of a particular country allowed, and its absence made it possible for various kinds of assumptions, which often had nothing to do with the current state of affairs, as is observed in the description of Tartaria (take at least one of the ridiculous versions about the origin of the Tartars from the ten lost tribes of Israel.) Thus, the author, like many European medieval historians before and after him, unwittingly, and, most likely, intentionally made his feasible contribution to the falsification of both world history and the history of our Motherland.

For this, seemingly insignificant and harmless things were used. The author “lost” only one letter in the name of the country, and Tartary from lands of the gods Tarkh and Tara turned into some previously unknown Tataria. Added one letter to the name of the people, and mughals turned into Mongols. Other historians went further, and the Mughals (from the Greek. μεγáλoι (megáloi) – great) turned into Monguls, Mongals, Mungali, Mughals, Monkus, etc. This kind of “replacement,” as you yourself understand, provides a wide field of activity for various kinds of falsifications, which have very far-reaching consequences.

Let's take relatively recent times as an example. IN February 1936 The resolution of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the Kazak SSR “On the Russian pronunciation and written designation of the word “Cossack”” ordered the replacement of the last letter “ TO" to " X", and from now on write "Kazakh", not “Cossack”, “Kazakhstan”, not “Kazakhstan”, and that the newly formed Kazakhstan included the lands of the Siberian, Orenburg and Ural Cossacks.

How is this change one letter influenced the lives of the latter, there is no need to tell for a long time. As a result of anti-human national policy Kazakh authorities, begun after the victory of democracy in the 90s, representatives of the “non-titular” Russian nation are squeezed out of all spheres of life and forced to leave the lands of their ancestors. Kazakhstan has already 3.5 million people left, which is 25% of the total population of the republic. They left the republic in 2000 another 600 thousand Human. The socio-economic situation of Russians has sharply deteriorated, unemployment is growing, Russian schools and cultural institutions are closing, and the history of Russia is being falsified in Kazakh schools. This is what it costs to replace everything one letter in the title.

And now, we present to you the actual translation from Middle French of an article about Tartary from "Atlas of Asia" 1653 by Nicholas Sanson. The word “Middle French” means that this language is no longer ancient, but not yet modern. Those. this is a language that was still in the 17th century stage formation grammar, syntax and phonetics, especially in the written version of the language. Translation from Middle French by Elena Lyubimova.

Tartary or Tartary occupies the north of all Asia. It extends from west to east, starting from the Volga and Ob, which separate Europe, to the land of Iesso, which separates America; and northern Media, Caspian Sea, Gihon River (Gehon)[modern Amu Darya], Caucasus Mountains, d'Ussonte, which separate the southernmost territories of Asia, to the Northern, Arctic or Scythian. In length it occupies half of the Northern Hemisphere - from 90 to 180 degrees of longitude, in width - half of all of Asia from 35 or 40 to 70 or 72 degrees of latitude. Its extent is fifteen hundred leagues from east to west and seven or eight hundred from south to north.

Almost all of it is located in the temperate climate zone, however, its southernmost sections are located beyond this temperate zone, and in the remaining northern areas the climate is cold and harsh. The southernmost territories of the country are always limited by the three high mountains of the southern coast, which trap heat in the south and cold in the north, so some might say that temperatures in Tartaria are generally much lower than in a temperate climate.

It neighbors the Muscovites in the west; by the Persians, Indians or Mughals, the Chinese in the south; the rest of the territory is washed by the sea, and we know little about her. Some believe that it is located in the east Strait of Anian (d'esroit d'Anian)[Bering Strait], which separates America, others - like the Jesso Strait (d'estroit de Iesso), which separates the land or island of Iesso, which is located between Asia and America, as they would say behind Japan. Some also call the Northern Ocean one thing, others another.

Name Tartary comes, most likely, from the name of a river or locality, or the Tartar Horde, from where those peoples who became known in all parts of Asia emerged. Others say that they are called so from the Tatars or Totars, which means on Assyrian"remaining" or "leaving": because they regard them as the remnant of the Jews, half of whose ten tribes were displaced by Shalmaneser, and add that the other half of these ten tribes went to Scythia, about which nowhere noted by the ancients. Although the Persians still call this country Tatars, and the people Tatars, and the Chinese - Taguis.

Tartary is divided into five main parts, which are Desert Tartaria (Tartaree Desert),Uzbekistan or Çağatay (Vzbeck ou Zagathay), Turkestan (Turqestan), Katay (Cathay) And True Taratary(vraye Tartarie). The first and last are the most northern, barbaric and nothing is known about them. The other three, more southerly, are the most civilized and famous for their many beautiful cities and extensive trade.

The ancients called Desert Tartaria Scythia intra Imaum(1); Uzbekistan and Chagatai are Bactriana and Sogdiana, respectively. Turkestan in ancient times was called Scythia extra Imaum. Katai was called Serika (Serica Regio). As for True Tartaria, the ancients knew nothing about it, or it represented the northernmost territories of both one and the other Scythia. Desert Tartary is bounded on the west by the Volga and Ob rivers, which separate it from Muscovy; in the east - by the mountains that separate True Tartaria and Turkestan; in the north – by the Northern Ocean; in the south - by the Caspian Sea, from Tabarestan [modern. Iranian province of Mazandaran] by the Shesel River (Chesel)[modern Syr-Darya]. It is separated from Uzbekistan by several mountains that connect to the mountains Imaum.

The whole country is inhabited by peoples or tribes, which are troops or detachments called Hordes. They almost never stay in closed places, and they have no need to do so, because they do not have any immovable housing that would keep them in place. They are constantly wandering; they load tents and families and everything they have onto carts, and do not stop until they find the most beautiful and most suitable pasture for their animals. There is something to which they devote themselves even more than hunting. This is war. They do not cultivate the land, despite the fact that it is beautiful and fertile. That is why it is called Desert Tartary. Among her hordes, the most famous are the Nogais, who pay tribute to the Grand Duke of Moscow, who also owns part of Desert Tartary.

Uzbekistan or Çağatay extends from the Caspian Sea to Turkestan and from Persia and India to Desert Tartary. The Shesel rivers flow through it (Сhesel) or the old-fashioned way Jaxartes, Gigon or the old way Albiamu or Oxus[modern Amu Darya]. Its peoples are the most civilized and most dexterous of all the Western Tartars. They conduct large trade with the Persians, with whom they sometimes were at enmity, sometimes lived in complete harmony, with the Indians and with Cathay. They produce silk, which they measure in large wicker baskets and sell to Muscovy. Their most beautiful cities are Samarkand, Bukhara and Badaschian and more Balck. According to some, Khorasan, which was owned by Uzbek khans at different times, enjoys the greatest respect. Badaschian located on the border with Khorasan. Bukhara ( Bochara or Bachara), in which Avicenna, the most famous philosopher and doctor in the entire East, lived. Samarkand is the birthplace of the great Tamerlane, who turned it into the most beautiful and richest city in Asia, building the famous Academy, which further strengthened the good name of the Mohammedans.

Turkestan located in the east of Uzbekistan (or Chagatai), in the west of Cathay, north of India and south of True Tartary. It is divided into several kingdoms, the most famous of which are Cascar, Cotan, Cialis, Ciarchian And Thibet. Some capitals have the same names, and sometimes for the rulers of these kingdoms they use Hiarchan instead of Сascar, And Turon or Turphon instead of Cialis. Kingdom Cascar is the richest, most abundant and most developed of all. Kingdom Ciarciam- the smallest and sandiest, which is compensated by the presence of a lot of jasper and lavender there. IN Cascar There is a lot of excellent rhubarb growing. Cotan And Cialis produce a variety of fruits, wine, flax, hemp, cotton, etc. Tibet is closest to the Mughals of India and is located among the Imave Mountains, the Caucasus and Vssonte. It is rich in wild animals, musk, cinnamon and uses coral instead of money. The connections we established with this state in 1624 and 1626 will make it greater and richer, just like Cathay. But those three states [to which we went] in 1651 are cold and always covered with snow - it is believed that the king of all barbarians [is] there - and the less powerful of [the city] Serenegar, which is not Rahia? between the states of the Great Mogul, so we are not sure of the [fruitfulness] of most of these connections.

Katay there is the easternmost part of Tartary. It is considered the richest and most powerful state. In the west it borders with Turkestan, with China in the south, in the north with True Tartaria and in the east it is washed by the Strait of Jesse (d'estroit de Iesso). Some believe that the whole of Cathay is [ruled] by one monarch or emperor, whom they call Khan or Ulukhan, which means Great Khan, who is the greatest and richest ruler of the world. Others believe that there [are] various kings who are magnificent subjects of the Great Khan. This powerful, beautifully cultivated and built-up country is abundant in everything one could desire. Its capital is [city] Cambalu, ten (and others say twenty) leagues long, which has twelve extensive suburbs, and to the south is a huge royal palace, at a distance of another ten or twelve leagues. All the Tartars, Chinese, Indians and Persians conduct extensive trade in this city.

From all the kingdoms of Cathay Tangut- the most outstanding. Its capital is [city] Campion, where caravans of traders are stopped, preventing them from going further into the kingdom because of rhubarb. Kingdom of Tenduk (Tenduk) with the capital of the same name, supplies gold and silver sheets, silk and falcons. It is believed that Prester John is in this country - a special king - Christian, or rather Nestorian - a subject of the Great Khan. Kingdom Thaifur famous for the large number of its people, excellent wines, magnificent weapons, cannons, etc.

Other great travelers tell wonders about the greatness, power and splendor of the Great Khan, about the extent of his states, about his kings who are his subjects, about the multitude of ambassadors who are always waiting for him, about the reverence and reverence that is shown to him, about the strength and innumerability of his people with whom he can fill his troops. Distant Europe had to believe us until he showed his strength in 1618 (2), when he occupied the passes and passes of that famous mountain and wall that separates Tartary from China, sacrificing countless people from his great kingdom, capturing and having plundered its most beautiful cities and almost all its provinces; pushing the king of China as far as Canton and [leaving him in] possession of no more than one or two provinces, but by the treaty of 1650 the king of China was restored to the greater part of his country.

True or ancient Tartary is the northernmost part of Tartaria - the coldest, most uncultivated and most barbaric of all; nevertheless, it is the place from which the Tartars came out about 1200 from our salvation, and to which they returned. They are known to dominate six neighboring hordes, bear arms, and dominate the largest and most beautiful parts of Asia. They are supposed to be the remnants of that half of the ten tribes that were transported. They also say that the tribes of Dan, Naphtali and Zebulun were found there. However, for a completely unknown country can be easily made up such names as anyone pleases. Their kingdoms, provinces or hordes of Mongols, Buryats (Bargu), Taratar and Naiman are the most famous. Some authors put Gog and Magog there, and others - between the Mughal state (3) and China, Maug? at the top of the lake Chiamay.

The main riches of True Tartaria are livestock and furs, including the fur of polar bears, black foxes, martens and sables. They live on milk and meat, which they have in abundance; without caring about fruits or grains. You can still feel them in your speech ancient Scythian. Some of them have kings, others live in hordes or communities; almost all are shepherds and subjects of the Great Cathay Khan (Grand Chan du Cathay).

Translator's note

1. The first geographer to have a fairly clear idea of ​​the great dividing mountain range of Central Asia, running in a north-south direction, was Ptolemy. He calls these mountains Imaus and divides Scythia into two parts: “in front of the Imaus mountains” and “behind the Imaus mountains” ( Scythia Intra Imaum Montem And Scythia Extra Imaum Montem). It is believed that this is what the modern Himalayas were called in ancient times. See Christopher Cellarius's map of Scythia and Serica (Christopherus cellarius), published in 1703 in Germany. Also on it we can see the ancient name of the Volga River - RA(Rha) left and Hyperborean or Scythian Ocean up.

2. Most likely, we are talking about the invasion of the Jurchen Khan Nurhaci (1575-1626) into the territory of the Ming Empire - in Liaodong. The Chinese army sent the following year was defeated, and about 50 thousand soldiers died. By 1620, almost all of Liaodong was in the hands of Nurhaci.

3. The Mughal state has nothing in common with modern Mongolia. It was located in Northern India (the territory of modern Pakistan).

* * * The information collected by us and presented on these pages does not constitute scientific research in today's understanding of the word. Today's science, especially historical science, lies with all its might, and we tried to find for our readers true information about the past of our great Motherland. And they found her. From this information it is clear without any doubt that our past is not at all what our enemies and their helpful assistants keep repeating.

Back in the 18th century, everyone knew well that Slavic-Aryan Empire, which in the West was called Great Tartary, existed for many millennia and was the most developed country on the planet. Otherwise, it simply could not have survived in the form of such a huge Empire for a long time! And corrupt historians tirelessly tell us from school that we - the Slavs - supposedly just before our baptism (1000 years ago) we allegedly jumped from the trees and climbed out of our pits. But empty talk, albeit very persistent, is one thing. And another thing is facts that can no longer be ignored.

And if you read the subsection of the Chronology about the “Roman Empire”, you can get another indisputable confirmation that the distortion of information about the past of our civilization was deliberate and pre-planned! And we can draw the obvious conclusion that the enemies of Humanity are carefully hushing up and destroying everything connected with the real past of the great civilization of the White Race - the civilization of our ancestors, Slavyano-Ariev.

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