Political development of the Novgorod land. Novgorod land. Political structure and governance. Principality of Novgorod Land

The Novgorod principality is one of the three largest principalities, along with Galicia-Volyn and Vladimir-Suzdal, that existed during the Ancient Rus'. Its mention in the chronicles is almost minimal, but its participation in history is incommensurable.

The capital of the principality is Veliky Novgorod, famous for its artisans and merchants. Being one of the main centers of education and the largest trading center in Europe, for many centuries it maintained the status of a stronghold of the northern and southern borders.

The main cities of the Novgorod principality: Vologda, Torzhok, Staraya Ladoga, Polotsk, Beloozero, Rostov, Izborsk.

Geographical location

The natural and geographical conditions of the Novgorod principality were determined by its territorial location. Stretching for many kilometers, it occupied vast areas of the northern part of European Russia. The bulk of the land was located between Lake Ilmen and Lake Peipsi.

Most of it was covered by dense taiga forests, but along with them there was endless tundra. The territory where the principality was located was full of forests, lakes and swamps, which, coupled with harsh climatic conditions, made the soil poor and infertile. However, this was compensated by large reserves of wood and building stone, and the swamp soil was a real storehouse of iron ores and salts.

The Novgorod principality had access to many large river routes and seas, and lay nearby. All this provided excellent soil for the development of trade.

Political structure of the principality

The Novgorod principality differed from and in its unique political system. The republican form of government arose in the principality at the very beginning of the 12th century and persisted for several centuries, making it one of the most developed principalities. The absence of a ruling princely dynasty made it possible to maintain unity and avoid fragmentation. This historical period is called Republican.

But democracy in the Novgorod principality was elitist. Power was concentrated in the hands of several influential boyar families.

A major role in the public role of Veliky Novgorod was played by the people's assembly - the veche, which was formed after the expulsion of Prince Vsevolod. It had very broad powers: it declared war, made peace, and resolved completely different issues.

Novgorod's possessions were located in the north-west of Russian lands (from the Gulf of Finland and Lake Peipsi in the west to the foothills of the Urals in the east; from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the source of the Volga in the south).

The Novgorod land was characterized by unfavorable climatic conditions, infertile soils, swamps, huge forests.

Specifics geographical location largely determined the features of the Novgorod economy. Here were the most important trade routes of Eastern Europe: the route “from the Varangians to the Greeks”; another way is through the river network to Volga Bulgaria, Khazaria and other countries of the East. All this contributed to the active development of foreign trade.

The special position of Novgorod within the Kievan Rus was determined by the fact that it was from here that the Rurik dynasty came. From the 9th century a tradition has developed according to which Grand Duke Kiev, as the Novgorod governor, planted his eldest son in Novgorod, which ensured Kyiv’s control over the functioning of the most important trade artery.

During the time of Vladimir the Saint? from the tribute that came annually from the Novgorod territories went to Kyiv. Yaroslav Vladimirovich was the first to refuse to comply with this demand. From then on, the tribute collected from the subject territories began to remain in Novgorod and was used to support the prince and his administration.

In the 11th century The children of Izyaslav, Svyatoslav and Vsevolod Yaroslavich alternately visited the Novgorod table. But none of them created their own dynasty here. Longest at the turn of the 11th–12th centuries. Representatives of the princely house of Vsevolod Yaroslavich were in Novgorod. Thus, from 1097 to 1117 Mstislav the Great ruled in Novgorod.

After twenty years of his stay in the north-west, Mstislav Vladimirovich went to Southern Rus', leaving his eldest son in Novgorod Vsevolod Mstislavich(1117–1136).

However, the princely dynasty in the Novgorod land never developed. This was facilitated events of the late XI - first half of the XII centuries.

After the death of his father in 1132, Vsevolod Mstislavich, at the request of his uncle, the Grand Duke of Kyiv Yaropolk Vladimirovich, went to the Pereyaslavl table. Pereyaslavl was then considered as the last step in the ascension to the Grand Duke's throne. Therefore, Mstislav Vladimirovich’s younger brothers Yuri (Dolgoruky) and Andrei became worried, thinking that the childless Prince Yaropolk Vladimirovich would expect his eldest nephew Vsevolod Mstislavich to take his place. A conflict occurred, as a result of which their father’s brothers, Yuri and Andrey, expelled Vsevolod Mstislavich, who had to return to the abandoned Novgorod table.

After the prince left, a veche was convened in Novgorod. The Novgorodians decided to expel the prince from the city for breaking his oath, but then nevertheless returned him to the Novgorod table. After this conflict, Vsevolod Mstislavich spent about 4 years in Novgorod. And in 1136 the situation repeated itself. Again, the Novgorodians, Pskovians and Ladoga residents gathered at a meeting in Novgorod and decided to expel the prince from the city. He was reminded of his past guilt, and also added new claims: he did not care about the population subject to tribute; was not distinguished by courage and bravery during two military campaigns against Suzdal (1134-1135).

In Novgorod, the principle of “liberty in the princes” prevailed, acting according to which the Novgorodians invited at their own discretion candidates for the princely throne. Thus, conditions arose for the development of a unique political structure of the Novgorod land, which in the scientific literature received the name “Novgorod republic”.
A major role in shaping the characteristics of the Novgorod land was played by the local boyars, who were financially independent.

The highest authority in Novgorod became veche, at which representatives were elected executive branch, the candidacy of the prince was considered, the most decided important issues domestic and foreign policy. Until now, there is no consensus among researchers about the composition of its participants: whether they were all free male residents of the city or only the owners of estates. Some believe that the veche was nominally a meeting of the owners of these urban boyar estates (no more than 500 people), who ruled the city and the entire land. Other researchers believe that Novgorod was a territorial community with the features of a pre-feudal democracy. At that time, all free members of this community were participants in veche meetings, regardless of their social affiliation.

The main official in the Novgorod administration was mayor;since the 80s XI century the position of Novgorod mayor was separated from the princely power and began to exist parallel to it. At first, posadniks were representatives of the Kyiv boyar aristocracy, appointed by the Kyiv Grand Duke. And from the second quarter of the 12th century. Novgorod boyars began to be elected to this position at the assembly. The mayor stood at the head of the Novgorod government, presided over the assembly, and was in charge of the citywide court and administration. In fact, representatives of several boyar families were elected mayors.

The second important person in city government was thousand. He headed the city militia, was in charge of tax collection and the commercial court. Since 1156, the post of Novgorod governor also belonged to the elective institutions bishop(since 1165 - archbishop). The Novgorod ruler managed the treasury, controlled foreign policy relations and the disposal of the land fund, and was the keeper of the standards of measures and weights.

Chosen at the meeting and invited to the city prince led the Novgorod army. His squad maintained public order in the city. He performed representative functions in other principalities and was a symbol of the unity of the Novgorod lands. But the situation Prince of Novgorod was unstable, since his fate very often depended on the decision of the veche meeting. From 1095 to 1304 On the Novgorod table, the princes changed at least 58 times.

Thus, in the Novgorod form of government one can notice three main elements: monarchical, republican and aristocratic. At the same time, it was the latter that prevailed.

Administrative division.

Novgorod was divided by Volkhov into two parts, or sides, the Trade and Sofia. These sides were connected by the Great Bridge. The trading side received its name from the trading place located there, that is, the market. At the auction there was Yaroslav's courtyard, where the veche gathered, the stage was the platform from which speeches were made at the veche. Near the degree there was a tower with a veche bell, and the veche office was also located there. The Sofia side received its name from the St. Sophia Cathedral located there.

Novgorod was also divided into 5 ends or districts: Slavensky and Plotnitsky made up the Trade side, and Nerevsky, Zagorodsky and Goncharsky made up the Sofia side. The division into ends was historical. Novgorod was made up of several settlements or villages, which at first were independent settlements, and then united to form a city (1). Slavenskoe end used to be a separate city - Slovenskoye. In the middle of the 9th century, the Rurik settlement became the residence of the princes, and the Novaya fortress was built opposite Slovensk, which soon became Novgorod. The Zagorodsky End, judging by its name, was the last to be formed; initially it was located outside the city, and only after the construction of the fortress could it become part of it. The ends of Plotnitsky and Goncharsky probably used to be working-class suburbs of Slovensk, in which carpenters and potters lived, respectively. The name of the fifth end, Nerevsky, can be explained by the fact that “on the ditch” means “on the outskirts”. That is, the name of the end indicated that it was located on the very outskirts of the city.

Each end was assigned a specific land. There were five pyatinas in total - according to the number of ends: Votskaya, which extended to the north-west of Novgorod, between the Volkhov and Luga rivers towards the Gulf of Finland, which received its name from the Vod tribe that lived here; Obonezhskaya - in the northeast, to the right of Volkhov towards the White Sea; Derevskaya to the southeast, between the rivers Mstoya and Lovat; Shelonskaya to the southwest, between Lovat and Luga, on both sides of the Sheloni River; Bezhetskaya - far to the east and southeast, behind the Pyatina Obonezhskaya and Derevskaya.

Most likely, the Novgorod land was divided into pyatins between the ends in order to collect taxes from the population living there in a more systematic way. Perhaps Novgorod regularly redistributed pyatinas between different ends to reduce the likelihood of corruption.

In addition to Pyatina, in the Novgorod Republic there was a division into volosts. Volosts are possessions that are more distant and acquired later (2). The volosts included cities that were jointly owned with other principalities, such as Volok-Lamsky, Bezhichi, Torzhok, Rzhev, Velikiye Luki with their districts. Volok-Lamsky, Bezhichi and Torzhok were in joint possession with the Grand Dukes of Vladimir, and then of Moscow; and Rzhev and Velikiye Luki - with the princes of Smolensk. The volosts included a vast part of the Novgorod Republic, located in the northeast of the Pyatina Bezhetskaya and Obonezhskaya - Dvinskaya land or Zavolochye. On the Vychegda River and its tributaries there was the Perm volost. Further to the northeast was the volost of Pechora on both sides of the river of the same name, and beyond the Ural Mountains - Yugra. On the northern shore of the White Sea there was the volost of Tre, or the Tersky coast.

All administrative-territorial units of the Novgorod Republic enjoyed broad rights. It is known, for example, that ends and pyatins were ruled by elected officials, and Pskov and other cities had their own prince (3).

Social system.

First of all, the Novgorod population was divided into better and lesser people. Moreover, the smaller ones were not smaller in terms of political rights, but only in terms of economic status and actual importance. Actual inequality at full equality legal became the cause of numerous Novgorod riots.

In addition to the general division into better and lesser, Novgorod society was divided into three classes: the upper class - the boyars, the middle - the living people, natives and merchants, the lower - black people.

The Novgorod boyars, unlike the boyars of other principalities, were not the prince’s squad, but large landowners and capitalists. The boyars stood at the head of the entire Novgorod society. It was formed from the military foreman who ruled Novgorod before the appearance of Rurik. Due to various circumstances, this nobility did not lose its privileged position even under the princes. Already in the 11th century. The princes who ruled Novgorod appointed people from the local society to local government positions. Thus, the Novgorod administration became native in its personnel even before it became elected (4). The boyars were the main political force in Novgorod. Receiving colossal income from their lands, the boyars had the opportunity to bribe “screamers” at the assembly and carry out the decisions they needed. In addition, possessing large capital, the boyars lent them to merchants and thus stood at the head of trade turnover.

The middle class of Novgorod society was mainly represented by living people. Living people are the population of average income. They were a kind of shareholders investing in development international trade. Receiving income from their lands, living people invested it in merchant enterprises, from which they made a profit. In the political life of the city, this class carried out judicial and diplomatic assignments from the Council of Gentlemen and represented the ends in which they lived.

Unlike other Russian principalities, Novgorod retained a class of small landowners - homeowners. But the land ownership of their own landowners was somewhat different from the usual boyar land ownership - their own landowners very rarely owned lands alone. Usually, fellow residents cultivated and acquired land together - some semblance of a peasant community. The natives either cultivated their land themselves or rented it out to peasants. The natives differed from the peasants in that they had full rights to the land. They were mostly city dwellers who bought land plots, like today's summer residents, only the lands of their own people were larger and were mostly rented out. The natives formed together into agricultural partnerships, called syabrs or storekeepers.

The merchant class was a trading class that profited from Novgorod's favorable geographical location. Merchants mainly worked with the help of the capital of the boyars and living people. The Novgorod merchants conducted large transit trade and had their own land holdings. Gradually, the merchant class began to divide into “hundreds.” Each hundred had its own charter, its own privileges. The most privileged merchant society was called the “Ivanovo hundred” and met at the Church of John the Baptist. According to its charter, in order to become a full and hereditary member of this society, it was necessary to contribute 50 hryvnia of silver. The council of the society, consisting of two merchant elders chaired by a thousand, was in charge of all trade affairs and the commercial court in Novgorod (5).

The population that did not belong to the first two classes was called “black people.” Of course, black people made up the majority of the population of the Novgorod Republic. These included artisans and small traders who lived in cities, as well as the rural population: smerdas and zemstvos. They were responsible for the construction and repair of bridges and roads, the construction of churches and city fortifications, and in wartime they were drafted into the militia. Black people, like the entire free population of Novgorod, had the right to take part in the meetings.

The bulk of the rural population were stinkers. Initially, they had their own farm and paid tribute to the state. With the development of boyar land ownership, they increasingly turned into an economically dependent population.

Gradually, the smerds fell into two categories - community members, who paid taxes to Novgorod, and smerds, who were divided into mortgage holders and ladles. The mortgagees were peasants who left the community and became dependent on the boyars. Ladles were peasants who lived on the lands of private owners. They got their name from the type rent for the land - half the harvest. But in the Novgorod land there were also more preferential rental conditions - a third or a quarter of the harvest all depended on the value of the land in a given place. Ladles performed duties only in favor of their own master. According to the type of work, ladles were divided into izorniks (plowmen), gardeners and kochetniks (fishermen). The ladle had the right to leave his master once a year within the period established by law - Philip's plot. Before leaving, the ladle had to fully repay his debt to the master.

The most powerless group of the population in Novgorod were the zemstvos (slaves). Zemtsy gradually lost their rights with the development of boyar land ownership. Initially, a zemstvo could not be judged without his master. The agreement between the Novgorodians and Prince Yaroslav Yaroslavich in 1270 decided not to believe the denunciation of slaves against their masters.

Veche and Council of Gentlemen.

Supreme authorities state power in Novgorod there was a veche and the Council of Gentlemen.

In its origin, the Novgorod veche was a city meeting, similar to the others that existed in other cities of Rus' in the 12th century (6). The Veche was not a permanent body. It was not convened periodically, but only when there was a real need for it. Most often this happened during wars, uprisings and the conscription of princes. The veche was convened by the prince, mayor or thousand on the Trade side of the city, at the Yaroslav's courtyard, or the veche was convened by the will of the people, on the Sofia or Trade side. It consisted of residents of both Novgorod and its suburbs; There were no restrictions among Novgorod citizens: every free and independent person could go to the meeting. The veche met by the ringing of the veche bell.

In fact, the veche consisted of those who could come to it, that is, mainly residents of Novgorod, since the convening of the veche was not announced in advance. But sometimes delegates from large suburbs of Novgorod, such as Pskov, Ladoga and others, were present at the meeting. For example, Ladoga and Pskov residents attended the meeting in 1136. More often, however, residents of the suburbs came to the meeting to complain about one or another decision of the Novgorodians. So, in 1384, the residents of Orekhov and Korela sent their delegates to Novgorod with a complaint against the Lithuanian prince Patricius, who had been imprisoned by the Novgorodians. Issues to be discussed at the veche were proposed to him by the prince, mayor or thousand. The Veche had legislative initiative, decided on issues of foreign policy and internal structure, and also judged the most important crimes. The veche had the right to pass laws, invite and expel the prince, elect, judge and remove mayor and mayor from office, resolve their disputes with the princes, resolve issues of war and peace, distribute volosts for feeding to the princes.

The decisions of the meeting were made unanimously; In case of disagreement, the veche was divided into parties, and the strongest forced the weakest to agree. Sometimes, as a result of strife, two meetings were convened; one on Torgovaya, the other on the Sofia side. The conflict ended with both parties meeting on the Great Bridge and fighting if the intervention of the clergy did not prevent bloodshed.

At the veche there was no concept of a quorum, and hence one time the entire population of the city could be at the veche and not pass the law, and another time - a hundredth part of the population and pass a law that was beneficial only to this part. The result of the vote was determined not by the number of votes, but by the strength of the throats of those shouting: for which they shouted louder, it was considered accepted.

Since the veche did not meet constantly, but only when it was convened, a permanent body of power was needed that would administer the Novgorod Republic. The Council of Gentlemen became such a body of power. It consisted of old and sedate posadniks, thousanders, sotskies and an archbishop. The council had an aristocratic character, the number of its members in the 15th century. reached 50. This body developed from the ancient institution of power - the boyar duma of the prince with the participation of city elders. In the 12th century The prince invited city councilors and elders to his council with his boyars. As the prince lost organic ties with local Novgorod society, he and the boyars were gradually forced out of the council. He was replaced by the local ruler, the Archbishop, who became the permanent chairman of the Council.

Frequent changes of senior officials in Novgorod became the reason for the rapid growth of the composition of the Council of Gentlemen. All members of the Council, except the chairman, were called boyars.

The council of gentlemen prepared and presented at the meeting legislative issues, presented ready-made bills, but he did not have his own voice in the adoption of laws. The Council also carried out general supervision of the work state apparatus And officials republic, controlled the activities of the executive branch. He, together with the prince, the mayor and the thousand, decided on the convening of the veche and subsequently directed all its activities.

The Council of Gentlemen was of great importance in the political life of Novgorod. It consisted of representatives of the highest Novgorod class, which had a powerful economic influence on the entire city; this preparatory council often predetermined the questions raised by it at the veche, conducting among the citizens the answers it had prepared. Thus, the veche very often became a weapon to give the decisions of the Council legitimacy in the eyes of citizens.

During the period of state fragmentation of Rus', completely the city of Novgorod has passed a special path. While the foundations of state power were being laid in the main territory of the former country at that time, tendencies toward democracy were spreading in Novgorod. The different political culture that developed there, as well as the different value orientations of the residents, were very different from the collective values ​​and traditions of the central government of Moscow Rus'.

Novgorod, located in the north-west, was relatively protected from attacks by the Tatar-Mongols in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. This, according to researchers, allowed the city to form a special version of the development of Russian civilization.

Territory of the Novgorod Principality

Novgorod land in its scale (13-15 centuries) was a huge state that could compete in territory with any European kingdoms. In addition to Novgorod itself, the Novgorod principality included the Pskov lands, Ladoga, Yuryev, Torzhok and many other territories. Through Novgorod, access was provided along the Neva to the Baltic Sea and along the Northern Dvina to the White Sea. In the south, the lands extended to Torzhok, Velikiye Luki and Volokolamsk. In the northeast, the Principality of Novgorod included the Urals. In these territories, cities such as Vyatka, Vologda, Pskov, etc. arose. What distinguished Novgorod from other principalities (central and southern) was that it faced Europe, protecting Russian borders from the aggression of Swedish and German feudal lords.

In the thirteenth century, the city of Novgorod already had its own rich legal and political culture. At the beginning of the ninth century, Yaroslav the Wise, refusing to pay tribute to Kyiv, laid the foundation for the independence and isolation of Novgorod.

In 1136, Novgorod experienced a popular uprising, the purpose of which was to remove the prince with a restriction of his rights, as well as to secure power for the mayor, who was to be elected at the veche. In addition, the Novgorod people demanded the right to remove and install princes at their own request. A special agreement prohibited the prince from distributing volosts, judging the people of Novgorod, trading with European countries (besides the Novgorodians themselves), distributing immunities (special privileges), and even hunting outside a certain urban area. The income of the princes was also limited. And finally, as had happened before in Europe, the entire princely court was evicted from the city to the “Rurik settlement”. This was done in order to limit the possibility of seizing city power by military means. The independence of the Novgorod principality came to an end in 1478, when it finally became part of the Moscow state.

Novgorod land (Republic)

The power of one person over another destroys, first of all, the ruler.

Leo Tolstoy

The largest principality of the era of appanage fragmentation of Rus' was the Novgorod land, which was governed in the form of a boyar republic. The principality flourished due to the development of trade and crafts, because Novgorod, the center of the earth, was located on the most important trade routes. Novgorod for a long time maintained independence from Kyiv and managed to maintain its independence and identity.

Geographical location

The Novgorod principality or Novgorod land (republic) was located in the northern part of Rus' from the Arctic Ocean to the upper reaches of the Volga, and from Baltic Sea to the Ural Mountains. The capital is Novgorod. Large cities: Novgorod, Pskov, Staraya Russa, Ladoga, Torzhok, Korela, Pskov and others.

Map of Novgorod land in the 12th-13th centuries.

The specificity of the geographical location was practically complete absence agriculture, since the soil was unsuitable for agriculture, as well as remoteness from the steppes, due to which Novgorod practically did not see the Mongol invasion. At the same time, the principality was constantly subjected to military invasions by the Swedes, Lithuanians and German knights. Thus, it was the Novgorod lands that were the shield of Rus', which protected it from the North and West.

Geographical neighbors of the Novgorod Republic:

• Vladimir-Suzdal Principality
• Principality of Smolensk
• Principality of Polotsk
• Livonia
• Sweden

Economic features

The lack of good arable land has led to Crafts and trade actively developed in the Novgorod Republic. Among the crafts that stood out were: iron production, fishing, hunting, salt making and other crafts characteristic of the northern regions. Trade was mainly carried out with neighboring regions: the Baltic states, German cities, Volga Bulgaria, Scandinavia.

Novgorod was the richest trading city in Rus'. This was achieved by the advantageous geographical location, as well as the presence of trade ties with various regions, including with Byzantium and the Caucasus. Basically, Novgorodians traded furs, honey, wax, iron products, pottery, weapons, and so on.

Political structure

The Novgorod feudal republic was formally governed by a prince, but in reality the system of government can be represented in the form of an inverted triangle.

The real power was with the Veche and the boyars. Suffice it to say that it was the veche that appointed the prince, and it could also expel him. In addition, at the citywide assembly, which functioned within the framework of the boyar council (300 gold belts), the following were appointed:

• The prince was invited along with his squad. His residence was outside the city. The main task is to protect Novgorod land from external threats.
• Posadnik is the head of the city administration. His tasks are monitoring the prince, court in the cities, and governing the cities. He was subordinate to the city's street elders.
• Tysyatsky - head of the city administration and city militia (assistant mayor). He was involved in population management.
• The archbishop is the head of the Novgorod church. Tasks: storage of archives and treasury, responsibility for external relations, monitoring of trade, compilation and preservation of chronicles. The archbishop was confirmed by the Moscow metropolitan.

The prince could be summoned by the Novgorodians, but he could also be expelled, which happened often. A gift (agreement) was concluded with the prince, which indicated the rights and obligations of the prince. The prince was seen only as a protector against foreign invaders, but had no influence on domestic politics or the appointment/removal of officials. Suffice it to say that during the 12th-13th centuries the princes in Novgorod changed 58 times! Therefore, we can safely say that the real power in this principality belonged to the boyars and merchants.

The political independence of the Novgorod Republic was formalized in 1132-1136 after the expulsion of Prince Vsevolod Mstislavich. After this, the Novgorod land eliminated the power of Kyiv and became a virtually independent state with a republican form of government. Therefore, it is customary to say that the Novgorod state was a boyar republic with elements of a system of city self-government.

Novgorod the Great

Novgorod - the capital of the Novgorod land, was founded in the 9th century as a result of the unification of the villages of three tribes: Chud, Slavic and Meryan. The city was located along the Volkhov River and was divided by it into two parts: eastern and western. The eastern part was called Torgovaya, and the western part was called Sophia (in honor of the cathedral).

Novgorod was one of the largest and most beautiful cities not only in Rus', but also in Europe. The city's population was quite educated compared to other cities. This was largely due to the fact that crafts and trade developed in the city, which required specific knowledge.

Culture

Novgorod is one of the largest cities of its time. It is no coincidence that he is often called Mister Veliky Novgorod. In the center of the city was the St. Sophia Cathedral. The pavements in the city were paved with logs and were constantly renewed. The city itself was surrounded by a moat and wooden walls. The city practiced wood and stone construction. As a rule, churches and temples were built of stone, one of the functions of which was to store money.

Chronicles, fairy tales and epics were created in the Novgorod land. Much attention was paid to icon painting. The brightest painting of that era is “Angel with Golden Hair,” which today can be seen in the Russian Museum of St. Petersburg.

Architecture and fresco painting also developed in the principality. The main direction of development is realism.

Main events

Main events in the principality in the 12th-13th centuries:

• 1136 - the expulsion of Prince Vsevolod Mstislavich, after which the Novgorodians independently elected their own prince.
• 1156 - independent election of the Novgorod Archbishop
• 1207-1209 - social movements in Novgorod against the boyars
• 1220-1230 reign of Yaroslav, son of Vsevolod the Big Nest
• 1236-1251 - reign of Alexander Nevsky