Animate and inanimate nouns. Complete lessons - Knowledge Hypermarket. Animate and inanimate nouns

Animate objects

ANIMATE OBJECTS . Objects with the ability of voluntary movement, i.e. people and animals, in contrast to inanimate objects and abstract or abstract concepts, i.e. signs of objects considered in abstraction from the objects themselves. In Russian category O.P. on the one hand and inanimate. objects and abstract concepts, on the other hand, differ grammatically in that masculine nouns and adjectives agreed with them in the singular and nouns and adjectives in the plural, which are names of O.P., have one common form for the accusative and genitive cases, different from forms of the nominative case, and masculine singular nouns and adjectives and plural nouns and adjectives that are names of inanimate objects and abstract concepts have a common form for the nominative and accusative cases, different from the form of the genitive case. The grammatical distinction between nouns denoting animate objects and nouns denoting inanimate objects and abstract concepts exists in other Slavic languages, and is also known in some non-Slavic languages, for example, Scandinavian.

N.D. Literary encyclopedia: Dictionary of literary terms: In 2 volumes / Edited by N. Brodsky, A. Lavretsky, E. Lunin, V. Lvov-Rogachevsky, M. Rozanov, V. Cheshikhin-Vetrinsky. - M.; L.: Publishing house L. D. Frenkel, 1925

See what “Animate Objects” are in other dictionaries:

Animate objects- ANIMATE OBJECTS. Objects with the ability of voluntary movement, i.e. people and animals, in contrast to inanimate objects and abstract or abstract concepts, i.e. signs of objects considered in abstraction from... ...

animate objects- Objects that have the ability of voluntary movement, i.e. people and animals, as opposed to inanimate objects and abstract or abstract concepts”, i.e., signs of objects considered in abstraction from the objects themselves. In Russian...

INANIMATE OBJECTS. Things or objects that do not have the ability of voluntary movement, i.e. all objects except people and animals. See animate objects. Literary Encyclopedia: Dictionary of Literary Terms: In 2 volumes / Under... ... Literary encyclopedia

Inanimate objects- INANIMATE OBJECTS. Things or objects that do not have the ability of voluntary movement, i.e. all objects except people and animals. See Inanimate Objects... Dictionary of literary terms

inanimate objects- Things or objects that do not have the ability of voluntary movement, i.e. all objects except people and animals. See Inanimate Objects... Grammar dictionary: Grammar and linguistic terms

Noun endings- 1. In nouns that have a vowel and before case endings, it is written in prepositional case singular(for feminine words also in the dative case) the letter and, for example: about a genius, in Gogol’s “Viya”, on a billiard cue, to sisters... ... A reference book on spelling and style

A reference book on spelling and style

Gender of indeclinable nouns- 1. Words denoting inanimate objects. Indeclinable nouns of foreign origin, denoting inanimate objects, mostly belong to the neuter gender, for example: healing aloe, Scotch whiskey, ... ... A reference book on spelling and style

1) Lexical and grammatical category of a noun, inherent in all nouns (with the exception of words used only in the plural), syntactically independent, manifested in their ability to combine with certain words for... Dictionary of linguistic terms

Books

, Vadbolskaya Anna. Some items that we enjoy using do not require complicated instructions for use. A pencil, for example, or a ball. Or our game is a real treasure for those who...

More from primary school you have an idea of living and inanimate nature. Nouns also name living things and inanimate nature. And nouns are divided into animate and inanimate. But it's not that simple. Many interesting linguistic discoveries await you as you learn to distinguish animate nouns from inanimate ones.

All common nouns nouns in Russian are divided into two categories: animate and inanimate. Animate nouns answer the question “who?”, and inanimate nouns answer the question “what?”

For example, "who?" - boy, dog, bird; "What?" - book, stone, earth.

1. Category of animation - inanimateness - grammatical category

It seems that everything is simple: the category of animateness - inanimateness is based on the distinction between living and inanimate. However, in the Russian language there are often cases when grammar contradicts common sense. Suffice it to remember the synonyms dead body And dead man.

The noun "corpse" is inanimate, and the noun "dead" is animate. The difference is found only in the form of V.p. units: I see a dead man - I see a corpse, cf.: I see an elephant - I see a chair.

Animate nouns have the same forms plural V.p. and R.p. (and for nouns m.p. of the 2nd declension and forms V.p. and R.p. singular), but for inanimate ones - not. Inanimate nouns have the same I.p. forms. and V.p. plural.

I see (who?) elephants, but there are no (who?) elephants; I see (who?) mice, but there are no (who?) mice.

I see (what?) books, no (what?) books; I see (what?) at homé, there are no (what?) houses.

Animate nouns include the names of people, animals, insects, etc., that is, living beings. Inanimate nouns are the names of objects, phenomena of reality that are not classified as living beings.

2. Please pay attention

Please note:

names of chess and card pieces and nouns “dead”, “dead”, as well as names of dolls ( parsley, puppet) and the word “doll” itself - animate names nouns;
and words that name a collection of living beings: army, people, crowd, flock, students, humanity etc. are inanimate nouns.

Basically, animate nouns include masculine and feminine nouns. There are few animate neuter nouns in the Russian language. This includes several nouns with the suffix -ishe ( monster, bogeyman), individual nouns (formed from adjectives or participles): mammal, insect, animal And

nouns child, face(meaning “person”).

3. Common mistakes

Errors in the use of the category of animation - inanimate nouns can be divided into two groups:

First- using inanimate nouns as animate ones, for example: Everyone looked at him like he was ghost. Let's check using the formula “V.p. plural = R.p. plural": (I see) ghosts- (No) ghosts. The endings don't match, so it's a noun ghost - inanimate, therefore the sentence, according to the grammatical norms of the Russian language, should look like this: Everyone looked at him like he was ghost.

Second- the use of animate nouns as inanimate ones. For example: When he carried securities, he was given two people to accompany him. Right: When he was carrying securities, they gave him a guidetwo people.

Remember: in constructions with compound numerals ending in two, three, four, V.p. the numeral retains the form Imp., regardless of the category of animation. For example: The driver needed to deliver twenty three athlete.

References

Russian language. 6th grade / Baranov M.T. and others - M.: Education, 2008.
Babaytseva V.V., Chesnokova L.D. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades - M.: Bustard, 2008.
Russian language. 6th grade / Ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta. - M.: Bustard, 2010.

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Homework

Exercise 1.

Write the words in 2 columns - animate nouns and inanimate nouns:

Creature, janitor, monster, tin, journalism, youth, insect, engine, coal, corpse, warmth, stubbornness, student, hazel grouse, mushroom, doll, peddler, midges, foot soldier, spirit, Sakhalin, kids, squad, steel, coal, poverty, cap, infantry, small fry, general, herd, canned food, table, larva, aluminum, snake, red tape, crow, fox, humanity, relatives, boyar, Karakum, horse, young animals, genius, youth, bell, milk, chick, silk, stuffed animal, pea, tentacle, peas, comrade, cooking, oil, dishes, cement, poor, relative, sugar, tea, honey, teapot, yeast, tea leaves, herd, whiteness, pity, stubborn, hero, furniture, radiance, delight, heroism, running, journalist, walking, pearls, generality, pearl, freshness, crow.

Exercise No. 2

Read the fairy tale by L. Uspensky:

A raft is floating along the river. A fat lazy cat sits motionless on the shore. The raft asks the cat:

Are you alive?

How can you prove it?

I'm moving.

I'm swimming and you're sitting.

If I want, I will move.

I am a great raft, alive, and cats are inanimate. You are a thing, and I exist.

The cat thought and said:

I will prove to you grammatically exactly who is who and what is what. I will kill you in the accusative case. Your nominative cannot resist my accusative.

Help the cat, prove that he is right. Using the elements of an argumentative essay, complete the fairy tale.

Since elementary school, you have an idea of animate and inanimate nature. Nouns also name objects of living and inanimate nature. And nouns are divided into animate and inanimate. But it's not that simple. Many interesting linguistic discoveries await you as you learn to distinguish animate nouns from inanimate ones.

All common nouns in the Russian language are divided into two categories: animate and inanimate. Animate nouns answer the question “who?”, and inanimate nouns answer the question “what?”

For example, "who?" - boy, dog, bird; "What?" - book, stone, earth.

1. Category of animation - inanimateness - grammatical category

The noun "corpse" is inanimate, and the noun "dead" is animate. The difference is found only in the form of V.p. units: I see a dead man - I see a corpse, cf.: I see an elephant - I see a chair.

Animate nouns have the same plural forms V.p. and R.p. (and for nouns m.p. of the 2nd declension and forms V.p. and R.p. singular), but for inanimate ones - not. Inanimate nouns have the same I.p. forms. and V.p. plural.

I see (who?) elephants, but there are no (who?) elephants; I see (who?) mice, but there are no (who?) mice.

I see (what?) books, no (what?) books; I see (what?) at homé, there are no (what?) houses.

Animate nouns include the names of people, animals, insects, etc., that is, living beings. Inanimate nouns are the names of objects, phenomena of reality that are not classified as living beings.

2. Please pay attention

Please note:

names of chess and card pieces and nouns “dead”, “dead”, as well as names of dolls ( parsley, puppet) and the word “doll” itself are animate nouns;
and words that name a collection of living beings: army, people, crowd, flock, students, humanity etc. are inanimate nouns.

nouns child, face(meaning “person”).

3. Common mistakes

Errors in the use of the category of animation - inanimate nouns can be divided into two groups:

Second- the use of animate nouns as inanimate ones. For example: When he was carrying securities, he was given two people to accompany him. Right: When he was carrying securities, they gave him a guidetwo people.

References

Russian language. 6th grade / Baranov M.T. and others - M.: Education, 2008.
Babaytseva V.V., Chesnokova L.D. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades - M.: Bustard, 2008.
Russian language. 6th grade / Ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta. - M.: Bustard, 2010.

Terver.ru ().
Hi-edu.ru ().

Homework

Exercise 1.

Write the words in 2 columns - animate nouns and inanimate nouns:

Exercise No. 2

Read the fairy tale by L. Uspensky:

A raft is floating along the river. A fat lazy cat sits motionless on the shore. The raft asks the cat:

Are you alive?

How can you prove it?

I'm moving.

I'm swimming and you're sitting.

If I want, I will move.

I am a great raft, alive, and cats are inanimate. You are a thing, and I exist.

The cat thought and said:

I will prove to you grammatically exactly who is who and what is what. I will kill you in the accusative case. Your nominative cannot resist my accusative.

Help the cat, prove that he is right. Using the elements of an argumentative essay, complete the fairy tale.

1. Gammamatic category of animateness/inanimateness. 2. Ways of expressing animation/inanimateness. 3. Development of the category of animation/inanimateness in the history of the Russian language. 4. Difficulties in word usage associated with the category of animate/inanimate.

All nouns in modern Russian are divided into animate and inanimate. Animated nouns serve as names of living beings: brother, sister, antelope, crow etc. Inanimate nouns serve as names of objects and phenomena of reality that are not classified as living beings: ceiling, wall, window etc.

the category of animation/inanimateness is a lexical and grammatical category expressed by the forms of wines. n. contrast between grammatically animate and inanimate nouns. In animate nouns wines. n. coincides with genus, in inanimate - with forms named after. p.:

The reason for the emergence of this category, the initial stage of formation of which dates back to the preliterate era, was the coincidence of the forms of them. and wine singular cases of the overwhelming majority of masculine nouns, as a result of which it turned out to be impossible to distinguish between the subject and the object of the action. Yes, in a sentence father see son the bearer of the action and its object do not differ morphologically in any way. It was necessary to replace one of these forms, and in the meaning of wines. n. in such constructions the form genus began to be used. n., with which wine. p. reveals proximity in syntactic terms (for example, when expressing a partial object: bought meat and bought meat or object when negated: didn't see the pen And didn't see the pen).

Initially new forms of wines. = gender cases were used only in the circle of nouns denoting persons, gradually replacing the old forms of wine = them by the 14th century. cases. Only then wine. = gender becomes possible in the names of animals and birds, although the old forms of these words are possible even in the written monuments of the 16th and 17th centuries: bought a horse, a gelding, a raven; bought boran etc.

In the plural, the category of animation is formed much later (starting from the 14th century). In this case, new forms first acquire the names of male persons, then the names of female persons, and, finally, nouns denoting animals and birds, which were used back in the 17th century. most often in the form of wines. = name: Sheep were sheared by Matryona Minina(1639) After prepositions, the old forms were possible even in the circle of names of persons: bought... for feeders and for noses and for baiters(1614). Wed: for carriers and feeders(ibid.). Examples are taken from Northern Russian business texts.

It is no coincidence that in modern Russian the forms of wines are used. = im. are preserved in some constructions with prepositions, such as: elect a deputy, accept a member of an organization, go on a visit, become an actor, make an officer, go out into the public(cf.: gather deputies, call guests, meet actors, see officers). Traces of old wine form. n. observed in adverb get married (get married, those. for my husband) and in an obsolete combination on horseback(see A.S. Pushkin: People! on horseback- "The Tale of the Golden Cockerel").

Lack of animacy category in units. number in nouns and Wed kind is explained by the fact that the forms named after them. and wine cases of words. r. in most cases originally differed ( wife - wife, sister - sister), and nouns cf. r. rarely used in the active subject function.

The category of animation can be expressed not only by the forms of wines. etc., but also syntactically, i.e., forms of words that agree with nouns: met my old friend, But: bought a new house, loved my children, But: read the latest newspapers. In indeclinable nouns it is expressed only syntactically: At the zoo, the children saw a funny kangaroo.; She put on a warm coat.

It should be borne in mind that the concept of the grammatical category of animate or inanimate does not coincide with the natural scientific understanding of living and inanimate nature. So, animated are:

1) words addressee, doll(= toy), face(= person), matryoshka, puppet, dead man, deceased;

2) names of some card figures and card terms: jack, queen, king, ace; trump;

3) names of some chess pieces: knight, king, bishop, queen;

4) nouns cf. r. on - looking for: monster, monster;

5) nouns in a figurative meaning (metaphorical transfer from an inanimate object to a living one): idiot(“a roughly hewn piece of wood, a block; a hard (usually wooden) form for straightening hats, wigs”, inanimate.) - idiot(“stupid, ignorant”, soulful); when transferred back, nouns retain the category of animation, for example: snake(“snake”, animate) - [air] snake(“toy”, animate.).

Inanimate are:

1) collective nouns: army, people, flock, crowd etc.;

2) word character and some etc.;

3) names of microorganisms: bacteria, microbe, as well as words like larva, pupa, embryo and under.

In modern Russian literary language there are fluctuations in animateness/inanimateness, which may depend either on the meaning of the context or on the style of speech. Wed: catchcrabs - There iscrabs ; destroypupae harmful insects(communal) - destroypupae harmful insects(scientific).

Didactic material

Place the words in brackets in the form required by the context. Motivate your choice.

1. Soon the boys found themselves on the roof again. Launched together (snake) and took turns holding a tight, buzzing thread (L. Kassil). 2. Even such phrases: “Here I am” (your ace) on the side,” why are they? (N. Pomyalovsky). 3. By type of food (bacteria) divided into autotrophs and heterotrophs (Scientific). 4. – Would you like to eat with me? (oysters). (I. A. Goncharov). 5. – Here you will find out how (dolls) steal!.. (A. Averchenko). 6. The grandmaster donated (pawns), heavy and light figures to the right and left. He even donated (queen)(I. Ilf and E. Petrov). 7. It smells like fish and lemon, and the perfume of a Parisian woman, who carries a green umbrella (shrimps) in the bank (N. Gumilyov). 8. He was unable to distinguish completeness and perfection in the poor girl and, in fact, perhaps he mistook her for ("moral embryo") (F. M. Dostoevsky). 9. Crested hens search in the hay (midges Yes bugs)(I.S. Turgenev). 10. He stepped on (starfish crawling) along the bottom (G. Adamov).

Review questions

1. Why do some researchers consider animateness - inanimateness not as a grammatical category, but as a lexical-grammatical category of a noun?

2. Why did the category of animacy develop for nouns in the Russian language and why is it grammatically expressed by the coincidence of the accusative case with the genitive case, and not with the dative case, instrumental case and prepositional case?

3. Why is it universal that in all nouns the grammatical category of animation - inanimateness appears only in the plural?

4. What are the main reasons for the fluctuation of animation - inanimateness of nouns in the modern Russian language?

Animation is characteristic only for.

Animate nouns serve as names of living beings; if they call people - personal, if they designate animals - non-personal. Answer the question: Who?

A grammatical indicator of animacy is the coincidence of the accusative plural form with the plural genitive form. You can use the singular form for.

V. p. pl. numbers (who?) = R. p. pl. numbers (who?)

R. p.
V. p.

I see

schoolchildren
schoolchildren

bullfinches
bullfinches

Animate nouns also include:

Gods and mythical creatures represented as living: goblin, brownie, mermaid.
The ancients revered Jupiter.
Names of chess and card pieces: ace, jack, lady, king , horse, queen , bishop , rook , pawn .
Nouns naming dolls: parsley, matryoshka, tumbler, snowman, robots.
Nouns denoting a deceased person: dead man, dead man, drowned(noun dead body not included here).

Inanimate nouns

Inanimate nouns serve as names of objects and phenomena of reality that are not classified as living beings. Answer the question: What?

Grammatical features: coincidence of the accusative plural form with the plural form.

V. p. pl. numbers (what?) = I. p. pl. numbers (what?)

I. p.
V. p.

There is
I see

songs
songs

magazines
magazines

Inanimate nouns include:

Denoting objects of inanimate nature: stone, mountains, rainbow, snow, soil, sea, sky.
Names of trees and plants: poplar, pine, spruce, chamomile, dandelions (natural science classifies them as living organisms!).
Denoting a collection of living beings: people, flock, army, crowd, battalion, regiment.
Names of celestial bodies: Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus.
Names of fish dishes: sprats, sprat.
: students, humanity, youth, professors (do not have a grammatical indicator of animation).

Some nouns exhibit fluctuations in classification as animate/inanimate; the names of microorganisms and invertebrates are included here: virus, bacterium, larva, microbes.

Babaitseva V.V. and Chesnokova L.D. in their textbook on the Russian language also consider grammatical indicators of animation and inanimateness.

Inanimate nouns are like animate nouns if they denote living beings.

This stump (animate) you can't turn around.
I remember this old cap (animate)

Animate nouns used to denote inanimate objects, continue to bow down as if animated.

Read "Oblomov".
Listen to "Eugene Onegin".

Nouns type, character And image as applied to actors literary works bow as if inanimate: V. n. pl. numbers = I. p. pl. numbers.