What word is compound and numeral. “Simple, complex and compound numerals

Numeral- independent part of speech, indicating the number, quantity and order of objects. Answers the questions: how much? which?

Numerals are divided into three lexico-grammatical categories: quantitative- answer the question How many? (two, five, twenty, fifty, two hundred, three hundred fifty one), collective (both, two, five) And ordinal- answer the question which? (first, second, hundredth, last).

The composition of cardinal numerals includes definite-quantitative and indefinite-quantitative numerals. The first ones denote a certain number of units ( two, four, fifteen, one and a half hundred, two hundred), the second - an indefinite number of units; these include words few, a lot, many, A little, as well as pronominal numerals some, How many, for some time, how much, so many.

Cardinal number

Cardinal number- a numeral that answers the question “how many?”, “how many?”, “how many?” etc. Cardinal numbers have two meanings.

Both definite-quantitative and indefinite-quantitative numerals have a quantitative-numerical meaning, represented by two particular values ​​-

quantitative (quantity as a sign of an object: five goals, three chairs, ten days, several years) And

numerical (abstract quantity, or number: four is divisible by two without a remainder, three times ten - thirty; some- this is not any indefinite quantity: it can be three, five, ten, not much at all; oral speech).

Only definite cardinal numerals have a countable ordinal meaning: they name the ordinal place of an object, which, when counting stops, turns out to be the last in a series of homogeneous ones: house three(house, third in a row of houses, when counting is stopped, limited to the number of three); carriage eight, place thirty-five(place, last in a row, when counting is stopped, limited to 35 places).

Spelling cardinal numbers in Russian

• Simple (consist of one base) for example: “one” (1), “two” (2), “three” (3)

  Complex (consisting of two bases) cardinal numbers are written together, for example: “eighteen” (18), “eighty” (80), “eight hundred” (800).

  Compound (consisting of several words) cardinal numbers are written separately: “eighty-eight thousand eight hundred eighty-eight” (88888).

Spelling of numerals

1. For the numerals “five” - “nineteen”, as well as “twenty” and “thirty”, b is written at the end, and for the numerals “fifty” - “eighty” and “five hundred” - “nine hundred” - in the middle of the word.

2. The numerals “ninety” and “one hundred” have the ending O in the nominative and accusative cases, and in other cases - the ending A. (“to spend a hundred rubles”, “one hundred rubles are missing”). The numeral “forty” in the nominative and accusative cases has a zero ending, and in other cases it has the ending A. (“he is not even forty years old”). In the nominative and accusative cases, the numeral “two hundred” has the ending I, and the numerals “three hundred” and “four hundred” have the ending A (“has existed for three hundred years”).

3. Complex numerals (both quantitative and ordinal), consisting of two bases, are written together (“sixteen”, “sixteenth”, “nine hundred”, “nine hundredth”).

4. Composite numerals are written separately, having as many words as there are significant figures, not counting zeros (“five hundred twenty-three”, “five hundred twenty-third”; or: “two hundred ten”, “two hundred tenth”). However, ordinal numbers ending in “- thousandth», «- millionth», «- billionth”, are written together (“one hundred thousandth”, “two hundred and thirty billionth”).

5. Fractional numerals are written separately (“three fifths”, “three whole (and) one second”), but the numerals “two-half”, “three-half”, “four-half” are written together. The numerals “one and a half” and “one and a half hundred” have only two case forms: “one and a half” (“one and a half” in the female form), “one and a half hundred” for the nominative and accusative case and “one and a half”, “one and a half hundred” for all other cases without gender differences.

6. In compound cardinal numerals, all the words that form them are declined (“two hundred and fifty six” - “two hundred and fifty six”, “two hundred and fifty six”), when fractional numerals are declined, both parts also change (“three fifths” - “three fifths” - “three-fifths” - “three-fifths” - “about three-fifths”).

7. But when declension of a compound ordinal number, only the ending of the last component changes (“two hundred and fifty-sixth” - “two hundred and fifty-sixth” - “two hundred and fifty-sixth”).

8. The word “thousand” is declined as a feminine noun by -A; the words “million” and “billion” are declined as masculine nouns with a consonant as the stem.

9. Please note: the numerals “both” (m. and middle r.) and “both” (f. r.) are declined differently: for the numeral “both” the basis for declension is “both-” (“both” , “both”, “both”), and the numeral “both” has the basis “both-” (“both”, “both”, “both”).

10. Please note: with a mixed number, the noun is governed by a fraction and is used in the genitive case singular: 1 2/3 m (“one whole and two thirds meters”).

1. Numeral as a part of speech.

2. Lexico-grammatical categories of numerals:

· Quantitative;

· Fractional;

· Collective;

3. Question about ordinal numbers

4. Indefinite-quantitative words.

A numeral is a part of speech that expresses the categorical meaning of a quantity: one, eight, twenty-five, one hundred. A numeral can name an abstract number: eight, one hundred forty, five poles x and denote the number of items: twenty cows, seven trees, three books gi. Abstract quantitative semantics distinguishes numerals from other parts of speech. Numerals name the exact number of objects, which is how they differ from words like “many, few,” which express an indefinite number of objects.

The numeral name changes according to cases, or declines. The concept of declination has the narrowest content. Numerals do not have gender and number categories. These grammatical categories are characteristic only of some numeral lexemes - one, two, million.

Numerals have no unity syntactic features. Some numerals agree with nouns: one house – one room – one window, two houses – two rooms. Other numerals can control nouns: five windows, eight doors. In combination with nouns, they form a single whole and act as one member of a sentence. For example: Three proud palm trees high grew. Everything decorated the philosopher's office in eighteen years old. Therefore, numerals can perform any function in a sentence.

In terms of composition, numeral names are simple (non-derivative): two, seven, fifteen, thirty, complex (derivatives): fifty, seventy and composite, i.e. consisting of several words: three hundred twenty-five, fifty-eight.

In accordance with the semantics of numerals, which can denote integers, and fractional numbers, the following LGRs of numeral names are distinguished: quantitative, fractional and collective.

Cardinal numbers majority. They denote an abstract number and are used in counting. Their quantitative meaning is realized only in combination with nouns: eight cucumbers, seven rubles. Numerals do not have the grammatical category of number, because the concept of number is included in their lexical meaning.

Only the numeral has gender forms one, which changes according to gender, like an adjective: one - one - one. And also the numeral two, which has only two gender forms: two – masculine/neuter and two – feminine. Two maples - two trees, but two books. Moreover, generic differences appear only in the forms I-V.p. In numerals thousand, million, billion gender and case forms coincide with gender and case forms of nouns. Compare: a thousand is a cloud, a thousand is a cloud.

It is necessary to distinguish between homonymous nouns and numerals one, thousand, million. Numerals arose from similar nouns in a morphological-syntactic way. Compare two examples: One to add to three/One official served in the Water Department. The candidate received several million votes/we are millions.

Syntactic features are manifested in different combinations of numerals with nouns.

1. Numeral one agrees with the defined noun in gender, number and case.

2. Numerals two, three, four in I.p. and V.p. control the noun, dictating the form of the R.p. units noun: two houses, three tables(tables), in other case forms the numeral agrees with the noun.

3. Numerals from five and further in I.p. and V.p. manage R.p. plural nouns, in other cases they agree with nouns: five tables, but to five tables, about five tables.

4. Numerals thousand, million, billion in all cases they control nouns.

Fractional numbers is a special group of compound numerals denoting fractional quantities. The exceptions are the words “one and a half” (simple) and “one and a half hundred” (complex).

By grammatical features Fractional numbers differ from quantitative numbers:

· They can be combined with material collective nouns. Compare: two-thirds milk, one-eighth student/*three milk, five student.

· In composition, fractional numerals are combinations of cardinal numerals and substantivized relative adjectives: eight hundredths, two sevenths, five sixths, therefore fractional numbers in all cases control nouns and never agree with them: two-thirds apple, seven-fifths butter.

Collective numbers is a small unproductive group of numerals with the meaning of an undifferentiated integrity, a collection of objects: two, three, four...ten.

Collective numerals have a derived base; they are formed from cardinal numerals using the suffix OJ - two or suffix EP – four, five. Collective numerals have some restrictions in compatibility with other parts of speech. The following combinations are normative:

1. With nouns naming male persons. Five soldiers, three students, but not *three students.

2. With nouns people, children, guys.

3. With nouns denoting baby animals. Seven kids, five kittens.

4. With nouns pluralia tantum: two sleighs, five gates.

5. Unlike cardinal numerals, collective numerals can be used without nouns in a sentence. Five were late. There are two of us. *Five were late. Exceptions include mathematical expressions like two plus three.

Traditionally, numerals include words like first, second...tenth, twenty-fifth, These are the so-called ordinal numbers. They are derived from quantitative ones and are based on their semantics. However, in academic grammar it is customary to distinguish between words two and second, three and third. They have different categorical meanings: two - the value of quantity, the second - the value of a feature expressing the relationship to the number. Words second, third, fifth change by gender, number and case, like adjectives. They have a different declension paradigm compared to cardinal numbers, so they have the same endings as adjectives: the second is big, the third is blue, the eighth, the eighth is alien, alien. In compound ordinal numbers, only the last component is declined; in cardinal numbers, all components are declined: seventy-eighth, seventy-eighth/seventy-eight, seventy-eight, seventy-eight. In a sentence, ordinal words perform the function of definition.

Five horses my friend Lucifer gave me//Lucifer gave me the sixth horse, and despair was his name.

Thus, words like first, fifth, twenty-seventh we will consider as relative adjectives.

The term “indefinitely quantitative words” usually means the words

little, a lot, a lot, a little, how many, a few, as much. Attributing them to one part of speech or another is controversial. Some linguists classify them as numerals, others classify them as adverbs and pronouns. (Little, a lot, a lot, a little - adverbs; how many, several, so many - pronouns). These words have the following grammatical features:

1. Words little, a lot, a lot, little combine with nouns of all lexical and grammatical categories. Among the numerals there is not a single word that could have such unlimited combinability. As you can see, these words behave somewhat differently than numerals.

2. Like adverbs, they are able to define the verb: study a little, be lazy a lot.

3. These words have degrees of comparison and can be combined with adverbs of measure and degree: very much, very little.

4. In words little, a lot, a lot, little there are no case forms.

5. How many words? Several, so many are similar in their lexico-grammatical features to pronouns.

There are several paradigms in the declension of numerals.

1. The paradigm of declension of the numeral one. It is inflected like an adjective: one - one - one... one - one.

2. The paradigm of declension of the numerals two, three, four.

3. The numerals forty, ninety, one hundred have two forms: I.-V.p. forty, R.-D.-T.-P. forty, ending in a.

4. Numerals from five to twenty and thirty are declined as nouns of the third declension: in the genitive, dative and prepositional case they have the ending I, and in the instrumental - ІУ.

5. Declension of complex numerals fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred. Both parts bow.

6. Declension of the numerals two hundred, three hundred, four hundred.

All components of compound and fractional numbers are declined. Collective numerals are declined like adjectives in the plural, only two numerals, three - according to the soft version of declension, the rest - according to the hard declension.

It is well known that Russian is one of the most complex languages in the world. A simple confirmation of this - huge amount errors in oral and written speech even among the most educated people. Oddly enough, but, according to some data, about 90% of Russian speakers do not notice these errors or do not consider them as such.

My faithful friend! my enemy is treacherous!

My king! my slave! Native language!

Valery Bryusov

Many native Russian speakers often have doubts (and this despite taking a Russian language course not only at school, but also at university) regarding "come" or "come" at the airport or at the airport , dressor wear a dress, I miss you or you. But the use of numerals and conjugation of verbs is generally a problem. Or take, for example, a section such as punctuation. There are not as many problems with the placement of commas in complex conjunction sentences as in the situation with non-conjunctive sentences. There is always confusion with colons and dashes.

We do not set ourselves the task of covering the entire Russian language course and teaching everyone to read and write, but we are talking about common mistakes, which are allowed in oral speech and writing, we will try. It’s easy to get lost in the intricacies of the Russian language. Let's start with the use of numerals.

Declension of numerals

Agree that numbers and quantities constantly surround us in everyday life. They are found at every step, making our lives easier, and in some cases difficult. We equally count the minutes before a long-awaited meeting, bitterly see off the passing years, react vividly to an increase in clothing size, remember the desired page of a book or phone number. Numbers and quantities... It is clear that we can no longer do without them, which means we cannot do without special words - numeral names, with the help of which we can name a particular date, tell the number or size, index or code, determine amount, difference, balance, income and much more.

However, despite the frequency of use and use in almost all areas of life, the numerals presented in modern Russian cause certain difficulties.

The greatest number of difficulties that arise when using numerals is associated with the need to use them in oblique cases. The right choice such forms is determined, firstly, by the type of declension to which this or that numeral belongs, and secondly, general rules regulating the change of these words depending on the composition (simple or compound) of the numeral and what word it is combined with. And although there are relatively few independent words that are part of such a part of speech as a numeral in the modern Russian language (about a hundred), they all turn out to be distributed over a fairly large (especially when compared with nouns or adjectives) number of independent types of declension.

So, let's first remember what numerals are and how to use them correctly.

• cardinal numbers- denote the actual quantity or number: one, two, five, fifteen, thirty, seventy, two hundred, fifty two etc.
• collective numerals- denote quantity as a totality: two, three, six, both, both etc.
• ordinal numbers (counting adjectives)- numerals with countable ordinal value: fifth, sixth, twentieth, seventy-fifth, thirty-second.

Cardinal numbers can be certain And uncertain (five And some); by its structure - simple(with one root: five, nine), complex(with a base consisting of two parts: fifty, five hundred, ninety, nine hundred) And composite(consisting of several words: twenty five, ninety six).

Collective numbers are used:

• in combination with masculine and generic nouns, calling persons: five friends, met five friends; There were seven onlookers standing on the street. In such constructions, the use of cardinal numbers is also allowed: five friends, five friends; seven onlookers;
• combined with nouns children, guys, people, faces in meaning "People": at Maria Nikolaevna's five children, met three guys, there are six characters in the play. The use of cardinal numbers is also allowed: five children, met three guys, six characters;
• in the role of substantivized numerals and in combination with personal pronouns: five in gray overcoats, five of us;
• in combination with inanimate nouns pluralia tantum (that is, used only in the form plural) and with the names of paired items: five scissors, five tongs, two socks. In oblique cases the cardinal number is used: five scissors, five tongs, two socks.

How to decline numerals?

Cardinal and collective numerals are inflected like nouns or adjectives.

Modeled after third declension nouns ( night, shadow) are inclined:

• numerals :

But: etc. – eight And eight.

• numerals on -twenty: eleven, twelve, thirty etc.:

• numerals on -ten: fifty, sixty etc.:

But: etc. - eighty And eighty.

Numerals have a special declension two hundred, three hundred, four hundred and all numerals in -sot ( five hundred, six hundred):

It is necessary to remember that:

• numerals forty, ninety And one hundred have only two forms: forty, ninety, one hundred(I. p., V. p.) and forty, ninety, hundred(in all other cases). Therefore it is correct: with ninety rubles, about forty disciples, with a hundred problems, and NOT * with ninety rubles, about forty students, with a hundred problems;
• numeral one and a half has two forms of the nominative case - one and a half(m.r. and s.r.) and one and a half(f.r.): one and a half liters, one and a half logs, one and a half lives. The form of all indirect cases (except the accusative) is flooratTorah. Right: about the floorata few days ago, NOT * about one and a half days, *one and a half days.

Numerals two, three, four, as well as collective numerals, words both, both, how much, how much, how much, how much inflected like adjectives:

Right:Until how long is the library open? (emphasis on O) She works up to so many, NOT * until what time up to so much.

Remember that compound cardinal numerals have a decline for each word included in them. Right: One thousand two hundred and fifty-two textbooks are missing; talk about one thousand two hundred fifty-two missing textbooks.

For compound ordinal numbers, only the inflection is last word: by two thousand fourteen, May twenty-third.

Recently (apparently, under the influence of the widely used ordinal number two thousandth) in means mass media the form began to appear: two thousand and one (second, third...) year. Such use is considered unacceptable. Regulatory form: two thousand one (second, third...) etc.

Interesting to know!

In the words “fifty” and “sixty” you can see the roots of “five” and “six”. So Why do they say “forty” and not “forty”?

According to its origin, the word fourty associated with the Old Russian measure of squirrel and sable skins magpies(in bags of a certain volume, from here shirt– originally “bag”): six forty sables. Meaning of unit of count word fourty received in the speech of hunters, displacing the more ancient designation of this number - fourty.)

Surely many people doubt how to correctly: “one and a half days” or “one and a half days”?

Grammatical combination one and a half days flawed: cardinal number in the nominative case one and a half governs a singular noun ( one and a half meters, one and a half hours). But in literary language the expression one and a half days(but not one and a half days) exists. Since the word day does not have a singular form, it is recommended to express the given meaning descriptively, for example: within one and a half days, one and a half days(if the exact meaning of the word day not important). With nouns that do not have a singular form, you should use the word one and a half: Not even a day and a half had passed. The waiting time is already approaching one and a half days. Everything was limited to a day and a half. Is it worth talking so much about this day and a half?

By the way, one and a half- this is the merging of words floor And second- “half past one”, “half past one”. After the loss of reduced lvt simplified in lt.

Some may wonder: If it is correct to say “two tables”, then why can’t we say “five tables”?

Numerals two, three, four(as well as compound numerals ending in two, three, four, For example twenty two) in the nominative case are combined with a noun in the form of the genitive case and singular, for example: twenty-two tables, thirty-three misfortunes, fifty-four people. Numerals five, six, seven, eight, nine etc. and compound numerals ending in five, six, seven, eight etc., agree with a noun in the genitive plural, for example: forty-eight criminals. However, in indirect cases the agreement is leveled out: R. p. - two tables, five tables, D. p. - two tables, five tables.

This difference in the agreement of numerals is associated with the history of the Russian language. The names of the numbers 5–9 were feminine nouns and declined as, for example, the word bone. Being nouns, these names controlled the genitive case of nouns, which were used, of course, in the plural form. Hence such combinations as five cows, six tables(cf. combinations with nouns: table legs, cow hooves) etc.

The situation was more complicated with the names of numbers 2–4, which were counting adjectives and agreed in gender, number and case with nouns: three tables, four walls, three stones ( compare: beautiful tables, high walls). In this case, the name of the number 2 was consistent with nouns in a special form of the dual number (neither singular nor plural; this form was used to designate two objects): two walls, two tables, two knives(Not two tables, two knives). By the 16th century in the Russian language, the category of dual number and forms like two tables begin to be perceived as the genitive singular. The special correlation of the numbers 2, 3 and 4 (possibly grammatical belonging to the same class of words) influenced the alignment of inflectional forms of all three numerical names.

It is interesting that such inflection is an exclusively Great Russian feature, contrasting the Russian language with other East Slavic languages. Scientists hypothesize that initially such combinations were formed as a feature of the northeastern dialect.

Here's another common problem: Can one say “a pair of trousers” about one pair of trousers?

Collocation pair of trousers- colloquial. You should say: some trousers(about one subject) or two trousers, two pieces of trousers(about two subjects) In common parlance, the expression pair of trousers often replaces the commonly used some trousers. This is due to the analogy with commonly used phrases such as a pair of boots, a pair of socks, a pair of gloves- about two objects used as a pair. Uses of the phrase pair of trousers It is also undesirable due to the fact that this phrase can be understood differently by interlocutors (one will believe that we are talking about one subject, the other - that we are talking about two homogeneous objects). Use of the word pair in the role of a counting word is normative only when we are talking about paired objects ( a pair of boots, a pair of gloves, a pair of oars etc.). Use of the word pair meaning “several” ( work on a project for a couple of years, it’s a couple of kilometers from here to the station, complete a couple of tasks, go out for a couple of minutes, a couple of trifles) or “two pieces of something unpaired” ( a couple of apples, a couple of bags) is characterized by Russian language dictionaries as colloquial.

“A thousand workers” or “a thousand workers”?

Let's try to figure it out. The question is what is the word thousand- noun or numeral?

If thousand is a noun, then it must control the genitive case of the noun worker(should be: a thousand workers, a thousand workers, a thousand workers; compare: paradoxes of history, paradoxes of history, paradoxes of history etc. - the form of the controlled noun is preserved in all combinations). If thousand- numeral, then it must agree with “workers” in indirect cases. In other words, in the forms of indirect cases, all cardinal numerals must be used with nouns in similar case forms: fifty workers, six houses, five brothers.

So what is it thousand- numeral or noun?

“Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” by S.I. Ozhegov and N.Yu. Shvedova counts the word thousand in all meanings (including the meaning of “number and quantity 1,000”) by a noun. “Dictionary of the Russian Language” in 4 volumes, ed. A.P. Evgenieva (“Small Academic Dictionary”) and “Big explanatory dictionary Russian language" ed. S.A. Kuznetsova are not so categorical. According to these dictionaries the word thousand- a noun only in the meanings “huge quantity, multitude” and “big money, fortune.” And in the meanings “number 1,000” and “quantity 1,000” thousand- cardinal number.

The academic “Russian Grammar” of 1980 explains: Nouns that lexically denote the number or quantity of someone, in all cases, control a noun naming countable objects: a thousand people, a thousand (and thousand) people (and people), a thousand (and a thousand) rubles (and rubles); about a thousand people; a million books, a million books.

The question seems resolved: the word thousand controls the following noun. But where does the form come from in “Russian Grammar”? thousand people And a thousand rubles? Read on: If in the form of the instrumental case the word thousand does not have a definition, it can, like a numeral, agree in case with the noun that depends on it: with a thousand rubles and rubles (but only: with every thousand rubles). Consequently, agreement is allowed only for the instrumental case form thousand(Not a thousand!).

So the word thousand is a noun and in all cases controls the word dependent on it. Moreover, the instrumental case form of this noun is thousand (with a thousand rubles).

However, simultaneously with the instrumental case form of the noun thousand there is a numeral form - thousand, in combination with which coordination and control compete. Agreement is possible only if the word thousand denotes an exact number and does not have a definition: with a thousand students, with a thousand acquaintances, with a thousand rubles in my pocket. Form thousand can also mean vague large number something, in this case, instead of coordination, control is required: a man with a thousand faces, his office is filled with a thousand papers; The air was filled with a thousand different bird whistles (Gogol); a thousand violent and fiery heads (L. Andreev), a thousand small injections (Korolenko).

RIGHT: thousand worker ov, million employee ov, three thousand employee ov (D.p.), thousand worker ov, millionaire employee ov, three thousand employee ov, thousand worker ami And one thousand employee ov (T.p.).

RIGHT: address twenty-five thousand students ov , BUT: appeal to twenty-five thousand hundred student am .

Numerals are an independent part of speech, indicating the number of objects, their serial number, as well as the total number. Depending on their purpose, numerals are divided into three broad groups, each of which is described in detail in this article. It also provides grammatical signs of numerals and visual examples.

Numerals are studied in 6th grade. This part of speech can denote the number of some objects, the number of an object in order, as well as the quantity as a whole. Depending on this value they are divided into 3 large groups.

Numerals can be quantitative, ordinal And collective. Each of these groups of words has its own characteristics.

Table“Lexico-grammatical categories of numerals in the Russian language” with examples

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For example: ten, thirty, seven hundred eleven.

Numerals of this category can have different case forms. For some cardinal numerals, the form of gender and number is determined. The following table reflects all the features of words in this category.

Changing cardinal numbers

Ordinal numbers: grammatical features

Numerals of this category are grammatically similar to adjectives. They can also have forms of different cases, genders and numbers.

Ordinal numbers can also have different structures. When declension of compound numerals of this category changes only the last word. For example.