How to distinguish adj from participle. Participle and verbal adjective

It is often very difficult to determine which parts of speech belongs to one or another member of the sentence. The question most often faced is: “ How to distinguish an adjective from a participle" To understand the similarities and differences between these parts of speech, it is necessary to understand what role they play in the sentence.

Necessary:

— Russian language textbooks;
- a little patience and practice.

Instructions:

• Adjective – this is an independent part of speech and denotes a non-procedural feature of an object. Answers the questions “which”, “which”, “which” and “which”. In sentences, as a rule, it is associated with a noun and therefore inherits its characteristics. It follows that it changes according to numbers, genders and cases. In a sentence it usually acts as a determiner, but can also be a subject and a predicate.
• Participle as part of speech – this is an unconjugated form of a verb; it has the properties of both a verb and an adjective. The verb property is the ability to denote the attribute of an object by its action. Just like an adjective, this part of speech answers the questions “ Which», « which», « which", but besides this it has the properties of a verb and answers the question " what does it do" A question for him can be formulated more correctly using interrogative phrases “ what did he do», « what did he do».
• To figure out what similarities and differences between adjectives and participles , let’s take these two parts of speech for comparison: “ yellow" And " yellowing" First, let's try to find similarities in these words. Both bow according to gender: “ yellow leaf», « yellow paint" And " yellowing leaf», « yellowing foliage" They bow by numbers: “ yellow leaves», « yellowing leaves" They also decline according to cases: “ yellow leaf" (Genitive case), " yellowing leaf"(Creative case). Like an adjective, a participle can have a full and short form. For example, " painted"(from painted") – participle; " cheerful"(from cheerful) – adjective. In a sentence, both of these parts of speech are definitions.
• Now let's try to find differences . As already mentioned above, a participle as a part of speech is characterized by the presence of features of a verb. It has perfect (“ blue") and imperfect (" turning blue") view. Returnable (“ rotating") and irrevocable form (" rotating"). Time - " reading"(present tense), " read"(past tense). Active and passive meaning. Active participle- this is a form that denotes a feature created by the object itself. For example, " reading», « writing"etc. Passive participle - denotes a sign of the object to which the action is directed (“ read», « built»).
• In the Russian language there are adjectives formed from participles. They are called verbal and it is necessary to be able to distinguish them. Verbal adjectives can be formed from verbs only in the imperfect form; they do not have dependent words.
• It is quite easy to distinguish an adjective from a participle. In the sentence you are studying, try after the one you doubt, insert a word that would fit its meaning. For example, " We saw birds flying", after the word "flying" you can insert the phrase " across the sky». « We saw birds flying across the sky" In this case the word " flying" is a participle. But in the sentence - “ She approached us with a flying gait"we will not be able to substitute a word that would fit the meaning, since in this case " flying” is an adjective and is directly related to a noun.

What is a verbal adjective? What is the difference between this part of speech and participles formed seemingly in the same way? What does the origin of an adjective mean for the spelling of its suffix?

In order to answer these questions, it is necessary to define the terms and what they mean.

An adjective is usually called a part of speech that denotes an independent attribute of an object. Words of this morphological group are either non-derivative (their origin is not motivated by other lexical units) or are formed from (denominative).

Participles simultaneously combine the properties of adjectives and verbs. Their role in language is to designate a feature caused by an action.

A verbal adjective is a special word that can, under certain conditions, become a participle or express an independent attribute of an object. How is this possible?

To understand this phenomenon, it should be remembered that passive participles are formed exclusively from the Action to which a certain object was subjected is complete, and now the result of this process is expressed by the participle:

• overcooked fish - overcook (sov.v.);
• painted fence - paint (owl).

The verbal adjective, reminiscent, comes from the action on which the attribute of the object is based, is not complete. Therefore, referring a specific characteristic to a process that happened to an object loses its meaning:

• knitted sweater - knit (nesov.v.);
• wicker basket - weave (nesov.v.).

Such a sign breaks the connection with the form from which the verbal adjective originated, and now the word indicates the final state of the object, without taking into account its origin: “turned pencil”, “torn shoe”, “pickled cucumbers”.

The spelling of verbal adjectives is a stumbling block of Russian spelling. The problem is distinguishing homonymous parts speech.

Students do not understand why both “n” and “nn” can be written in the same word:

• ruble n oh meat;
• ruble NN meat slaughtered with an axe.

It's actually very simple. By default, adjectives, with the exception of “ovanny” and “yovanny”, are written with one letter “n”. But when dependent words or prefixes appear, this part of speech becomes passive participles, in the full form of which “n” is doubled as a rule.

• Noshe n oe dress (from the verb “to wear” is not of the same type, there are no dependent words and no prefix);
• Noshe NN the coat was given (by whom?) by grandfather (there is a dependent word);
• Zanoshe NN s trousers (from the verb “to bring in” of the Soviet type, there is a prefix).

Of course, as with any rule of the Russian language, this algorithm has its own characteristics. For example, the word “wounded”, formed from an unprefixed perfective verb, does not fit this rule.

Based on the rule governing the writing of two similar parts of speech, it is possible to completely exclude these words from the suffixes.

Some parts of speech are very similar in a number of ways. Adjectives can often be confused with participles: at first glance, both parts of speech answer the question “which?” and play similar roles as members of a sentence. It is important to distinguish between adjectives and participles in writing: this allows you to correctly express your thoughts. To understand how these parts of speech differ, let’s consider and compare their features.

Communion is a special form of the verb. It denotes an action (like a verb), but this action acts as a sign of an object (like an adjective). So, the question for the sacrament could be like this: what is he doing? what did he do? etc.

There is a special group of adjectives called verbal. They lose the typical features of a verb (aspect, voice, tense), and lose the ability to control verbs. They are formed from participles, since:

• the subject of the action acquires a new meaning: exquisite taste(not from the verb “to find”, but close in meaning to the adjective “refined”, “elegant”), honored artist, well-read boy;
  
• the word has a figurative meaning: strained relationships, brilliant abilities;
  
• participle means that an object or phenomenon is subject to some influence: shabby look.
  

Distinctive features
So, adjectives and participles can have a lot in common. But there are also very characteristic signs.

• The participle does not indicate quality (like an adjective), but the action being performed. Light (adj.) – shining (adj.).
  
• The participle, together with all the words dependent on it, is isolated, i.e. separated by commas when found after the noun it is associated with. A neighbor, sitting on a bench under a tree, waved his hand at me friendly.
  
• A participle, unlike an adjective, always has verbal features:
  • time - present ( doing), past ( did);
    
  • pledge – valid ( leading) and passive ( slave);
    
  • view – perfect ( started) and imperfect ( beginning).
    
• Unlike adjectives, participles can have a reflexive suffix -xia: read – reading + -xia – readable; build – built + -Xia – under construction.
  
• And finally, the most obvious sign is suffixes, which adjectives do not have:
  • -ash- (-box-) : holding, hanging;
    
  • -ush- (-yush-) : writing, tugging;
    
  • -sh- (-vsh-) : carrying, doing;
    
  • -T- : compressed, open;
    
  • -om- (-eat-) : Slave, Recommended;
    
  • -them- : movable, invisible;
    
  • -enn- (-yonn-) : bought, baked;
    
  • -nn- : seen, read.
    

Attention: we write short participles with one n : seen, read, short adjectives have the same number of suffixes n , how much in full form: deserted - deserted, green - green.

So, despite the fact that the participle has a number of properties characteristic of adjectives, it has enough of its own characteristics to distinguish it from an adjective. These signs need to be remembered.

Both participle forms and verbal adjectives can be formed from the same verb. If suffixes of different sound (letter) composition are used to form participles and adjectives, it is not difficult to distinguish them: from the verb burn using a suffix -box- a participle is formed burning, and using the suffix -yuch-- adjective combustible. If both participles and adjectives are formed using suffixes that have the same sound (letter) composition (for example, -enn- or -them-), it is more difficult to distinguish them.

However, there are differences between participles and adjectives in this case as well.

1. Participles denote a temporary attribute of an object associated with its participation (active or passive) in an action, and adjectives denote a permanent attribute of an object (for example, “arising as a result of an action,” “capable of participating in an action”), cf.:

She was raised with strict rules (=She was raised with strict rules) - participle;

She was brought up, educated (=She was well-mannered and educated).

2. The word in full form with the suffix - n-(-nn-), -en-(-enn)- is a verbal adjective if it is formed from the verb NSV and has no dependent words, and is a participle if it is formed from the verb SV and/or has dependent words, cf.:

unmown meadows(adjective),

unmown meadows(participle, because there is a dependent word),

mown meadows(participle, because SV).

3. Since present passive participles can only be found in transitive verbs NSV, words with suffixes - im-, -eat- are adjectives if they are formed from a verb SV or an intransitive verb:

waterproof boots get wet intransitive in the meaning “to let water through”),

invincible army(adjective, because verb win SV).

Morphological analysis of the participle

There are several ways morphological analysis participles, depending on whether the participle is considered a form of a verb or an independent part of speech.

Analyzing the participle as a form of a verb, it is logical to describe all signs related specifically to the participle as unstable; Thus, the inconstant signs must include the following: in the form of participle, present / past tense, active / passive voice, full/short form (for passive), gender, number, case (for complete).

However, in all school textbooks, including those that describe the participle as a special form of the verb (complex 3, previous editions of complex 1), a scheme for parsing the participle is given that corresponds to the understanding of the participle as an independent part of speech. If we consider the participle an independent part of speech, then the active and passive participles of the present and past tenses will be separate words, and not forms of the same word. So, reading, read, readable And read will be recognized as 4 independent words. Based on this logic, the following scheme for parsing the participle is proposed:

1. Communion. The initial form is I. p. male. kind of units numbers.

2. Morphological characteristics:

a) constant:

Returnability,

active/passive,

b) non-permanent: in the form of a participle

Full / short (passive only),

Genus (singular number),

Case (for complete ones).

3. Syntactic role in a sentence.

This is exactly the scheme proposed in complex 3; in complex 1 the scheme is similar minus the recurrence feature. In complex 2, for some reason, the full/short form is also included in the category of constant features.

Let's bring parsing sample participles as a form of a verb and as an independent part of speech.

A revolving glass door with brass steamer rails ushered him into a large pink marble lobby. The grounded elevator housed an information desk. A laughing woman's face looked out from there.

(I. Ilf and E. Petrov).

Analysis of the participle as a verb form:

rotating- verb, beginning form spin;

fast. signs: non-transition, return, NSV, II reference. (excl.);

synth role: definition.

grounded- verb, beginning form ground;

fast. signs: transition, non-return, NE, II reference;

non-post signs: in the form of a participle, suffer., past. time, full uniform, male kind, units numbers, P. p.;

synth role: definition.

laughing- verb, beginning form laugh;

fast. signs: non-transition, return, NSV, I spr;

non-post signs: in the form of a participle, actual, present. time, women kind, units numbers, I. p.;

synth role: definition.

Analysis of the participle as an independent part of speech:

rotating- prib., beg. form spinning;

fast. signs: return, NSV, real, present time;

synth role: definition.

grounded- prib., beg. form grounded;

fast. signs: irrevocable, SV, passive, past. time;

non-post signs: fully uniform, husband kind, units number, P. p.;

synth role: definition.

laughing- prib., beg. form laughing;

fast. signs: returned, NSV, valid, present. time;

non-post signs: for women kind, units number, I. p.;

synth role: definition.

Participle

Like the participle, the gerund can be considered as an independent part of speech (complex 2 and the latest editions of complex 1) or as a special form of the verb (complex 3 and previous editions of complex 1). We proceed from the understanding of the participle as a verbal form.

Participle is a special form of a verb that has the following characteristics:

1. Indicates an additional action, answers questions doing what? or having done what?

2-3. It has the grammatical features of a verb and an adverb.

The signs of a verb include the form ( reading- NSV, after reading- NE), transitivity ( reading a book- transitional, sitting on a chair- intransitive) and reflexivity ( washing- non-refundable, washing my face- return). In addition, the gerund is characterized by the same control as other verb forms: reading / read / read / reading a book, But reading a book.

The adverbial features of gerunds include immutability (gerunds do not have the morphological signs of mood, tense, person, gender, number, characteristic of the conjugated forms of the verb, and are not inflected, unlike participles); the syntactic function of the gerund is adverbial; In a sentence, the gerund depends on the verb.

Imperfect participles answer the question doing what? and denote an action that is simultaneous with another action (for example, with the one indicated by the predicate): Standing on a stool, he took books from the top shelf.

NSV gerunds are formed from NSV verbs from the present tense stem using a formative suffix -a(s).

At the verb be The participle is formed using the suffix - teach from the stem of the future tense: be-teach. The same suffix is ​​used to form stylistically colored variant forms of gerunds in some other verbs: game-i - game-yuchi.

Not all NSV verbs have imperfective participles; Thus, the NSV gerunds are not formed:

From verbs to -whose: bake - *baking (oven);

From verbs to -no: wither - *withering,;

From some sibilant verbs based on the present tense: write, write - *writing, lick - *licking(but adverb lying down);

From verbs with a present tense stem consisting only of consonants, and derivatives from them: drink, drink (pj-ut) -*drinking.

At the verb give The participle is formed from a special stem: giving (let's go).

Perfect participles answer the question what did you do? and denote the action that preceded the action of the main verb: Standing on a stool, he took out a book from the top shelf.

SV gerunds are formed from SV verbs from the past tense stem using suffixes

-V from verbs with a stem to a vowel: done-in,

-lice from reflexive verbs with a base on a vowel (or outdated, stylistically non-neutral gerunds like having seen, having looked etc.): mind the lice,

-shi from verbs with a stem to a consonant: baked-shi.

Some verbs have variable forms of the gerund participle SV: one is formed according to the scheme described above, the other by adding the suffix - a(s) to the base of the future tense: frown - lice - frown - I - frown.

Verbs read, gain do not have gerunds formed in the standard way, instead of which gerunds are used I read it, I found it, formed from the stem of the simple future tense using the suffix - I.

Bi-aspect verbs may have two gerunds, formed according to the rules for the formation of gerunds NSV and SV, for example:

promise: I promise - NSV, promise-in- NE,

marry: Zhenya - NSV, marry-in- NE.

The participle must indicate the action of the object (person) that is named as the subject, and this object (person) must be the subject of two actions - named in the predicate and in the gerund. If these requirements are not met, incorrect sentences like

*I got a headache when I left the house(gerunds and the conjugated form of the verb denote the actions of different subjects).

*Lost, the puppy was soon found by his owners(the noun in the subject is the subject of the action, called the gerund, and the object of the action, called the predicate).

A gerund may name an additional action related to the main member of a one-part sentence, as well as to other members of the sentence, expressed by an infinitive, participle or other gerund. The sentence is constructed correctly if the additional and main action have the same subject. For example: When crossing the street, you should look around.

Which is not conjugated and denotes a sign by action (procedural sign).” Therefore, the participle can be replaced by a phrase with the verb from which it is formed. For example, a built house is a house that is built.

Distinguish between a verbal adjective and an active present participle:
- there is a dependent word. For example: eyes shining (from what?) with joy - communion;
- an adjective can be replaced with another adjective. For example: eyes shining (participle) with joy - brilliant (adjective) performances (brilliant performances - magnificent, spectacular, successful, excellent);
- terms are always adjectives (typewriter);
- the particle does NOT reduce verbosity, so the word is already used in a role (inappropriate conditions - adjective).

Distinguish between an adjective and an active past participle:
- participles-SHYY are often transformed into adjectives (the past year is an adjective);
- participles, which are formed from the stems of intransitive perfective verbs, acquire a qualitative meaning and become verbal adjectives. For example: extinguished (from go out - intransitive perfective, adjective) eyes, but extinguished (participle) fire.

Distinguish between a verbal adjective and the present passive participle (in -MY):
- a word is an adjective if it is formed from a perfective verb and from intransitive verbs of the form;
- a word is a participle if it is formed from an imperfective verb;
- if there is a dependent word in the instrumental case (subject), then the main word will be a participle. For example: unloved (adjective) toys, unloved (participle) toys by the child (subject).

Distinguish between an adjective and a passive past participle:
- if a word can be replaced with a verb without changing the essence of the phrase, and a dependent word can be substituted in the instrumental case, then this is a participle (exquisite reserves - to find reserves, exquisite (by whom?) reserves chief);
- if you can replace it with another adjective, apply degrees of comparison or from a word with -O, then this is an adjective (exquisite manners - noble manners, extremely refined manners, exquisitely);
- distinguish the adjective in a figurative meaning (open (passive past participle with the suffix -T-) door – open (adjective) face).

Write with -N- and -NN-:
-N- in adjectives formed from imperfective verbs, without a word (knitted hat);
-NN- in participles x, formed from imperfect verbs, with a dependent word (knitted hat);
-NN- in participles x, formed from perfective verbs (tied (knit) jacket);
-NN- in verbal adjectives formed from imperfect verbs of -OVA-, -EVA- (pickled cucumbers).

Sources:

• verbal adjectives are

In order to find Communion among other parts of speech, you need to know what distinguishes it from them. Firstly, this is a special form of the verb, denoting the attribute of an object by action. Secondly, it has the characteristics of a verb and an adjective.

You will need

• 1. Words
• 2. Participles

Instructions

Look at the meaning of this word. If these are real present participles, then you will encounter –ush-, -yush-, -ash-, -yash. For example, issuing. If these are present passive participles, then these are the suffixes -em-, -im-. For example, produced.

Correctly identify active past participles. They are characterized by the suffixes –vsh-, -sh-. For example, the one who read, who brought. For past passives, the characters are the suffixes –nn-, -t-, -enn-. For example, drawn, offended, sung.

Sources:

• “Modern Russian language”, Beloshapkova V.A. 1989.

Participles and participles, as well as participial and participial phrases, perform different functions in a sentence, play different roles. They also have pronounced morphological differences.

Instructions

Communion(turnover) necessarily refers to the word being defined - a noun or pronoun, depends on it, changes in numbers, genders and, has a full and - some - short form.
For example: smiling person; us, who have signed this document, ...
Other nominal parts of speech can also act as a defined word if they are in the meaning of a noun.
For example: tidy dining room; “154th”, who asked to board, ... (about). Participle or participial phrase refers only to the predicate verb and denotes an additional action with the main action expressed by the verb. Unlike the participle, the gerund is an unchangeable word form.
For example: lying motionless; froze standing in the wind.

Communion and the functions of definition - single or widespread, agreed or inconsistent, isolated or not isolated.
For example: Those who had calmed down silently and obediently dropped the yellow ones.
Participles in short form are used only as a nominal part of a compound predicate.
For example: The hair is silvered with early gray hair. The participle and participial phrase act as different circumstances.
Paler, the dawn subsides (I. Nikitin).

Formal features distinguishing participles and participles, are suffixes.
In school classes, all information about suffixes is summarized in tables that are posted on. For convenience, they can be written down, for example, on the cover of a notebook.
Derivative suffixes of active participles: -ush-(-yush-), -ash-(-yash); -vsh-, -sh-; passive: - om-(-eat-), -im-; -enn-, -nn-, -t-.
Derivative suffixes of imperfect and perfect gerunds: -a-, -ya-, -uchi-, -yuchi-, -v-, -louse-, -shi-.

Communion is special verb form, having both the properties of a verb and an adjective. From the verb, the participle has aspect, transitivity, reflexivity and voice, and from the adjective - change in cases, numbers and genders, as well as agreement with the noun. A participle, like an adjective, denotes a characteristic of an object.

Grammatical features of participle

As a special form, it has some characteristics of this part of speech. They are of the perfect and imperfect form: “- prompted”, “excited - excited”; recurrent and irrevocable: “decided”, “falling asleep”; present and past tense: “thinking”, “running”.

Unlike a verb, a participle does not have a future tense form.

Denoting the attribute of an object, the participle, like adjectives, grammatically depends on and agrees with it in gender, number and case. For example: “boiling stream - boiling stream - boiling stream - boiling streams; boiling lava, boiling milk."

Types and methods of forming participles

Lexical meaning - a sign of an object by action - consists of the grammatical features of this part of speech. For example: “singing birds” (those that are singing now), “singing birds” (those that sang in the past), “the issue under discussion” (the one that someone is discussing now), “the issue under discussion” (the one which has already been discussed).

Accordingly, there are 4 forms of participles: active present and past tense, passive present and past tense.

The first group of participles (actual present tense) are formed from the present tense stem using the suffixes -ush- (-yush-), -ash- (-yash-). The choice of suffix depends on the verb. For example: “cry-ut - cry-ush-y”, “kol-yut - kol-yush-y” - I conjugation; “lech-at – lech-ash-y”, “kle-yat – kle-yash-y” – II conjugation.

Active participles in the past tense are formed from the infinitive by replacing the suffixes –т, -ти with the suffixes –вш-, -ш-. For example: “run - run - run”, “carry - carry”.

Passive participles present tense are formed from verbs in the present tense using the suffixes –em- (I conjugation) and –im- (II conjugation): “cherish-em - cherish-em-y”, “kran-im - store-im” -th".

Passive past participles are formed from the stem of the indefinite form of the verb using the suffix –nn-, if the verbs end in –ат, -еть. Verbs ending in –it receive the suffix –enn-, just like verbs ending in –ti, -ch, and verbs ending in –ot, -ut-, -ity- receive the suffix –t-. For example: “write - write-nn-y”, “capture - captured-nn-y”, “save - save-y”, “forget- forget-y”.

Short participles, like short adjectives, are the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate in a sentence.

Passive participles have a short form with truncated ones: -а, -о, -ы. For example: “sent, sent-a, sent-o, sent-s.”