Fyodor Alekseevich Romanov years of life. Tsar Fedor Alekseevich Romanov. All in the name of the country
Russian Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich Romanov was born on June 9, 1661 in Moscow. The son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich “The Quietest” and Maria Ilyinichna, daughter of the boyar Ilya Miloslavsky, was not in good health, and was weak and sickly from childhood.
His ideas about royal power were largely formed under the influence of one of the talented philosophers of that time, Simeon of Polotsk, who was an educator and spiritual mentor young man. Fyodor Alekseevich was well educated, knew Latin, Ancient Greek and spoke fluent Polish. He was interested in music, especially singing. Much of what Peter I did later was prepared or begun during the short reign of his elder brother Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich (1676-1682).
In 1678, the government conducted a population census and canceled the decree of Alexei Mikhailovich on the non-extradition of fugitives who had signed up for military service. In 1679, household taxation was introduced.
In 1679-1680, an attempt was made to soften criminal penalties in a Western manner. A law was passed prohibiting self-harm.
Thanks to the construction of defensive structures in the south of Russia (Wild Field), it became possible to widely allocate estates and estates to nobles who sought to increase their land holdings.
The main internal political reform was the abolition of localism at the “extraordinary sitting” of the Zemsky Sobor on January 12, 1682 - the rules according to which everyone received ranks in accordance with the place they occupied in state apparatus his ancestors. This state of affairs did not suit many people and, moreover, interfered with the effective management of the state. At the same time, rank books with lists of positions were burned. In return, they were ordered to create genealogical books in which all noble people were entered, but without indicating their place in the Duma.
Fyodor, who received the basics of secular education, was opposed to the intervention of the church and Patriarch Joachim in secular affairs, and established increased rates of collections from church estates, thereby beginning a process that ended under Peter I with the liquidation of the patriarchate.
During the reign of Fedor, construction was carried out not only of palace churches, but also of secular buildings, new gardens were laid out, and the first general system Kremlin sewers.
The reforms affected wide sections of different classes, which caused an aggravation of social contradictions. The discontent of the urban lower classes (including the Streltsy) led to the Moscow Uprising of 1682.
In July 1680, the Tsar entered into a marriage with Agafya Grushetskaya, which lasted about a year, the Tsarina died in childbirth, and the newborn son Fyodor also died.
In February 1682, the tsar married Marfa Apraksina, the marriage lasted just over two months, until the death of Fyodor Alekseevich.
On May 7, 1682, Fyodor Alekseevich Romanov died suddenly in Moscow, leaving no heir. Fedor was buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. His two brothers, Ivan and Peter Alekseevich, were proclaimed kings.
In the history of Russia it is difficult to find an autocrat about whom not only the general reader, but also specialist historians knew as little as about the son of Alexei Mikhailovich and the elder brother of Peter I - Tsar Fedor. It's not that documents are missing. State Archives Russian state have been preserved surprisingly well over the years. Fyodor’s reign was not “offended” by his contemporaries - chroniclers, memoirists and court writers, foreign travelers and diplomats, and the ubiquitous (even then!) newspapermen.
V. Vereshchagin. Tsar Fedor Alekseevich
And the officials who documented government activities Fyodor Alekseevich, and the witnesses of his reign had something to write about. When, as a result of a fierce court struggle, the boyars elevated 15-year-old Fyodor to the throne of Alexei’s rightful heir, they were convinced that they would not be able to rule from behind the back of the puppet king. The educated, energetic and God-fearing tsar was so successful in his reform activities within a few years and so frightened the opposition that he doomed himself to a palace coup and an evil silence after his death.
A. Vasnetsov. Moscow at the end of the 17th century
Tsar Fedor Alekseevich Romanov
Fyodor Alekseevich Romanov (1661-1682) - Russian Tsar (from 1676), the eldest son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich “The Quietest” and Maria Ilyinichna, daughter of the boyar I.D. Miloslavsky, one of the most educated rulers of Russia. Born on May 30, 1661 in Moscow. From childhood he was weak and sickly (he suffered from paralysis and scurvy), but already at the age of 12 he was officially declared heir to the throne. His first teacher was the clerk of the Ambassadorial Prikaz Pamfil Belyaninov, then he was replaced by Simeon of Polotsk, who became his spiritual mentor.
Simeon of Polotsk
Thanks to him, the young king knew ancient Greek, Polish, Latin, and composed verses himself (Fyodor has two very professional transcriptions of the psalms of King David, which were published in the printing house of Simeon of Polotsk); like his father, he was fond of music, the art of singing, in particular, and even composed some chants himself (on a record with a recording of ancient Russian choral music by Yurlov from the 60s of the 20th century, there is a choral composition, the composer of which is named Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich). Simeon of Polotsk also instilled the Tsar’s respect and interest in Western life. A bookworm and lover of science, Fyodor Alekseevich supported Polotsky’s idea of forming a higher school in Moscow, and became one of the initiators of the project to create the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. However, this dream was brought to life by his sister Sophia.
Alexander Apsit. Simeon Polotsky reads poetry to children
Alexander Finnsky. Monument to Simeon of Polotsk, Polotsk
A. Solntsev. Boyar clothing of the 17th century
After the death of his father, at the age of 15, he was crowned king in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin on June 18, 1676. At first, her stepmother, N.K. Naryshkina, tried to lead the country, but Fyodor’s relatives managed to remove her from business by sending her and her son Peter (the future Peter I) into “voluntary exile” in the village of Preobrazhenskoye near Moscow. Friends and relatives of the young Tsar, boyar I.F. Miloslavsky, Prince. Yu.A. Dolgorukov and Y.N. Odoevskaya, who in 1679 were replaced by the bed guard I.M. Yazykov, the captain M.T. Likhachev and Prince. V.V. Golitsyn, “educated, capable and conscientious people,” close to the tsar and who had influence on him, energetically began to create a capable government. Their influence can be explained by the shift under Fedor in the center of gravity in accepting government decisions to the Boyar Duma, the number of members of which increased from 66 to 99. The Tsar was also inclined to personally take part in government, but without the despotism and cruelty that were characteristic of his successor and brother Peter I.
Prince Vasily Golitsin
Reign of Tsar Feodor
In 1678-1679 Fedor's government conducted a population census and canceled Alexei Mikhailovich's decree on the non-extradition of fugitives who had enlisted in military service, and introduced household taxation (this immediately replenished the treasury, but increased serfdom).
A. Solntsev. Altar cross of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich
A. Vasnetsov. Old Moscow
In 1679-1680 An attempt was made to soften criminal penalties, in particular, cutting off hands for theft was abolished. Thanks to the construction of defensive structures in the south of Russia (Wild Field), it became possible to endow nobles with estates and fiefdoms. In 1681, voivodeship and local administrative administration was introduced - one of the most important preparatory measures for the provincial reform of Peter I.
A. Solntsev. Golden censer made by order of Fyodor Alekseevich
The most important event of the reign of Fyodor Alekseevich was the destruction of localism during the meeting of the Zemsky Sobor in 1682, which made it possible for not very noble, but educated and intelligent people to be promoted. At the same time, all rank books with lists of positions were burned as the “main culprits” of local disputes and claims. Instead of the rank books, it was ordered to create a Genealogical Book, in which all well-born and noble people were entered, but without indicating their place in the Duma.
S. Ivanov. In the order of Moscow times
Also in 1682, at a church council, new dioceses were established and measures were taken to combat the schism. In addition, commissions were created to develop a new system of taxes and “military affairs.” Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich issued a decree against luxury, which determined for each class not only the cut of clothing, but also the number of horses. In the last days of Fedor's reign, a project was drawn up to open a Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy and a theological school for thirty people in Moscow.
N. Nevrev. Domestic scene of the 17th century
Under Fyodor Alekseevich, a project was being prepared to introduce ranks in Russia - a prototype of Peter the Great's Table of Ranks, which was supposed to separate civil and military authorities. Dissatisfaction with the abuses of officials and the oppression of the Streltsy led to an uprising of the urban lower classes, supported by the Streltsy, in 1682.
A. Vasnetsov. Moscow of the 17th century
Having received the basics of a secular education, Fyodor Alekseevich was an opponent of the intervention of the church and Patriarch Joachim in secular affairs. He established increased rates of collections from church estates, beginning a process that ended under Peter I with the liquidation of the patriarchate. During the reign of Fyodor Alekseevich, construction was carried out not only of churches, but also of secular buildings (prikas, chambers), new gardens were laid out, and the first general sewer system of the Kremlin was created. Also, to spread knowledge, Fedor invited foreigners to teach in Moscow.
A. Solntsev. The royal pectoral cross and the “golden” one, granted to Prince V.V. Golitsin for the Crimean campaign
I. Yu. Pestryakov. Kangalas prince Mazary Bozekov at a reception with Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich. 1677
In foreign policy, Tsar Fedor tried to return Russia's access to Baltic Sea, which was lost during the Livonian War. However, the solution to this issue was hampered by the raids of the Crimean and Tatars and Turks from the south. Therefore, Fyodor Alekseevich’s major foreign policy action was the successful Russian-Turkish war of 1676-1681, which ended with the Bakhchisarai Peace Treaty, which secured the unification of Left Bank Ukraine with Russia. Russia received Kyiv even earlier under an agreement with Poland in 1678 in exchange for Nevel, Sebezh and Velizh. During the war of 1676-1681, the Izyum serif line was created in the south of the country, later connected to the Belgorod line.
I. Goryushkin-Sorokopudov. Scene from the 17th century
A. Solntsev. Stand and quarter of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich
By decree of Tsar Fedor, the Zaikonospassky School was opened. Repressions against the Old Believers continued, in particular, Archpriest Avvakum, who, according to legend, allegedly predicted the imminent death of the king, was burned with his closest associates.
A. Vasnetsov. All Saints Stone Bridge
The private life of Tsar Feodor
In the summer of 1680, Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich saw a girl whom he liked at a religious procession. He instructed Yazykov to find out who she was, and Yazykov told him that she was the daughter of Semyon Fedorovich Grushetsky, named Agafya. The Tsar, without violating his grandfather’s customs, ordered a crowd of girls to be called together and chose Agafya from among them. Boyar Miloslavsky tried to upset this marriage by blackening the royal bride, but did not achieve his goal and he himself lost influence at court. On July 18, 1680, the king married her. The new queen was of humble birth and, as they say, was Polish by origin. According to rumors, the queen had a strong influence on her husband. Polish customs began to enter the Moscow court. At the “inspiration” of the queen in Moscow, men began to cut their hair in Polish, shave their beards, wear Polish sabers and kuntushas, and also learn the Polish language. The Tsar himself, raised by Simeon Sitiyanovich, knew Polish and read Polish books. After the royal marriage, Yazykov received the rank of okolnichy, and Likhachev took his place in the rank of bed-keeper. In addition, the young Prince Vasily Vasilyevich Golitsyn, who later played vital role in the Moscow state.
A year after the wedding (July 14, 1681), Queen Agafya died of childbirth, followed by a newborn baby, baptized under the name of Ilya.
A. Vasnetsov. Old Moscow. Street in Kitai-Gorod, early 17th century
Meanwhile, the king weakened day by day, but his neighbors supported him with hope for recovery. On February 14, 1682, Fyodor was married to Marfa Apraksina, the sister of the future associate of Peter I, Admiral Fyodor Matveevich Apraksin.
Tsarina Marfa Matveevna Apraksina, second wife of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich Romanov
The young queen in a short time acquired so much power that she reconciled the tsar with Natalya Kirillovna and Tsarevich Peter, with whom, according to a contemporary, he had “indomitable disagreements.” But the king did not have to live with his young wife for long. A little over two months after his wedding, on April 27, 1682, he died suddenly at the age of 21, leaving no heir. His two brothers, Ivan and Peter Alekseevich, were proclaimed kings. Fedor was buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.
Tsarina Marfa Matveevna Apraksina
I. Bezmin. Portrait of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich
Source 1: Book "The Romanovs. Three hundred years of service to Russia." Publishing house "White City".
Tsar Theodore III Alekseevich: born in 1661, anointed king in 1676, died in 1682. Alas, this man did not live long - only twenty years, but he managed to do a surprising amount. A historical stereotype has developed regarding the personality of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, which greatly distorts the image of a real person.
Tsar Feodor Alekseevich Romano in, thanks to the famous spiritual writer who taught him, he was a very well-read person for his time, knew Latin and Greek and took issues of, let’s say, public education very seriously.
However, Polotsky instilled in his pupil much of the Poles’ way of life. So, for example, Theodore was the first Russian to wear European dress and long hair, abolishing the custom of shaving the head.
The Emperor was in extremely poor health; the fact is that as a child he was seriously injured when he was run over by a sleigh, as a result of which his spine was apparently seriously damaged.
Family feuds
Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, an avid hunter, often took his son with him to “amuse himself” (hunt). The prince almost always rode with his father in the same carriage, and along the way they would certainly stop by to venerate the relics and icons at one or another monastery or church.
On the night of January 29-30, 1676, Alexei Mikhailovich died, but three hours before his death he managed to declare Theodore, who was not yet fifteen, heir to the throne.
There were a lot of relatives who wanted to seize power and rule the country on behalf of the young king. The closest were the aunts - the sisters of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, six sisters of Theodora, one of whom was Princess Sophia, stepmother Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina - the last wife of the sovereign - with Tsarevich Peter and princesses Natalya and Theodora. But there were also numerous relatives of the tsar’s first wife - the Miloslavsky family, who did not at all want to give way to the Naryshkins. In such a very difficult situation, the 15-year-old sovereign, who, moreover, was not in good health, had to begin to reign.
Reforms
Historians claim that much of what Peter I later brought to life was prepared and started by his elder brother (half-brother) Feodor Alekseevich.
Very pious, he nevertheless built not only palace churches, but also secular buildings. If we look at the royal decrees and orders that were issued and given in the last two years of his life, we will see that they concerned the construction of more than fifty new facilities.
Moreover, the sovereign opposed Patriarch Joachim’s intentions to interfere in secular affairs, and at the same time increased the rates of collections from church estates. This process would later be carried to the absolute extreme by Peter I, who would abolish the patriarchate altogether.
Theodore loved nature and ordered the creation of gardens and flower beds in Moscow wastelands, and under him the first sewerage system in the Kremlin was built.
In 1681, the sovereign established voivodeships and local administrative administration, which became the forerunner of the provincial reform of Peter I.
And his main internal political reform radically changed the existing practice of receiving ranks in accordance with the place occupied by ancestors in the state apparatus - the so-called localism. Instead of rank books with lists of positions that were simply ordered to be destroyed, genealogical books were created in which the names of all noble people were entered, but without indicating their place in the Duma.
It was not Peter I, but Tsar Theodore who was the first to understand the need to disseminate knowledge and began to invite Europeans to Moscow who taught various sciences. After the death of the sovereign, in 1687, the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy was established in the capital, but the project for its creation was developed under Theodore Alekseevich.
Meanwhile, the urban lower classes, including the archers, who later became the main participants in the Moscow uprising, were dissatisfied with the tsar’s reforms.
Victory
Tsar Theodore III Alekseevich tried to resolve the “Baltic issue”, that is, to return free access to the Baltic Sea to Russia. But a major victory awaited him in the south - the Russian-Turkish War of 1676-1681 ended with the victory of the Russians and the Bakhchisarai Peace Treaty, which secured the reunification of Left Bank Ukraine with Russia in addition to Kiev, which was annexed in 1678.
Under Theodore Alekseevich, the famous Izyum serif line was created, stretching for 400 miles and protecting the so-called Sloboda Ukraine from attacks by the Turks.
Personal life
During the 20 years of his life, Feodora Alekseevich managed to marry twice. At the age of 19, as one legend says, the sovereign noticed a girl during a religious procession and asked one of his closest associates to find out who she was. It turned out that this was Agafya Grushetskaya, the niece of the Duma clerk Zaborovsky. To comply with the custom, the tsar ordered possible candidates for the queen, including Grushetskaya, to be convened for a viewing.
Soon they got married. There is a version that the young wife was of Polish origin. She did not live long, dying on July 11, 1681, that is, three days after giving birth. Theodore took this tragedy seriously; he was not even able to attend the funeral, and then did not appear at funeral services for the entire fortieth day. Moreover, immediately after the mother’s funeral, the baby, Tsarevich Ilya, also died.
After grieving for six months, the tsar remarried the young seventeen-year-old Marfa Apraksina, although he was already quite ill and the doctors strongly dissuaded him from marriage. But the wedding took place on February 15, 1682.
Demise
On April 16, 1682, on Easter, Feodor Alekseevich made a ceremonial entrance to Matins at the Assumption Cathedral, after which he immediately fell ill. By the evening of April 27, he was gone.
During the funeral, the widow of the deceased and the heir were supposed to follow the coffin. Since there was no direct heir, Theodore’s ten-year-old brother Pyotr Alekseevich and his mother, Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna, walked.
The widow was carried to the Red Porch in the arms of first the steward, and then the nobles. Everyone was surprised that, along with chosen king Princess Sophia, the daughter of Alexei Mikhailovich from his marriage to Miloslavskaya, also came out as Peter and his mother.
Theodore did not have time to make orders regarding the heir to the throne, so this issue caused unrest. To calm everyone down, it was decided to crown two kings at the same time - the young brothers of Feodor Alekseevich - Ivan V (native) and Peter I (half-blood) under the regency of their older sister.
Theodore was buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.
Politics of Fedor Alekseevich
Fyodor Alekseevich, having heard in 1679 from a monk who returned from a trip to the Holy Land about how Greek sciences had fallen, was inspired by the idea of establishing a school in Moscow to “plant and multiply” these same Greek sciences on Russian soil - a year later he signed a manifesto on the establishment of the academy and its charter; and soon the Typographic School began to operate in the Zaikonospassky Monastery, on the basis of which the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy was subsequently created.
In the feud caused by the Miloslavskys and the Naryshkins, Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich firmly took a position “above the fray” and gave a sharp rebuff to any attempts to somehow infringe on the rights of his half-brother Peter, whom he dearly loved. The young sovereign did not succumb to special influence, but expanded the boyar duma so that nothing too personal would play a big role in public administration. At the same time, he actively fought against localism, transformed the army according to the Western style, strengthened the southern borders of Russia by creating new defensive features and fortresses, which was more than relevant in the conditions of the difficult war he inherited from his father with Turkey and the Crimean Khanate.
Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich acted as a wise politician - as soon as he ascended the throne, he tried to negotiate with the Swedish king on the return to Russia of the northern lands that had originally belonged to it with access to the Baltic Sea. Later, the sovereign managed to decently, without any significant losses, end the war with Turkey.
Surprisingly: if we begin to objectively compare the great deeds of Peter I and the “small”, as it is considered, deeds of his elder brother, it turns out that almost all the fundamental transformations of the first Russian emperor have their source in the thoughts and undertakings of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, which were not continued and were completed for one single reason - the early death of their author.
And if Fyodor Alekseevich was unlucky with longevity, then let us at least not detract from what he managed to accomplish during his life, which was interrupted during takeoff.
Fyodor Alekseevich died in 1682 at the age of 21, losing the throne to his younger brothers (his own Ivan and his step-Peter). This period in the history of Russia is called. Ivan Alekseevich, who lived after that for another fourteen years, did not take part in the affairs of governing the state, and it so happened that it was the unusually energetic Peter Alekseevich who ultimately remained the sole ruler - and such that during the years of his reign he changed Russia beyond recognition, turning it into powerful empire.
Fedor III Alekseevich Romanov (born May 30 (June 9), 1661 - death April 27 (May 7, 1682) - Tsar and Grand Duke all Rus', from the Romanov family. Years of reign 1676 – 1682. Father - Alexey Mikhailovich Romanov. Mother - Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya, the first wife of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.
Fyodor Romanov was born in Moscow in 1661. During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, the question of succession to the throne repeatedly arose, since Tsarevich Alexei Alekseevich died at the age of 16, and the second tsar’s son Fedor was 9 years old at that time.
Royal wedding
And yet, it was Fyodor who inherited the throne at the age of 15. The new tsar was crowned king in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin on June 18, 1676. Fyodor Alekseevich was not distinguished by physical strength, since childhood he was sick a lot and was weak. He only had the chance to rule the state for six years.
Education
The young king was well educated. He knew Latin well and could speak Polish fluently; he knew a little ancient greek language. Fyodor Alekseevich was versed in painting and church music, had “great art in poetry and composed considerable verses,” trained in the basics of versification, he made a poetic translation of psalms for the “Psalter” of Simeon of Polotsk. His ideas about kingship were formed under the influence of one of the most talented philosophers of that era, Simeon of Polotsk, who was the prince’s educator and spiritual mentor.
Beginning of reign
After the accession of the young king, his stepmother, N.K., first tried to rule the state. Naryshkina, who was able to be removed from business by the relatives of Tsar Fyodor, sending her along with her son Peter (future) into “voluntary exile” to the village of Preobrazhenskoye near Moscow.
Friends and relatives of Fyodor Alekseevich were boyar I.F. Miloslavsky, princes Yu.A. Dolgorukov and Ya.N. Odoevsky, who were replaced in 1679 by the captain M.T. Likhachev, bed guard I.M. Yazykov and Prince V.V. Golitsyn. They were "educated, capable and conscientious people." It was they, who had influence on the young sovereign, who energetically began to create a capable government.
Thanks to their influence, under the new tsar, the adoption of important state decisions was transferred to the Boyar Duma, the number of whose members under him increased from 66 to 99. The Tsar was also inclined to personally participate in government.
Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich in front of the image of the Savior Not Made by Hands. 1686
Domestic and foreign policy
In business internal management state, this king left a mark on Russian history two innovations. 1681 - a project was developed for the creation of the subsequently famous, and then first in Moscow, Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, which was opened after the death of the monarch. Many figures of science, culture and politics came out of its walls. It was here that the great Russian scientist M.V. studied in the 18th century. Lomonosov.
At the same time, representatives of all classes were to be allowed to study at the academy, and the poor were to be given a scholarship. The monarch was going to transfer the entire palace library to the academy, and future graduates could apply for high government positions at court.
Patriarch Joachim was opposed to the opening of the academy; he was generally against secular education in Russia. Fyodor Alekseevich tried to defend his decision.
The Emperor ordered the construction of special shelters for orphans and their education various sciences and crafts. The tsar wanted to place all the disabled in almshouses, which were built at his expense.
1682 - The Boyar Duma abolished the so-called localism once and for all. According to the tradition that existed in Russia, people were appointed to various government and military positions not in accordance with their merits, experience or abilities, but in accordance with localism, that is, with the place that the ancestors of the appointed person occupied in the state apparatus. The son of a man who once occupied a low position could never become superior to the son of an official who at one time occupied a higher position. This irritated many and interfered with the effective management of the country.
Abolition of localism. Burning of bit books
At the request of the tsar, on January 12, 1682, the Boyar Duma abolished localism; rank books in which “ranks” were recorded, that is, positions, were burned. Instead, all the old boyar families were rewritten into special genealogies so that their merits would not be forgotten by their descendants.
In 1678–1679 the government of Fyodor Alekseevich conducted a population census, canceled Alexei Mikhailovich’s decree on the non-extradition of fugitives who had signed up for military service, and introduced household taxation (this immediately replenished the treasury, but increased serfdom).
In 1679–1680 tried to soften it in a European manner criminal penalty, in particular, the chopping off of hands for theft was abolished. From that time on, the perpetrators were exiled to Siberia with their families.
In the south of Russia, thanks to the construction of defensive structures, it became possible to widely allocate estates and estates to nobles who sought to increase their land holdings.
A major foreign policy event during the reign of Fyodor Alekseevich was the successful Russian-Turkish War (1676–1681), which ended with the Bakhchisarai Peace Treaty, which secured the unification of Left Bank Ukraine with Russia.
During the reign of this tsar, the entire Kremlin palace complex, including the churches, was rebuilt. The buildings were connected to each other by galleries and passages, and they were decorated in a new way with carved porches.
A sewerage system, a flowing pond and many different gardens with gazebos were installed in the Kremlin. The king had his own garden, on the decoration and arrangement of which he spared no expense.
Dozens of stone buildings, five-domed churches in Kotelniki and Presnya were built in Moscow. The tsar issued loans from the treasury to his subjects for the construction of stone houses in Kitai-gorod and forgave many debts.
The Emperor saw the construction of beautiful stone buildings The best way protecting Moscow from fires. At the same time, Fyodor Alekseevich believed that Moscow is the face of the state and admiration for its splendor should inspire respect among foreign ambassadors for all of Russia.
Relatives at the deathbed of Fyodor Alekseevich (K. Lebedev)
Personal life
The personal life of Fyodor Alekseevich Romanov was very unhappy.
1680 - the sovereign chose from many applicants the beautiful and educated Agafya Semyonovna Grushetskaya (1663-1681). The young wife was from Smolensk, and was Polish by origin. However family life was short. The princess died three days after giving birth from puerperal fever. Soon the newborn son Ilya died.
1682, February 14 - a new wedding took place in the royal palace. Now Marfa Matveevna Apraksina (1664-1716) became the royal chosen one. However, two months after the wedding, on April 27, 1682, the sovereign, after a short illness, died at the 21st year of his life, leaving no heir, without making orders regarding the succession to the throne. Fyodor Alekseevich was buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.
Father - Alexey Mikhailovich Romanov, Tsar and Great Sovereign of All Rus'. Mother - Tsarina Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya, the first wife of Alexei Mikhailovich. Fyodor Alekseevich Romanov was born in Moscow on May 30, 1661. During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, the question of inheriting the throne arose more than once. Tsarevich Alexei Alekseevich died at the age of sixteen. The Tsar's second son Fedor was nine years old at the time and was not in good health.
Fyodor inherited the throne at the age of fourteen, and was crowned king in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin on June 18, 1676. His ideas about royal power were largely formed under the influence of one of the talented philosophers of that time, Simeon of Polotsk, who was the prince’s educator and spiritual mentor. It would be wrong to believe that the reforms of Peter I were something completely for Russian society. Much of what Peter did was prepared or begun during the brief reign of his elder brother, Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich (1676 - 1682).
Fyodor Alekseevich Romanov was well educated. He knew Latin well and spoke fluent Polish. His teacher was the famous theologian, scientist, writer and poet Simeon of Polotsk. Unfortunately, Fyodor Alekseevich was not in good health; he was weak and sickly from childhood. He ruled the country for only six years. Part of this time was occupied by the war with Turkey and the Crimean Khanate over Ukraine. Only in 1681 in Bakhchisarai the parties officially recognized the reunification with Russia, Left Bank Ukraine and Kyiv. (Russia received Kyiv under an agreement with Poland in 1678 in exchange for Nevel, Sebezh and Velizh.
In matters of internal government of the country, Fyodor Alekseevich is best known for two innovations. In 1681, a project was developed to create the subsequently famous, and then the first in Moscow, Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. Many figures of science, culture and politics came out of its walls. It was there in the 18th century. studied by the great Russian scientist M.V. Lomonosov.
And in 1682, the Boyar Duma once and for all abolished the so-called localism. The fact is that, according to the tradition that existed in Russia, government and military people were appointed to various positions not in accordance with their merits, experience or abilities, but in accordance with localism, that is, with the place that the ancestors of the appointed person occupied in the state apparatus. The son of a man who once occupied a lower position could never become superior to the son of an official who at one time occupied a higher position, regardless of any merit. This state of affairs irritated many and, moreover, interfered with the effective management of the state. At the request of Fyodor Alekseevich, on January 12, 1682, the Boyar Duma abolished localism, and the rank books in which “ranks” were recorded, that is, positions, were burned. Instead, all the old boyar families were rewritten into special genealogies so that their merits would not be forgotten by their descendants.
The last months of the tsar's life were overshadowed by great grief: his wife, whom he married for love against the advice of the boyars, died from childbirth. The newborn heir also died along with his mother. When it became obvious that Fyodor Alekseevich would not live long, yesterday’s favorites began to seek friendship from the Tsar’s younger brothers and their relatives.
Fyodor Alekseevich Romanov died on April 27, 1682 at the age of 22, not only without leaving a direct heir to the throne, but also without naming his successor. He is buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.
Wives: 1) Agafya Semenovna Grushetskaya, 2) Marfa Matveevna Apraksina. Children: son Ilya from his first marriage, who lived only ten days. After the death of Fyodor Alekseevich, both brothers, Ivan and Peter, ascended the throne. Ivan Alekseevich was a sickly person and could not actively help his younger brother, but always supported him. And Peter I was able to create the Russian Empire from the Moscow State.
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Ilovaisky D. “New Dynasty” - M. 2003.
