We are considering investments in parking spaces. Parking spaces: calculation of quantity and placement Installation of the Modular Park system

MULTI-STOREY

AND UNDERGROUND

GARAGES

4. MULTI-STOREY PARKING PARKS

Sloped sites ( rice. 65,G ) - a type of ramp; they differ in that the interfloor parking lot floors themselves are arranged with a slope of no more than 5% and serve not only as a place to install cars, but at the same time as a means for raising and lowering them. Sloped parking lots make good use of space due to the lack of ramps. The disadvantage of pitched garages is the complexity of the design solution and the need for cars to pass through all the underlying floors.

Rice. 71. Layout schemes for multi-storey parking lots with lifts (elevators)

A - dead-end elevators at the ends of passages; b - dead-end elevators perpendicular to the passage; V - travel elevators; G - parking with simultaneous installation of elevators and ramps

In the layout of multi-storey parking lots with elevators great value has a rational layout and location of elevators ( rice. 71).

Location of elevators at the ends of the passage ( rice. 71,A ) causes the vehicle to enter or exit in reverse with a 180° turn, which complicates maneuvering conditions. It is more convenient to place elevators perpendicular to the passage, arranging an expanded area in front of the entrances; this ensures that the vehicle turns only 90° and is easy to maneuver. Passage-type elevators provide a clear movement pattern. On rice. 71 a variant of the garage layout with mixed vertical transport is shown: with an elevator and a ramp; in this case, the elevator is intended for ascent, and the ramp is intended for lowering cars.

Mechanized parking minimizes the building area and cubic capacity of the building, reduces the number of service personnel, ensures the movement of cars with the engines turned off, which eliminates smoke in the garage, increases the convenience and speed of installation and evacuation of cars.

There are several mechanization systems, which are fundamentally divided into four groups.

Combination of elevator and horizontal conveying device ( rice. 72,A ). The elevator lifts the car to the appropriate floor. Transportation of the car from the elevator to the installation site and back is carried out using a horizontal transport device: a tilting platform, a lifting and transport trolley or a conveyor.

Rice. 72. Schemes of mechanized parking garages

A- elevator (1) with axle carriage (2) ; b- elevator with a rotating shaft and an axial trolley; V - elevator (1), traverse trolley (3) and axle bogie (2); G - roller shaft elevator (1) and axle bogie (2)

With this system, the elevator can serve no more than two cars on each floor.

The combination of a rotary elevator with an axial trolley is shown in rice. 72,b. An elevator equipped with a rotating shaft lifts the car to the appropriate floor, turns and stops against the free parking space. The trolley positions the machine in its storage location. One elevator serves a group of cars arranged radially on each floor of the parking lot.

The combination of elevator, traverse and axle trolley is shown in ( rice. 72,V ). The elevator lifts the car to the upper floors, the traverse trolley transports it horizontally, and the axial trolley places it in place. In this case, one elevator can serve a significant number of cars

When combining an elevator equipped with a rolling shaft with an axial trolley ( rice. 72,G ) the elevator itself, equipped with a rolling shaft, is a mechanism for both vertical and horizontal movement, and an axial trolley places the car in place.

The rolling shaft is arranged in the form of a support or suspended portal crane.

In the domestic garage industry, there are still no examples of the construction of mechanized garages, since in our conditions the building area and the size of the garage plots do not have the same importance as they acquire under the conditions of private land ownership in capitalist countries.

In domestic design practice, there are several proposals for garage mechanization. Thus, in 1939, the author developed and patented a design for a mechanized multi-tier garage with circular turntables ( rice. 73). In each tier, several ring conveyors with inclined platforms are installed concentrically, allowing cars to move with the engine turned off

Rice. 73. Automatic garage. Plan

Conveyors, equipped with stoppers to stop cars, move in a circle around their center, bringing free space to the entrance opening. Cars are lifted up by elevators or along ramps located in the inner part of the ring, while cars are lowered and driven out from the outside. There must be only one free space on each ring so that any car can be installed or removed independently of the others.

By moving conveyors and matching free spaces along the radius, you can always have one free passage for all the rings.

In this option, full automation of the system is possible. The absence of internal passages reduces the area and cubic capacity of the building by 45% compared to conventional garages.

In Russia, urbanization is becoming more and more pronounced with characteristic all-consuming features. With population growth in cities, the growth of the entire urban infrastructure is clearly noticeable, which is most reflected in the segment of personal vehicles.

In Moscow, as the most car-crowded city, over 3.5 million private cars are registered and their number is replenished annually with 250–300 thousand new private cars. At the same time, the level of provision of cars with parking spaces is less than 20% of the total number of cars.

In other regions of Russia, they are trying to solve the problem of temporary storage places for vehicles in an organized manner by all possible means. In particular, in the two largest cities of Russia - Moscow and St. Petersburg - it is planned to build and repair specialized parking lots, which will be multi-level car parks of built-in, above-ground and underground types.

The city program “People's Garage” is attracting increasing interest among Moscow car enthusiasts. The implementation of a program aimed at solving the parking problem and providing residents of the capital with accessible parking spaces is in full swing. The results of the People's Garage program can be observed both in legislative acts and in Moscow courtyards.

If the residents of a house in the local area have a free plot of land (or a plot on which old garages, shells, etc. are installed), they can create an initiative group and contact the council with a proposal to place permanent or temporary parking there ( both mechanized, including fully automatic parking, and conventional non-mechanized).

Types of parking

Parking is an integral part of residential, office, administrative complexes, as well as shopping and shopping and entertainment centers. Today, for almost every construction project, one way or another, the issue of accommodating the cars of its visitors is resolved. In accordance with the current classification of office buildings, for example, now in a business center located in the area from the Garden Ring to the Third Transport Ring Road, one parking space should be per 70-80 m 2 of rented office space, and in the area from the Third Transport Ring to the Moscow Ring Road - already per 50-60 m2. There are several types of parking.

Surface parking- this is often just a street area that is adjacent to a building; in fact, anyone can use it. Companies install security around their fenced areas allocated for parking, which is not entirely legal. At the same time, surface parking can be a separate building, where cars are located on several levels.

Underground parking- this parking involves placing cars directly under the building. Such parking may have one or several levels of placement. In Moscow, it is also planned to begin the construction of underground parking lots with automatic placement of cars with manipulators, carts, and computer technologies. There will be no ramps in such parking lots.

Underground parking lots are multi-storey complexes that accommodate hundreds of cars, where you can leave your car for an hour, a day or a month. In European cities, where finding a parking space is almost more difficult than learning to drive, and the entrance to the historical center is often closed to non-residents, paid multi-storey parking lots (underground and above ground) are found in huge numbers; They are mainly concentrated at airports, train stations and at the entrances to the center. Gradually, such parking lots are appearing in Moscow - in the Atrium on Kurskaya or at the MTS office in 1st Golutvinsky Lane, but so far there are too few of them.

Two difficulties arise. The first is technological, the second is financial. The first is due to the fact that Moscow has very poor, uneven soils, so the construction of parking lots is a very difficult, dangerous and time-consuming undertaking. But such projects are still being formed, for example, there is a plan to make their own parking lot under each house.

Structural parking- several developers are already building structural parking. This is a separate building, usually two or three levels, built next to the business center. Such parking will be at the Krugozov business center on the street. Obruchev, which will provide one parking space per 75 m 2 of rented area. As an alternative to underground and surface parking, experts call parking located on the roof of a building. However, given numerous restrictions, it can only be organized on the roof of a low-rise building. Therefore, they are not yet used in office complexes - there are precedents, for example, in the L-153 shopping center in Maryino. For its new visitors this is a kind of attraction, but the regulars gradually stop appreciating it, especially when the escalators break down and you have to walk upstairs to get the car. In addition, when installing parking on the roof, it is necessary to reduce the spacing of the columns so that the building does not sag from the weight of the cars; provide long entry and exit ramps passing through all levels of the complex, and special gutters for snow removal.

Cellular parking– a mechanical device for moving and storing cars in cells. The arriving car is placed in a special receiving mechanism, which moves it to a free cell and stores it until the owner returns for it.” In order to pick up the car, the owner uses a magnetic card. Experts believe that this is the most compact way to store vehicles, which requires minimal space - it does not require entry ramps, turning spaces, etc., as in conventional parking. They are not yet available in business centers: the cellular mechanism will be used in the multi-level underground parking being built near the Tverskaya metro station.

Guest parking- guest parking is organized in addition to any of the mentioned types of parking near a residential complex, office or on the territory of a cottage village to accommodate guest cars. As a rule, this is part of a fenced local area, allocated specifically for these purposes.

Intercept parking. One of possible ways solving the problem of traffic jams - the construction of intercepting parking lots in hot spots of exacerbation of the transport problem, offering everyone the opportunity to rent parking spaces for an arbitrarily short period of time.

The very first official mention of the idea of ​​constructing parking lots in Moscow dates back to 2005. Then it was planned to build 170 intercepting parking lots (sites were even selected for them, many of which were located in the central part of Moscow). But this project, having come under criticism from the city leadership, underwent some changes, as a result of which 170 intercepting parking lots throughout Moscow were transformed into 23 parking lots at the end stations of the Moscow metro. According to the project, the construction of 23 intercepting parking lots in Moscow was supposed to be completed at the end of 2007, but due to certain circumstances, only one such parking lot was built - on the square. Gagarin with 481 parking spaces.

The operating experience of this parking lot shows that about 50% of all parking spaces are assigned to citizens living in neighboring blocks, and only the remaining 50% are used for vehicles of citizens who need parking only during the working day. Only half of the first 50% during the working day is used for parking “non-locals”, since the second half of residents keep their cars in the parking lot constantly, only occasionally using them for relatively short trips, for example, to the country. In addition, it should be noted that there are outbreaks of conflicts of interest between “local” and “non-local” car owners, caused primarily by the failure of both parties to comply with the car parking schedule.

The conclusion suggests itself: the interceptor parking project on the square. Gagarin has some shortcomings that should be taken into account and eliminated during the construction of the next intercepting parking lots.

Organization of parking construction

Most recently, the Transport Mission company demonstrated its first, but not yet fully completed automated multi-story parking lot, which is located in Ostankino, where it has been under construction since 2005.

The Transport Mission company decided to use the solution of the German company Nussbaum in construction. This solution is a structure with a height of 6-14 floors and base dimensions of 10x10 m. This solution was chosen after a long study of the garage structures market. In this case, a prefabricated building is the optimal solution for densely populated Moscow. Moreover, such buildings are very spacious and can become a haven for 34-54 cars.

Rice. 1. Rotary parking: 1 – general view; 2 – parking without an awning; 3 – parking with awning

Why are parking lots of this kind only built in the Ostankino area? The first version of such a building is located here and consists of seven floors. It can accommodate almost all the cars of Channel One employees. Perhaps the location for construction was not chosen by chance - after all, the price of parking spaces in such parking lots is high, and company employees can use parking spaces for free, on the basis that they work at Ostankino. Now a second parking lot is being put into operation here.

However, the introduction of a second multi-storey car park is not all simple, because this kind of parking is not standard or even common for our country, therefore there is no regulatory documentation for this kind of parking. It turns out that in order to build an alien parking lot in Moscow, it is necessary to go through complex stages of coordinating documentation in various departments, and this happens month after month, since the legislation makes regular amendments that prolong this kind of construction.

Officially, according to the design documentation for this type of structure, such a parking lot should be built in no more than 30-35 days and with minimal monetary costs. In our country, an alien parking structure costs investors a pretty penny, and the construction of such a “prefabricated” complex can drag on for years. Which is actually what was seen in the example of the Transport Mission company.

When the parking lot is finally put into operation, the cost of parking spaces on it will vary from 280,000 to 560,000 rubles.

Parking lots built by the Transport Mission company are not the only ones in Moscow. There are also parking lots built by the MAS-M company, which are considered test samples. Nine such parking lots were made, but they did not take root. Parking lots are being built quickly, they save space, but there is a catastrophic lack of space even for their construction, and now, in order to build something, something must be destroyed. In the meantime, the price for a parking space will start from 500,000 rubles.

The construction of such parking lots depends only on whether land will be allocated, since it is not possible to buy land at a land auction. Reducing the cost of parking lots, and, consequently, subsequently parking spaces in them, depends on the provision of land. Everyone is waiting to see what this confrontation between the authorities will lead to, as they cancel previous decisions and impose their own.

This can be supported by an example. The APS company proposed a parking solution with the idea of ​​​​building a low but spacious parking lot, which allowed five cars to be parked in place of three parking spaces. The city authorities gave the go-ahead for the construction of such parking lots. Then the government changed and the new government representative does not give the go-ahead for the construction of parking lots of this type, considering this decision unacceptable. Land is not allocated for construction either - the project has stalled.

Multi-level parking

The parking design must take into account many key and secondary factors, which will further have a strong impact on the success and comfort of the event invested. Organizing parking is a complex, comprehensive and extremely responsible process that includes many factors, both legal and technical. A competent parking design determines the further success of a particular construction project.

The area and profitability of parking lots are calculated from the number of parking spaces per 100 m2, taking into account unique indicators and features. The parking efficiency indicator is the maximum capacity. It is for this reason that the construction of multi-level parking lots comes to the fore. Multi-level parking is the most efficient and the right way solving the issue of parking the largest possible number of vehicles in a relatively small area.

Automated parking is an extremely effective way to solve car parking problems, allowing you to place more cars in a smaller area, while saving financial and time costs on parking construction. Automated parking is divided into two types: carousel, designed like a Ferris wheel, and independent, which do not require additional structures (pits, shafts).

Construction of a parking lot is a serious investment project. Organizing a parking lot requires careful attention to the preparation of the necessary package of documents, the same number of documents as for residential buildings. With the necessary investment, parking systems often pay for themselves in a faster time than at home.

Underground parking

The construction of a parking lot determines the further class of housing; it is a necessary element of the infrastructure of any shopping center. It is for this reason that the construction of underground parking for these types of buildings is so relevant today. In accordance with recommended market indicators, parking capacity is determined based on the ratio of 4-8 parking spaces per 100 m2 of total retail area. Parking also plays a key role in the infrastructure of a professional warehouse complex. The construction of a parking lot is also mandatory for hotel properties.

Rice. 2. Mechanized parking: 1 – lift; 2 – shaft with boxes for cars

Multi-level parking- the most effective way to solve the problem of storing vehicles in large quantities in a small area. Construction of a parking lot involves the construction of a solid, capital building with beautiful facades, wide driveways, comfortable boxes for parking cars, as well as an exhaust ventilation system, fire extinguishing system, and video surveillance.

Rice. 3. Underground parking: 1 – regular, with cars placed flat; 2 – equipped with automatic parking

The multi-level parking project involves box and arena, heated and unheated, above-ground and underground types. However, there are a number of significant differences. The construction of underground parking requires the presence of a heating system, unlike above-ground parking. Manege-type parking often has less safety for cars than box-type parking.

Rice. 4. Construction of the first automatic parking in St. Petersburg

The parking lot is an object of increased danger, therefore, at the design stage, high demands must be placed on fire extinguishing and fire alarm systems. Enclosed parking lots are equipped with individual powder-type fire extinguishing modules, which make it possible to localize the source of the fire. To increase the number of parking spaces, a parking option with a usable roof is possible.

Underwater parking

The Department of External Economic and International Relations of the City of Moscow, together with the Department of Road, Bridge and Engineering Construction of the City of Moscow, offers a radically new approach to eliminating constant congestion, especially in the central part of the Russian capital.

We are talking about the construction, using advanced scientific achievements and technical capabilities, of fully automated parking lots and garages for cars under the bottom of the Moscow River and canals.

This proposal is interesting primarily for the following reasons:

Solving the problem of allocating sites for the construction of parking lots, especially in the center of Moscow;

Cleaning in the adjacent area of ​​the Moscow River when completely insulated tanks are installed below the water level. Improving the ecology of the Moscow River and canals

Reducing construction time (three months on a turnkey basis) and operating costs for maintaining parking lots due to the absence of heating costs; under the river bottom the temperature is constantly kept at around 5-7 degrees Celsius);

Ultra-modern parking elevators connecting underground parking lots with embankments do not require much space and, with the right solution, can become an adornment of the architectural appearance of the capital;

With a parking tank diameter of 20 m and a pallet height of 20 m, 120 cars can be accommodated. With increasing height - up to 240 cars. Vehicle processing speed from 60 to 90 seconds. Thus, up to 12,000 units can be placed on one kilometer of water artery. passenger vehicles.

The city has already started implementing the project together with the owner of the Moscow River - the Federal Agency for Water Resources. A working group has been created, which includes all interested structures. Under her leadership, 25 sites have already been selected for the construction of underwater garages.

These will be multi-tiered mechanized parking lots with cells for hourly storage of cars. Such a device is fully automated and controlled by a single operator. The driver is only required to place the car in the elevator and hand the magnetic card to the operator.

The elevator will lift the car to the desired level and then move it to the cell corresponding to the card code. Eight- and ten-level parking lots will have a height of up to 40 m. Each of them can accommodate from 100 to 600 spaces.

World leaders in the production of automated equipment have declared their readiness to cooperate with the Moscow government on the implementation of the project. These companies are: WOHR (Germany), the Anglo-Italian company Trevipark, Elito Global eng (Japan) and PID Parking GmbH (Germany).

The listed companies are ready to consider the issue of launching production in Russia of their automated parking systems, including components and software, at enterprises in Zelenograd. A draft version of the placement of parking lots under the bottom of the Moscow River has been developed. Along with this, firms from Finland – Bafo and Fira, which have experience in the construction of underwater and pallet facilities, including at great depths (they have completed such facilities, in particular, in the United Arab Emirates), expressed their readiness to participate in the project. An innovative project for the city may become attractive to investors and companies ready to develop a parking business on concession or other terms.

The appearance of underwater parking will add from 2.5 to 15 thousand parking spaces to the city. Moreover, in places where the shortage of parking lots is most acute. For example, in the Moscow City area, near the Balchug hotel, near the Obvodny Canal, Kievsky Station. It is assumed that construction will be carried out at the expense of investors.

Home parking

Already familiar to us, for for a long time use, garage boxes faded into the background. Such a waste of space for cars has become too unprofitable, because one garage is much more space than one car needs. Nowadays, above-ground and underground parking lots are coming into fashion, where each car is assigned a specific place, which is marked with simple markings on the floor covering. Moreover, these spaces are very strictly allocated if the parking lot belongs to a residential building.

In this case, a person who does not have and does not intend to buy a car becomes the happy owner of a scarce piece of land. These pieces are highly valued by those who have not one, but two or more cars. But unfortunately, even knowing that a plot of land is ownerless, it is not so easy to buy it, since many people are accustomed to keeping plots in reserve, for example for children, and if they want to sell, knowing the shortage of parking spaces in Moscow, they try to “snatch "The price for this plot is higher. The result is a gigantic overpayment. In the history of purchasing parking spaces, there are also cases when one parking space is sold for a price five or ten times higher than the price offered by the developer.

Rice. 5. Dependent parking

Not all houses have parking spaces. Even in new buildings, there is not always a place to park a car. So many cars need to be parked somewhere overnight. Parking, of course, should be included in the construction project, but more often than not, it turns out that parking is a second-priority project, which very often never comes to fruition. So in the end, it turns out that the parking space is not even in the next house, but in most cases several blocks from the house, which is from 15 to 25 minutes on foot. It’s good if your parking is located near your house or you have your eye on a good place for your car somewhere nearby. If this is the case, then it would be a good idea to check whether the future storage location for your car meets the necessary requirements, since sometimes it happens that the price-quality ratio does not correspond to each other.

Here are the requirements for surface parking:

Security, 24-hour security, technology, normal lighting;

Separately located entrance and exit, which should not create discomfort when leaving the car;

Sufficient parking space for your car.

If the parking lot is underground, then the requirements for it will be slightly different:

Availability of systems: waterproofing, ventilation and gas control, fire extinguishing and smoke removal, communications;

Each parking lot must have its own microclimate (warm and dry), which will ensure that cars are stored in decent condition;

For modern parking lots, air curtains are relevant, which “slow down” the access of cold air from outside, which is especially important in winter;

There must be excellent visibility inside the underground parking lot in order to protect cars and their owners from possible accidents;

Sufficient ceiling height and width of entrances, exits and sidings are required to ensure comfortable movement specifically for your car.

To purchase parking and make it your personal property, you must register the parking space with the Rosregistration authorities.

Registration takes place on a general basis (the same as with any other types of private property). But there are also some nuances here, depending on the registration authorities in your area. There are two registration options here.

A simplified option is to register an apartment and a parking space as one residential property with an attached non-residential area. A more complicated option is to register a separate apartment as a residential premises and a separate parking space as a non-residential premises. The difficulty is that registration must take place in different authorities corresponding to the direct purpose of the objects. No one can indicate the exact method of registration, and all of the above depends on the officials and their way of thinking.

If you can buy a parking space, then registration will not be difficult for you; it is much worse for those who do not have the opportunity to immediately pay the entire amount for a parking space, the cost of which will soon approach the real cost of the apartment.

What should those who do not have the opportunity to buy a parking space do? It is impossible to take out a loan, since banks do not provide for the purchase of garages and parking spaces, for the reason that if the borrower fails to repay the loan, the parking space can only be sold to residents of surrounding houses, and this narrows the possibilities for selling the garage and parking space. It is for this reason that until now premises such as garages and parking lots have not been included in the list of collateral objects. So those who want to buy a parking space can only take out a loan at high interest, which is issued by a pawnshop or bank (consumer loan), secured by an apartment or other property. Although let's hope that low-interest mortgages will appear in the near future.

Parking spaces from a legal perspective

Considering the concept of parking space in the legal sphere. The category of an ordinary garage box located in the structure of a standard flat parking lot is no longer relevant and only occupies useful space on which you can build an excellent multi-level parking lot that can accommodate many more cars. Now, such garage flat boxes are being replaced by a newly-minted zone for a car (strictly limited in size), which received the name and is further designated as a “car space”.

This term has taken root well and is used in the vast majority of legal acts in Moscow related to the reconstruction and construction of real estate, and, in addition, in legal acts in the field of management and disposal of city property. Although the exact digital and quantitative definition for “car spaces” is absent in the “holy of holies” - Federal legislation. Consequently, when controversial issues arise, the settlement process cannot take place within the proper framework of legislation, and this greatly complicates the process of considering cases of “parking spaces”. And even more, for parking spaces there is not even a correct spelling of the term, since in some cases the term “car space” is used, and in others - “car space”. Which in itself cannot be an official term for use in legal acts of state nature.

Soon, the capital's authorities plan to create up to 90 thousand parking spaces in the Central Administrative District alone. Only 40 thousand of these parking spaces will be located in intercepting parking lots in the peripheral zone of the Central Administrative District. And on the approach to the city center - outside the Central Administrative District there will be more than 90 thousand parking spaces. This decision was made in accordance with clause 1.11 of the Moscow Government Decree dated April 24, 2001 No. 410-PP “On the draft urban development plan for the development of the territory of the Central Administrative District until 2020” for the population in garages with up to 122 thousand parking spaces, in parking lots. In accordance with all of the above, I would like to conclude that the government has seriously taken up the problem of the lack of parking spaces, and that it must be resolved as soon as possible.

It can also be noted, according to clause 2 of the Temporary Regulations on City Parking in the City of Moscow, approved by Decree of the Moscow Government dated November 1, 2005 No. 854-PP “On the creation, arrangement, maintenance and use of urban paid parking in the city of Moscow", a parking space is recognized as a part of a land plot intended to accommodate one passenger car without a trailer within the designated parking area. And this is again without any numerical or quantitative values.

It follows from this document that the parking space defined, according to the resolution on terminology, fairly considers only those parking lots that are open areas, i.e. those parking lots where cars are located directly on plot of land and (or) on its asphalt surface. The rapid development of the city cannot afford to use so non-functionally such a large space, which is now occupied by ground-based single-level parking lots. Consequently, the question of the construction of multi-level parking lots or built-in and underground parking lots, as well as the legalization of the definition of the term “parking space,” is increasingly being raised.

Until the term “parking space” is legalized, legislation will not be able to redirect to the construction of exactly those parking lots that the capital and other large cities need. This gap should not have even appeared against the background of the annual increase in vehicles, and, even more so, in the achieved neglect of the state. Every year, the growing shortage of space for organized storage of vehicles can lead to unplanned consequences that can entail massive losses for both car owners and the state as a whole.

Another way to expose car owners and the state to losses is the slowness of government officials in retraining documentation to resolve the issue of legal regulation of the description and accounting of a parking space as an individually defined thing. Since a parking space is a piece of real estate, this gives rise to problems of legal regulation of space-planning and structural work on the equipment and placement of parking lots in Russia. Indeed, according to clause 5.35 of SNiP 21-02-99 “Car Parking”, in underground parking lots, as a rule, separation is not allowed common area for parking spaces there are separate boxes using partitions.

Although there is an exception, since according to clause 5.40 of SNiP, it is possible to install separate boxes within separate underground parking lots, the size of which is limited to no more than two floors, and parking lots located on the ground floors of buildings. This exception is allowed only if the parking lot is located in an undeveloped area, subject to full compliance with clause 5.40 of SNiP 02/21/99. In addition, this SNiP provides for the creation of separate boxes in open-air above-ground parking lots, but only if the established fire safety requirements are met (the building must be of a certain type of fire resistance). In other cases, the construction of separate boxes in open-type above-ground parking buildings is strictly prohibited.

However, the construction of dividing barriers made of non-flammable mesh material is provided. Therefore, if there is a strong desire, a parking space can be allocated in any case, but again on the condition that only cars of the specified type, of a private type, will be stored within the allocated parking space. It is prohibited to store spare and, especially, flammable substances in places of organized storage of transport (in a designated parking space).

This definition is covered in detail in SNiP 21-02-99, according to clause 3.1 of which a place for organized storage of vehicles (parking lot) is a building, structure (or part of a building, structure) or a special open area intended only for organized storage (temporary parking) cars.

It should be noted that the BTI authorities in Moscow take into account parking spaces as separate objects of real estate. Therefore, before using a car for storage in any building or structure, it is necessary to obtain a floor plan of the building or structure and an explanation for it from the State Unitary Enterprise MosgorBTI (in accordance with clause 1.1 of the Regulations). Further, various stages of transactions for rent, sale, etc. are possible. buildings, structures, non-residential premises. In this case, the above documents should be submitted to the registration authority for registration of rights to real estate objects and transactions with them. This regulation makes an exception only for title documents.

AUTOMATIC PARKING EQUIPMENT

How automatic parking works

When approaching an automatic parking lot, the driver stops in front of the entrance counter, where complete information is available for him (Fig. 6). He presses a button and a ticket with a barcode appears in a special window. While picking up the ticket, the barrier opens and vehicle enters the parking lot. Immediately after entering, the barrier closes. If suddenly for some reason the car stops under the barrier, the barrier will not hit the car, since the induction loops sense that the car is under the boom, and the second level of security in the form of an IR sensor will also prevent it from hitting.

Rice. 6. Automatic parking. General views

After the car has been in the parking lot for some time, the driver, when leaving, presents the ticket to the exit counter or to the cashier (depending on the system configuration). The barcode of the ticket is scanned and the amount that the driver is required to pay is displayed on the display. After paying the required amount, the barrier opens and the vehicle leaves the parking lot.

The driver will not be able to enter into an agreement with the cashier, since the control of the opening of the barrier goes through cash register. It should also be noted that it is not possible to obtain a ticket at the entry counter without having a car. It is also impossible to drive up to the counter in a car, get a ticket, then drive away without entering the automatic parking lot, and then leave using this ticket. A ticket that does not enter the parking lot is considered invalid by the system.

The system is used for automatic parking lots of varying capacity and intensity; It is possible to customize the system to suit your needs and tasks. The system uses various forms of payment for parking; it is possible to provide discounts and set different tariffs; vandal resistance. Operation of equipment in various climatic conditions(-45 °C).

The system uses special cards. Subscription cards are intended for a limited period of validity, debit cards - for a certain amount of parking costs, service cards - for cars emergency services etc. A user who has a valid card presents it to the system at the entrance and exit. In this case, the system determines the legality of this card, checks the availability of funds on the debit card and reduces the balance of these funds by the amount of the cost of parking.

Equipment included: entrance counter, exit counter, cash terminal, barriers, induction loops, video identification system for automatic parking, readers, automatic parking software. Option with automatic payment through an automatic cash terminal located in the parking area.

Main functions of the system

Accounting for entry and exit of vehicles, calculation of the cost of automatic parking. Settlements with the user using payment machines, issuing change, fiscal receipt. Possibility of using one-time tokens, subscription, debit, service cards.

Operating procedures for one-time visitors. A one-time visitor drives up to the entrance and stops next to the entrance counter in front of the barrier. Without leaving the car, he presses a button on the counter and receives a plastic token, which records the time of entry, counter number and other information.

As soon as the user takes the token, the barrier opens and the user enters the parking lot, the barrier automatically closes.

After parking is completed, the visitor makes payment at the payment machine. To do this, the token is placed into the token slot, the machine makes a calculation in accordance with the current tariff and displays the cost of parking on the board. The user inserts banknotes into the bill acceptor. The machine returns a token on which payment information is recorded, issues a fiscal receipt and change.

Within a given free exit time (usually 15-20 minutes), the user must leave the parking lot. The user drives up to the exit and stops at the exit counter in front of the barrier. Without leaving the car, he places the token into the token slot of the counter. The counter checks that the token has been paid and the exit time has not expired, the barrier opens, the user leaves the parking lot, and the barrier automatically closes.

Operating procedures for regular visitors. A regular visitor with a subscription, debit or service card drives up to the entrance, stops next to the entrance counter in front of the barrier and inserts the card into the counter reader.

The system checks the legality of the card, and an offer to pick up the card appears on the counter display. As soon as the card is removed from the reader, the barrier opens and the user enters the parking lot, the barrier automatically closes. After parking is completed, the user drives up to the exit, stops near the exit counter in front of the barrier, and inserts the card into the reader at the counter.

The operator's desk checks the legality of the card, the barrier opens and the user leaves the parking lot, the barrier automatically closes. If you use a debit card, the system debits the amount from it in accordance with the parking time and the current tariff.

The system may include a payment terminal with an operator. Subscription, debit and service cards can be issued, renewed and topped up here.

Full automation. The staff does not participate in the control of entry/exit and payment. It can be used at any facility; it will be especially useful for large areas and multi-story parking lots, when it is not possible to accommodate an operator for payment.

At the entrance, the client receives an identifier (token) automatically. After parking is completed, pay the parking fee at the automatic payment terminal and present the ID to the exit counter for departure.

Reversible entry/exit may be used within this configuration if space does not allow for separate entry and exit lanes. This can also be useful if at certain periods it is necessary to change the capacity of entrances and exits in one direction or the other, for example, when there is a lot of traffic on the entrance in the morning hours, and on the exit in the evening hours.

For payment, automatic payment terminals are used, which are located in premises that are not geographically tied to entrances and exits.

Automated parking software

The automatic parking system software includes several basic software products; there are also additional software modules that are used to expand the functions of the system. The software is divided into network and local. Network software is intended for use on a system with more than one computer, local software - with one computer.

Key Features software systems:

Setting different parameters for time, type of currency, number of parking spaces used, actually used and occupied spaces in at the moment etc.

Controlling the automatic parking system and setting various settings from the system server.

Assigning each operator a login and password to work with the system, as well as various permissions for certain actions.

The ability to receive and archive reports for any period of activity.

Manual control of entry and exit points in emergency cases (opening a barrier) from a server or workstation of the system.

A discount system allows a restaurant or supermarket located next to a parking lot to provide its customers with free parking or a discount on the cost of parking. The client just needs to present his ticket or card to the discount terminal located in a restaurant or supermarket. In this case, the system will provide this client with a certain discount when paying for parking. The system keeps records of discounts provided to ensure mutual settlements between the owner of the parking lot and the owner of the enterprise that provides discounts to its customers.

Registration of cards. The system uses contactless proximity cards. Functionally, cards are divided into several types - subscription cards for a certain period with and without reservation of a parking space, debit cards for a certain amount of parking costs, service cards for emergency vehicles.

Setting different tariffs for different types of users (single tickets, subscription and debit cards) allows you to provide almost any payment structure and tariffs required by the parking owner. The system allows you to create different tariffs depending on the duration of parking and the time of day.

Protocol of all events. All main operations in the system are controlled. This allows you to determine which employee performed certain actions (accepted money, sold a subscription card, let the car out of the parking lot without paying, etc.).

System for counting spaces in garages and parking lots.

One of the options of the automatic parking system is the ability to count spaces in garages and parking lots. We have developed a system that regulates traffic flow inside the garage and parking lot. For this purpose, induction loops are used, which are installed in places where cars enter the parking lot. Sometimes photocells are used for this purpose. This problem is solved by the fare controller. This device determines the direction of passage and controls the traffic light and barrier, and can also remotely block the passage. Travel controllers work in tandem with a master controller.

The master controller counts the free spaces in each parking area or garage and provides all the information received to the information boards, which in turn is connected to the information channel of the central controller and displays information about the number of consolidated spaces on the board.

The master controller also works via the GSM channel to transmit information to remote displays of the automatic parking system.

Video identification system for automatic parking.

This system option (Fig. 7) is designed to eliminate cases of vehicle theft from the automatic parking area. At the entrance, when receiving the card, the car is photographed, and at the exit, when the card is inserted, photography also takes place, so if the operator notices that a “Zaporozhets” has driven in using this card, and a “Mercedes” is leaving, then it is clear that this is theft and the operator prohibits departure until further proceedings. Thus, theft is impossible.

Rice. 7. Video identification system

When leaving the car, at the moment of presenting the document, 2 images appear on the operator’s screen (the moments of entry and exit). The operator visually compares these images and, if necessary, can prohibit departure.

Payment additional services, for example, car service and car wash services on a payment terminal computer. Also, all information goes into the archive.

Parking equipment

Entry parking racks (Fig. 8) (ParkMaster PD1, ParkMaster PD Lite, V3000, V2000) are designed to automate entrances to paid and service parking areas.

Rice. 8. Parking racks: 1 - ParkMaster PD1; 2 - ParkMaster PD Lite; 3 - V3000; 4 - V2000

Exit counters for automatic parking are used to control the exit of cars from the territory of paid and service parking lots, garages and parking lots. In paid parking lots, they monitor whether the driver has paid for parking services. If the answer is positive, the counter takes the token and gives the command to open the barrier. If the fact of payment is not detected, then the driver is given a command to pay for parking and the command to open the barrier is not given.

The automatic cash register for automatic parking “ParkMaster RT4” (Fig. 9) is used to pay for services for storing cars in paid parking lots, as well as for selling and replenishing parking contactless smart cards. The characteristics of the terminal allow it to be used outdoors; it has a sealed housing and a vandal-proof touch screen. If the customer wishes, we equip the cash terminal with an outdoor canopy. This type of cash terminal has the ability to make non-cash payments using bank cards.

Rice. 9. Automatic cash register

Automatic barriers are available in models with boom lengths of 2.5-12 m. GARD automatic barriers with the possibility of intensive use are the best choice for restricting entry to private, public and industrial parking lots. The barriers are easy to install and come with a wide range of accessories: booms of different sections, lamps and lighting fixtures, supports, and safety devices. CAME barriers meet the most modern requirements for professional equipment for closing passages.

Rice. 10. Automatic barriers

GARD - for blocking passages of 2.5 and 4 m. Fast-acting automatic barriers are the ideal solution when you need to control passage. The barriers are produced with 230V and 24V motors, the housings are made of special INOX steel (rust-resistant). Ideal for working in difficult climatic conditions with high work intensity.

GARD4 for blocking passages up to 3.75 m. The new generation of high-speed automatic barriers with innovative design and integrated safety functions are an addition to the GARD barrier line. The rubber profile provides additional safety, and the round boom reduces windage. The barrier has become widespread in Russia due to its high reliability, ease of operation and maintenance.

GARD8 - for blocking passages up to 7.6 m. The powerful drive, universal stand and ease of setup of GARD 8 allow you to install booms from 2 to 8 m in length. Barriers of this series are indispensable at sites with frequent redevelopment and reconstruction of the territory (construction sites, parking lots, warehouses, etc.). Available in 24V and ~230V versions

GARD12 - for blocking passages up to 12 m. used to restrict traffic in industrial areas with heavy traffic. Barriers with extended boom lengths are specially designed to ensure reliability and ease of operation in difficult conditions. Motors with low supply voltage (24 V), additional reliability of the design make these barrier models the best solution to close wide passages.

Traffic lights (Fig. 11) are used to equip entrances and exits to parking lots, garages and parking lots. Typically, traffic lights are installed in front of the barrier and show the state of entry or exit from the parking lot. They have LED indicators in two colors: red and green. The traffic light can be installed on stands attached to the base, or on a suspended structure.

Rice. 11. Traffic light

Security posts (booths) for automatic parking systems. A small structure with visibility in several directions and intended to house security personnel or parking lot cashiers.

The security posts of the booths are insulated, can be equipped with autonomous heating, lighting and provide the employee with comfortable conditions in which he can perform his duties with maximum efficiency all year round.

Financial efficiency

We will evaluate the financial efficiency of a separate automatic parking lot. First of all, automatic equipment is necessary to obtain full profit from parking. It's no secret that parking lot workers pocket up to 90% of the revenue for parking cars.

Let's assume that our parking lot has 200 spaces for cars. Let's decide on a price per hour. It should be noted here that it differs in Moscow, in the regions of Russia and the CIS countries from 30 US cents to $10.

Let's assume that the price for an hour of parking in a parking lot is $1. We multiply 200 spaces by $1, we get $200. We multiply $200 by 24 hours and we get $4,800 per day. We multiply $4,800 by 30 days, we get $144,000. For a year it turns out: $1,780 thousand. Here it should be noted that the occupancy of different parking lots varies, in some places the parking lot is intended mainly for overnight storage of cars, and in others only for daytime storage, but somewhere around the clock (airports, railway stations, ports, hotels, supermarkets).

The occupancy rate must be taken into account. For example, in our case, if we take 60%, we will receive $86,400 in income per month. After taxes, operating and maintenance costs, monthly profit is $54,000-$58,000 (excluding ground lease or parking space). At a cost of equipment of $200-400 thousand (depending on the configuration), the payback period for investments will be 4-8 months.

There is an area in Hamburg called HafenCity. It is unique for its architecture, which has no analogues in the world. HafenCity arose on a former port area with an area of ​​about 155 hectares. Investments in construction exceeded a billion euros. According to the builders, all buildings in this area should be of futuristic design. To date, only the western part of the area has been developed, and completion of the project is planned for 2025. Now this area has a reputation as an elite one, housing here is not cheap, and the city center is very close. A very interesting area that deserves a separate walk.

But I wanted to show you one simple and smart solution with parking. Do you see those houses on the left that are “on chicken legs”? There is space for car parking under the houses.

This is what this space looks like. At first glance, there are two parking spaces. But if you look closely, you will notice that the car is standing on a moving platform. Below it there is another space approximately two and a half meters high. The entire platform can be raised up so that the lower part is level with the level of the paving slabs, and the car can drive inside. The platform then lowers to allow two more cars to park.

Weight restrictions:

This is the simplest mechanism. The manufacturer of these things has more interesting designs for automated parking:

I really want to put one of these in our yard and stake out one place for my car :)

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One of the main problems for motorists in Moscow is where to park, especially in the center. In Europe, there are enough paid parking lots in the city center; entire buildings are dedicated to this; in our case, I know of a parking building only on Ilyinka. One of the solutions to this problem is the construction of multi-story automated parking lots. One such parking lot has already been installed in Moscow on Akademika Korolev Street; we and chistoprudov Yesterday we visited.

The main advantage of parking is the ability to accommodate 34 or more cars in an area of ​​just over 100 square meters.

The MAP building consists of a metal frame, the elements of which are supplied in the form of block structures, manufactured in a factory, and are easily assembled according to the principle of a designer, without requiring welding. The frame elements are fastened using bolted connections.

The most important design advantage of MAP is its record-breaking assembly time. From the start of installation to the launch of the MAP into operation, no more than 30-35 days pass.

Depending on the height (22 - 28 meters), the tower can consist of 6 - 14 levels (floors) and accommodate from 22 to 54 cars. MAP towers can be freely arranged with other objects and with each other, attached to the ends of existing buildings, to the blank walls of residential buildings, partially or completely built into designed and existing buildings and structures, and also buried in the ground for any number of floors.

As you enter the parking lot, the driver takes your card. At the very end you will see how this shot turned out.

The vehicle is lifted using interchangeable movable pallets mounted on a lifting and lowering mechanism consisting of a rectangular platform with a middle part rotating 360º.

The operator can control parking both via a computer and via a touch screen.

Vehicle entry and exit is carried out from the first level. On each floor of the MAP, starting from the 2nd, you can place 4 cars, on the first – 2. Also on the first floor there are rooms for the operator, the client, an automatic fire extinguishing system and a switchboard.

The platform is lifted by four synchronous electric motors installed in the upper parts of the MAP bearing supports.

Cars are placed on 4 sides. The time for lifting and lowering one car does not exceed 50 seconds.

First, the system picks up an empty pallet, then the platform lowers it down, where a car drives onto it. The driver gets out, then everything is done automatically. The platform rises to the desired floor and unloads the car into an empty space.

MAP is equipped with heat and water supply systems. In winter, the building maintains a temperature of more than +5ºС with an outside air temperature of -35ºС.

In the event of a power outage, the vehicle is delivered to the client in emergency mode.

The platform is capable of lifting cars up to 2700 kg.

The first level is designed for parking SUVs and minivans.

On the right is a diesel generator. In case of a power outage, it will help unload the entire parking lot in 30 minutes.

After payment, the driver can leave.

Removal of melt and rain water from the roof of the module occurs through storm drains located inside the MAP. In addition, there is a system for collecting liquids flowing from cars.

And I’m taking this picture from the roof.))) I took the picture

From the point of view of profitability, parking lots are more attractive, office, retail and residential real estate (see). There are several reasons:

• the number of cars per capita is growing faster than the population;
• parking spaces are cheaper than apartments and offices in business centers;
• unlike apartments, offices and retail premises, parking spaces do not require repairs and periodic replacement of plumbing, etc.;
• parking customers are constantly changing, so problems with non-payers are minimal;
• paperwork for the purchase and sale of parking spaces does not require presence on site, which in some cases significantly reduces costs.

At the same time, this area of ​​investment also has its drawbacks. Among them, the main one is the strong dependence of the flow of parking customers on the economic situation. During periods of crisis it falls business activity, attendance at sports and shopping complexes, passenger flow, etc. Accordingly, parking spaces are more often empty and cease to generate income. In addition, recently there has been a tendency towards artificial limitation traffic flow by city authorities in large cities. One of the most effective measures in the complex of relevant measures is the transfer of an increasing number of parking lots to the paid category and an increase in the cost of a parking space. Because of this, many low-income motorists are forced to limit their car trips, which leads to a decrease in demand for parking.

Investments in parking in Europe

In European countries, the experience of creating and operating paid parking lots is much greater than in Russia. In addition to the fact that European parking lots are interesting in themselves as objects for investment, using their example it is easier to study the phenomenon itself with all its pros and cons. In Europe, annual investment in parking is about 1.5 billion euros, with revenues of 45 billion euros. In total, there are more than 400 million parking spaces in the countries of the European Union, they fall into 5 categories in descending order of number:

• Residential & work private property – private residential and work parking lots. There are more than 150 million of them. These parking lots are privately owned, are not used for a fee, and private operators are not allowed into them.
• On-street public space – street public parking. There are approximately 130 million of them. Anyone can use these parking lots. Some of them are paid, but private operators are practically not allowed to access them. This is due to the fact that such parking lots have a very important social significance and are created at the expense of municipal authorities.
• Open-air public space – open public parking lots (more than 100 million). Among them there are both paid and free. Toll-based ones are in many cases run by private operators.
• Floors of shops and offices – parking for visitors to shopping and office centers. There are approximately 30 million of them. Such parking lots are almost always managed by private operators.
• Purpose built car parks are commercial parking lots specifically created to generate income. This type of parking is the smallest (about 10 million). They are the main object for investment.

The profitability of parking lots depends greatly on their location. The most profitable parking lots are near airports. They bring in an average of 1200 euros per year. The lowest income is near cultural sites and residential buildings (100 euros per year or less). Investing in parking is possible in two ways:

• investing in special funds that purchase a large number of parking spaces for subsequent rental;
• purchasing parking lots from companies involved in their equipment for subsequent sale.

As land prices rise, so does the cost of creating a parking space. For example, in London the average price of one place is in the range of 30-40 thousand pounds (about 3000 thousand rubles). At the same time, paid parking is not popular with the absolute majority of the population. The average London family spends £50 a year on parking. This is not a very large amount, but for many families the costs are several times higher.

Parking near airports is especially popular. Not everyone is ready to use taxi services, since it is expensive. For example, trips from central London to Heathrow and Gatwick airports cost between £45 and £75. The first day in paid airport parking costs 20 pounds, and every subsequent day costs 15. Therefore, when going on a trip for several days, it is more profitable to park your own car in paid parking.

Lately, I have often come across proposals for investing in parking at London and Glasgow airports, and in RuNet. The arguments of such intermediaries seem very convincing:

• the flow of passengers is constantly growing, and there are very few parking spaces;
• since the transaction can be completed online, there is no need for personal presence;
• if a parking space is purchased, income from renting it out begins to flow immediately;
• the investor does not do anything, he just rents out the parking lot to the management company.

Advertising for parking at Gatwick Airport is particularly active. Attempts to find reviews from at least one real investor in British airport parking lots have not yet been successful. But this is not necessary. In 2014, an oil field was discovered under the airport, the reserves of which are estimated at 100 billion barrels. This is more than 2 times the volume of oil produced in the North Sea over the entire period. The owner of Gatwick Airport, BAA Limited, has decided to gradually dismantle the airport, especially given the growing importance of another London airport, Stansted. Thus, aggressive parking advertising at Gatwick is no longer relevant.

It is extremely doubtful that some sites offer several dozen parking spaces for 20-25 thousand pounds when their cost is 1.5 times more expensive. In addition, the constant confusion in numbers (profitability, cost of renting out parking) demonstrated by intermediary companies (such as Parking Invest and Dom International) does not add any weight to this idea.

How are things going in Russia?

How are things going with investing in Russian parking lots? Let's consider the situation using the example of St. Petersburg and Moscow. As you know, investing in a property is profitable before it is put into operation. If we compare equal investments in residential real estate and in parking lots, the second option generally turns out to be more attractive. The calculations below are based on average prices for St. Petersburg without taking into account various negative factors.

But this table shows the profit that can be received after the sale of these objects. At the same time, for many investors, the rental option is more interesting. The number of cars per capita in Russia continues to grow, so the demand for parking is growing at a faster pace than the demand for housing. Let us now compare these types of real estate in terms of profitability when rented out.

And in this case, parking lots turn out to be more profitable for investment. In addition, a number of factors are not taken into account here. For example, to rent out an apartment, you must first furnish it with furniture and household appliances, and this also requires expenses. Often houses are put into operation in such a state that repairs need to be done before moving in. Therefore, investments in parking lots often turn out to be even more profitable compared to apartments.

In addition, if the floor or the view from the window may not be suitable for the tenant, then the main thing for parking is proximity to certain objects and safety. In addition, measures are constantly being tightened in relation to parking in the wrong place, up to the evacuation of the car to a impound lot, which is especially painful for business people, because... takes a lot of time. It is also worth considering that in 2015 alone, it was planned to demolish at least 25 thousand garages in St. Petersburg in order to free up space for housing construction.

The situation with parking in Moscow and the Moscow region is more complicated. The price bubble that exists in the real estate market has not spared parking. According to current regulations, each residential building being constructed must be equipped with a certain number of parking spaces. But at the moment in Moscow, approximately 30% of them are empty, which is explained too high prices. In the Moscow region, the share of empty parking spaces in new buildings even reaches 70%. On message boards, the lowest sales prices for one parking space are only slightly below 1 million rubles, but more often the prices significantly exceed this figure, reaching up to 5 million. Here are the approximate prices of parking spaces in Moscow (taken from the Miel-New Buildings website):

We must also take into account that operating costs amount to 500-600 rubles. per month for one parking space. The current situation is usually explained by representatives of developers as follows. In many cases, regulations on the creation of parking spaces are very difficult to implement in practice.

There is a catastrophic shortage of land for surface parking, and the installation of underground parking sharply increases the burden on investors, which affects the price. For example, going one tier underground costs 10-12% more than surface parking, and the third tier is 40-45% more expensive. As a result, developers often cannot sell parking spaces even at cost. In areas that have not yet reached the paid parking zone, there is still no incentive to purchase such parking spaces. According to current standards (MGSN 1.01-99), for the economy class there must be at least 1 parking space for each apartment, while for the business class there are already 2. Developers reimburse the costs of their equipment by increasing the price of apartments.

Do these facts mean that investing in Moscow parking lots is futile? The question is far from simple. On the one hand, such investments will probably not be able to pay off for several years. On the other hand, on the outskirts, where there is still enough space to create surface parking, the situation is changing quickly and over time the same shortage of space will arise as happened in more populated areas. This means that prices will inevitably rise, and the gradual expansion of the paid parking zone will force car owners to abandon the practice of leaving their car anywhere.