Humorous test of 100 questions. The humorous phrase test: results of a psychometric study using the evaluation version (Tuffaut). c) software and Internet resources
Purpose and content. TUF is an original, compact technique for diagnosing the motivational sphere of the individual, Personal characteristics associated with the understanding of humor. The instrument combines the advantages of a standardized measurement test and an individualized projective technique. Proposed by A.G. Shmelev and V.S. Boldyreva. The practical task of TUF is, according to the authors, primarily diagnostics for the purpose of individual psychological counseling and correction.
The test stimulus material consists of 100 humorous phrases (aphorisms), of which 60 are unambiguous in meaning, and the rest are ambiguous. The proposed aphorisms make it possible to identify the dominant attitude in the human subconscious towards increased sensitivity in one of the following areas:
1. Aggression - self-defense.
2. Intersexual relations.
3. Bad habits (in this case, drunkenness).
4. Money.
6. Career.
7. Family troubles.
8. Social problems.
9. Mediocrity in art and other creative endeavors.
10. Human stupidity.
The correlation of phrases with main areas (topics) was verified by normative experiments.
The projective nature of the test is that the subject enrolls both unambiguous and ambiguous stimuli in one class. The presence of an attitude in one or more of the listed areas is manifested in the fact that a person in ambiguous humorous phrases (and there are 40 of them in the method) captures exactly the meaning that corresponds to his attitude.
The test procedure is quite simple and takes from 20 to 30 minutes. The subject receives a list of the 10 areas listed above and the task to classify a set of cards with phrases according to the topics proposed in the list. The presence of an attitude (or attitudes) is judged by the number of phrases the subject has assigned to a particular area: the more cards assigned to a given area, the stronger the attitude towards it.
In turn, the installation may indicate several things:
About the presence of insufficiently realized, but quite strong needs in the subject in this area.
About the presence of strong problems in this area, causing constant emotional distress.
On the presence of complexes associated with this area
The technique is only able to answer the question regarding the presence of an attitude, but cannot fully explain it; this requires a special study that can only be carried out by a professionally trained psychologist. Methodical instructions. During the test, the psychologist must give the subject freedom of action, and in case of difficulties the latter encounters, provide him with support, explaining that any decision made has a place to be (“There are no correct sorting criteria, you can assign the card to any of the listed topics.” ). Repeated transfer of cards to subjects from one group to another should be prevented in order to avoid equalization of groups in size and, accordingly, average test results. Before starting the study, the subject receives the following instructions:
Instructions: “Here are 100 humorous phrases from different areas of life to which they can be attributed. Read these phrases and decide which area each one applies to.”
Stimulus material:
1. The writer had feathers, but he lacked wings.
3. Happiness is not in money, but in its quantity.
4. The cry of fashion is clearest in a foreign language.
5. You can’t live in the world without women, especially in the dark.
6. To properly understand a person’s soul, it is best to take it out.
7. A fool, improving, becomes round.
8. Whoever you get along with, you'll get along with.
9. Tell me what you are rich in, and I will tell you who you serve.
10. The initiative for the scandal belonged to the husband, and the sound design belonged to the wife.
11. “Patience and work will grind everything,” Evgeny Sazonov reminded his wife, grinding a mountain of dishes.
12. Everything in nature is connected, so it’s better not to live without connections.
13. Didn’t take anyone by the throat except a bottle.
14. The artist depicted the seaman with such similarity that just looking at the picture made you feel sick.
15. It was a quiet St. Bartholomew's night.
16. And the fig leaf falls away.
17. Clothes! My compass is earthly, and luck is the reward for courage.
18. There wasn’t a penny, and there won’t be a penny.
19. The force of gravity is felt especially strongly when you begin to climb the corporate ladder.
20. A strange picture was revealed to the eyes of the respected classic: it was a film adaptation of his novel.
21. If you think that you have already made a career, then you are not a real careerist.
22. I dreamed of flight of thought, but never got the flying weather.
23. Became an alcoholic.
24. “Measure seven times and cut once,” the old executioner explained to the young.
25. I took from life everything that was fashionable.
26. Money is the less evil the less there is.
27. I’m bored with you, I want to sleep with you.
28. A thought came to mind, and, not finding anyone, she left.
29. When choosing between two evils, choose both: then even this will not happen.
30. She hissed at her husband like soda water.
31. I drink no more than a hundred grams, but after drinking a hundred grams, I become a different person and start over.
32. Don't be afraid of this grenade: it's a hand grenade.
33. Children are the flowers of life. However, do not let them blossom.
34. “Man does not live by bread alone!” - shouted excited customers in line for meat.
35. How many beautiful thoughts perish in the labyrinths of convolutions!
36 The only thing that was courageous in him, he could not discover because of decency.
37. “This writing work is not easy,” said Evgeny Sazonov, daily taking 10 - 20 kg of his colleagues’ works to the waste paper collection point.
38. Keeping up with fashion, make sure that it does not turn the corner.
39. “Money is money!” - this phrase has a deep meaning, but there is no comma.
40. A calling is good, but a title is better.
41. The poet walked up the mountain, but this mountain was not Parnassus.
42. Striptease fashion: maxi, midi, mini, naked king.
43. Only a heavy wallet allows you to keep up with fashion.
44. “Strangling means loving” (Desdemona).
45. In a persistent search for brothers in mind, he ended up in a sobering station.
46. If you find a place in life, find it for your wife.
47. Wrote from a principled cash position.
48. The defense of the dissertation will be more successful if the banquet on this occasion is held 2-3 hours earlier.
49. God created women stupid so that they would love men.
50. Why do unlimited people most often have unlimited possibilities?
51. When quarreling, they threw chairs at each other, but this did not harm either family life or the chairs: the family was strong, and so was the furniture.
52. If a smart person goes uphill, it means he is financially interested.
53. “I have nothing left but you,” he admitted to her... three days before payday.
54. Complete fools don’t go out into public, they are rolled out.
55. The butcher built his material well-being on other people's bones.
56. His head was worth something... along with his beaver hat.
57. “Drinking is harmful to health,” said Judith, cutting off the head of the Assyrian military leader Holofernes, as soon as he fell asleep, intoxicated with wine and Judith’s caresses.
58. And headless horsemen sometimes prance on pegasi.
59. Only in a very good mood did she call her husband’s pay money.
60. Those who are given a tip drink cognac.
61. “Amazing - poison!” - said Salieri.
62. The violation of fashion by kings becomes fashion for their subjects.
63. A drunken look at things helps you get by without them.
64. The boss's wife is much better than the boss's wife.
65. If you have a smart wife, you will eat from the tree of knowledge; if you have a stupid wife, you will eat from the tree of life.
66. The vigilant store manager subjected vigilant probing to everything that the saleswoman had hidden behind the counter.
67. When she started talking about the black and brown fox, her husband looked at her like a wolf.
68. Not only did he pay his dues, but he also paid his friends.
69. It’s easier for a woman to climb the career ladder in a short skirt.
70. When the muses are silent, the wives of the poets speak.
71. What costs us the most is what cannot be obtained for any money.
72. It’s good when a woman has a husband, but it’s even better if he’s a stranger.
73. They drank so much in the story that alcohol could be distilled out of it.
74. Dreams of getting a lucrative front-line job.
75. At the sobering-up station, the mother and child room is reopened.
76. In this dining room you can not only kill a worm.
77. Women made him drunk, especially when he drank vodka in their company.
78. The latest cry of fashion often came from under the counter.
79. If you think all the time, then what is there to exist on?
80. He quickly climbed the career ladder: one “hand” was here, the other was there.
81. The fashion for the shape of the skull cost her a lot.
82. The more productive creativity is, the more necessary a refrigerator is.
83. I racked my head and broke my neck.
84. “And here I work for posterity,” Evgeny Sazonov proudly hinted, pointing the visitors to the sofa.
85. The law of universal gravitation towards a pattern.
86. Othello preferred a neckline to all fashions.
87. Intellectuals die sitting.
88. Sheep know how to live: they even have the blackest sheep in their karakul.
89. There are still so many Dantes vegetating outside of fame!
90. The forgotten writer sought oblivion in wine.
91. Many people marry for love because they do not have the opportunity to marry for convenience.
92. Fashion designers are called upon to dress women. And they always try to undress them.
93. Autumn happens to people too.
94. Even the role of Othello is played more truthfully if there is personal interest.
95. Curiosity towards women should not be idle.
96. Don’t spill the beans before abuse!
97. If your wife doesn’t follow fashion, you don’t have to follow her.
98. Not every group is powerful.
99. The more pleasant the forms, the more indifferent the content.
100. Graphomania is a need of the soul or the family budget.
Processing and interpretation of results. The number of cards for each of the ten motivational areas is counted. One card is equal to one point. The ten obtained indicators can be visualized as a profile. Unlike standardized tests, TLF indicators are compared within an individual profile: the ordinal structure of motivational tendencies is revealed: which topics are dominant, which are secondary, etc.
It should be noted that, according to the authors of TUF, indicators of tension in the motivational sphere can reflect not only the strength of the motive, but also the strength of the barrier (frustrator) of the need. Therefore, the subject's test results can be interpreted either in terms of the need object or in terms of the need frustrator.
Results:
The respondent prioritized as follows:
1. Intersexual relations.
3. Social problems.
4. Family troubles.
5. Aggression - self-defense.
6. Human stupidity.
7. Bad habits (in this case, drunkenness).
8. Money.
9. Career.
10. Mediocrity in art and other creative endeavors.
"Nothing shows the character of people like this,
as in what they find funny."
Johann Wolfgang Goethe
Objectives of the study
As you know, different people laugh at different things. This study attempted to confirm or refute this thesis. To do this, it is necessary to find out whether there are significant differences in humor preferences. And, secondly, are these differences so stable and significant in a statistical sense that an indirect psychodiagnostic technique can be built on them.Applied and methodological context of the study
Since 1982, under the leadership of A.G. Shmelev, a number of versions of the original Test of Humorous Phrases have been created (see Shmelev, Boldyreva, 1982; General psychodiagnostics, 1997; Dictionary-reference book for psychodiagnostics, 1999). The most widespread and recognized is the so-called classification version of this technique. In this case, the subject is asked to classify the humorous phrase (aphorism) into one of the thematic classes. This technique has revealed a number of advantages, but at the same time a number of disadvantages. It turned out to be more suitable for use in the context of advisory practice (in the client's situation) than for use in an examination situation - in the context of organizational (industrial) psychology. Over the years of liberal reforms, the very set of phrases on which TYuF was built has become significantly outdated and has lost its “freshness” and “social relevance.” Five years ago, the idea arose of updating the stimulus material (a set of phrases), as well as studying the psychodiagnostic capabilities of another methodological technique, based on asking the subject to evaluate how “funny” a particular phrase seems to him. We called this version of TYuF "evaluative", and it received the conditional working designation TYuF.The development of a standardized projective methodology TUFO (test of humorous phrases in its evaluative modification) is carried out as part of research related to the study of the possibility of indirect personality diagnosis (Big Five factors), based on the principle of evaluative scaling of humorous phrases.
The projective potential of the technique lies in the use of the method of scaling specific stimulus material (humorous phrases), which is not directly related to the main task of the test being developed - personality diagnostics (Big Five factors).
The main procedure for studying the possibility of indirect personality diagnosis was to check the external validity of the version of the test of humorous phrases (TUFO). As already noted, in this test subjects are asked to rate a humorous phrase according to the degree of humor. The Big Five test was used as an external validity criterion.
This, in turn, made it possible to identify jokes that people with certain personal characteristics laugh at.
"EXTRAVERSION-INTROVERSION"
For this scale, 19 significant correlations were obtained, among which directly correlated items predominated (18 items). Direct correlations indicate that respondents with a pronounced score on the high pole of the “Extroversion-Introversion” scale more often than others rate these jokes (18 phrases) as the funniest or wittiest, and, conversely, respondents with a pronounced low score (closer to the “introversion” pole). most often than others rate these jokes (18 phrases) as the least funny or witty.
Jokes with an inverse correlation (1 phrase) are rated higher by “introverts.” That is, what extroverts laugh at, introverts do not laugh at, and vice versa. But in general, as we see, the “extroverts” in our experiment laugh more often. Which should be recognized as a completely plausible substantive pattern, since it is with the “estraversion” pole that a higher level of “optimism” and “love of life” is associated. Let us recall, for example, that in this secondary factor R. Cattell includes his primary factor F from 16PF.
Most of the “meaningful” jokes that correlate with this Big Five scale are related to interpersonal relationships, addressed to the second person, and involve dialogue (“Girl, do you speak French?”; “If you told a lady a frivolous joke, but the lady doesn’t laugh, that means she knew him”; “Madam! You can still eat a banana”; “I said no to drinking, but she doesn’t react to it”, etc.).
In general, the humor of extroverts is somewhat unceremonious, mocking and even aggressive. Many phrases correlated with this factor belong to the classes “sadism” and “sex” - primitive organic jokes (“What you fertilized, it grew”; “If you eat milk with cucumbers at night, then your Finnish plumbing will pay for itself faster!” etc.). That is, this is the so-called “organismic” level, motives are triggered that are closely related to basal biological needs, which are usually subject to censorship of consciousness in people with a high level of socialization.
"CONSENT-INDEPENDENCE"
On this scale, 9 significant correlations were obtained, among which there are both direct (5 points) and reverse correlations (4 points).
Direct correlations indicate that respondents with a strong score on the “agreement” scale most often rate these jokes (5 phrases) as the funniest or wittiest, and, conversely, respondents with a strong score on the “independence” scale most often rate these jokes (5 phrases) ) as least funny or witty.
Jokes that directly correlate with this scale are self-deprecating in nature - non-conflict people laugh at themselves (“Modest silence is the best reason in a dispute with management”; “Who do you take me for, a fool?”; “What’s on a woman’s mind, then a man’s I can’t afford it!”, etc.).
Most of the "meaningful" jokes that are inversely correlated with this scale are related to the so-called. “black humor” - these are evil, cruel jokes (“A dead friend will not betray”; “Don’t touch daddy’s nose! And, in general, move away from the coffin”, etc.). These phrases belong to the class of “sadism”.
"SELF-CONTROL-IMPULSIVITY"
On this scale, 10 significant correlations were obtained, among which there are both direct (6 points) and reverse correlations (4 points).
Direct correlations indicate that respondents with a strong score on the “self-control” scale most often rate these jokes (6 phrases) as the funniest or wittiest, and, conversely, respondents with a strong score on the “impulsiveness” scale most often rate these jokes (6 phrases) ) as least funny or witty.
Jokes with an inverse correlation (4 phrases) are rated exactly the opposite by these respondents.
Jokes that directly correlate with this scale are recommendations, instructions for action (“Do not put the drops in your mouth! The inscription on the eye drops”; “Don’t shoot right away! Say hello first!”; “If you want to return from vacation later, warn your boss, but if you want come back earlier - warn your wife”, etc.). That is, people who have a high level of self-control consider jokes that also involve organized actions to be funnier.
Most of the “significant” jokes that inveterate with this scale are united by the use of emotional assessment categories (“racism is like a black man.” It should not be! ”;“ Husband is returned home suddenly from the Internet ... ”, etc.). That is, people who are characterized by impulsive actions consider jokes in which “verbal impulsiveness” is observed funnier.
"STABILITY-ANXIETY"
On this scale, 7 significant correlations were obtained, among which there are both direct (4 points) and reverse correlations (3 points).
Direct correlations indicate that respondents with a pronounced indicator on the “stability” scale most often rate these jokes (4 phrases) as the funniest or wittiest, and, conversely, respondents with a pronounced indicator on the “anxiety” scale most often evaluate these jokes (4 phrases) ) as least funny or witty.
Jokes with an inverse correlation (3 phrases) are rated exactly the opposite by these respondents.
Most “meaningful” jokes, both directly and inversely correlated with this scale, are assessments of various situations and phenomena; some observations, conclusions based on one’s own experience (direct: “If there is no meaning in a question, you should not look for it in the answer”; “It is better to do nothing than to do nothing”; reverse: “No one ever gossips about secret virtues other people" etc.). Apparently, anxious people are more likely than others to try to rationalize the phenomena of the surrounding reality, to get rid of uncertainty, so they rate jokes of this kind as funnier or wittier.
"LEARNING ABILITY-INERTITY"
For this scale, 15 significant correlations were obtained, among which inversely correlated items predominated (13 phrases).
Inverse correlations indicate that respondents with a pronounced indicator on the “learning ability” scale most often rate these jokes (13 phrases) as the least funny or witty, and, conversely, respondents with a pronounced indicator on the “inertia” scale most often evaluate these jokes (13 phrases) ) as the funniest or wittiest.
Jokes with direct correlation (2 phrases) are rated exactly the opposite by these respondents.
“Meaningful” jokes that inversely correlate with this scale are in one way or another related to the topics of money, work, professional self-actualization, careerism, competition (“Of course, happiness does not depend on the amount of money. But it’s better to cry in a limousine than on a bus”; “How not to work - there will always be a goat who works less and gets more"; "Everything in a businessman should be fine - the 600th Merc, and the dacha on the Canary Islands, and a control shot in the head..."; "As long as you measure seven times - others will already cut off!"; "The first traffic cop was Nightingale the Robber. He sat by the road, whistled and robbed").
Jokes that directly correlate with this scale are in the nature of some ridicule of others (“He had such a mentality that he could at least hire a watchman,” “It’s a pleasure to see you, but not to see you is another”).
The largest number of items correlating with the external factor falls on the first personality factor - “Extraversion” (19 items).
- fifth factor “Learning ability” - 15 points;
- third factor “Self-control” - 10 points;
- second factor “Agreement” - 9 points;
- fourth factor “Stability” - 7 points.
The maximum number of significant points on this scale out of all the Big Five factors is due to the fact that extroverted people are more sociable, open, and presumably laugh more often.
Thus, we have confirmed the statement that “different people laugh at different things,” and, therefore, we can state the possibility of indirect personality diagnosis.
This opens up certain prospects for further improvement of tests of this kind, which may lead to the fact that psychological testing from a tedious and time-consuming procedure, for example, filling out questionnaires containing many similar questions, will turn into a kind of entertainment. After all, what we laugh at reveals to a certain extent the essence of our personality.
The Test of Humorous Phrases (TUF) is a test developed by A.G. Shmelev and V.S. Babina. It is an original diagnostic technique that helps determine what drives a person’s actions and what motivates his activities.
Here is an abbreviated version of the methodology and method for calculating results, which requires approximately 10-15 minutes.
The test consists of topics and 43 statements. Your job is to determine which themes correspond to which statements. Do not strive to ensure that each topic has an equal number of
statements.
So, you read the phrase and assign it to one of the topics. The more statements that correspond to a theme, the more it determines your actions.
1. Aggression
2. Sexuality
3. Bad habits
6. Career
7. Family troubles
8. Troubles in society
9. Mediocrity in art
10. Stupidity
Statements
1. The writer had feathers. He was missing wings.
2. Happiness is not in money, but in its quantity.
3. To properly understand a person’s soul, it is best to take it out.
4. A fool, improving, becomes round.
5. The initiative for the scandal belonged to the husband, and the sound design belonged to the wife.
6. Didn’t take anyone by the throat except a bottle.
7. And the fig leaf falls.
8. If you think that you have already made a career, then you are not a real careerist.
9. I dreamed of flight of thought, but never got the flying weather.
10. “Measure seven times - cut once,” the old executioner explained to the young.
11. I’m bored with you, I want to sleep with you.
12. When choosing between two evils, take both: then even this will not happen.
13. Don't be afraid of this grenade: it's hand-held.
14. Children are the flowers of life. Don't let them get away with it, though.
15. When keeping up with fashion, make sure it doesn’t turn a corner.
16. Only a heavy wallet allows you to keep up with fashion.
17. “Strangling means loving” (Desdemona).
18. If you find a place in life, find it for your wife.
19. Why do limited people most often have unlimited opportunities?
20. The butcher built his material well-being on other people’s bones.
21. Those who are given a tip drink cognac.
22. The breaking of fashion by kings becomes fashion for their subjects.
23. If you have a smart wife, you will eat fruit from the tree of knowledge; if you have a stupid wife, you will eat from the tree of life.
24. The vigilant store manager subjected vigilant probing to everything that the saleswomen had hidden under the counter.
25. Not only did he pay his dues, but he also paid his friends.
26. When the muses are silent, the wives of the poets speak.
27. What costs us the most is what cannot be obtained for any money.
28. It’s good when a woman has a husband, but it’s even better when he’s a stranger.
29. They drank so much in the story that alcohol could have been distilled out of it.
30. Dreams of getting a lucrative front-line job.
31. At the sobering-up station, the mother and child room is reopened.
32. If you think all the time, what is there to exist on?
33. The more productive the creativity, the more necessary the refrigerator.
34. The law of universal gravitation towards a pattern.
35. Othello preferred a neckline to all fashions.
36. Intellectuals die sitting.
37. How many more Dantes vegetate in obscurity!
38. The forgotten writer sought oblivion in wine.
39. Many people marry for love because they do not have the opportunity to marry for convenience.
40. Even the role of Othello is played more truthfully if there is personal interest.
41. Curiosity towards women should not be idle.
42. If your wife doesn’t follow fashion, you don’t have to follow her.
43. Not every group is powerful.
If you determine that more statements are relevant to the topic
"aggression". This means that your actions are determined by the desire to
self-preservation. You are not entirely satisfied with your role in this world,
life lived. At the same time, you are characterized by an active life
position.
If the main theme is “sexuality,” then you are trying to get rid of
lack of attractiveness, overcome modesty, internal
moral prohibitions. Perhaps you should be less demonstrative
human in behavior
"Bad habits." You are driven by the desire to relieve tension,
get rid of feelings of guilt and shame. Do you have problems with
relationships - both formal and informal.
"Money". You are driven by the desire to compensate with material
well-being internal incompleteness. Are you trying to link the score?
himself as a person with an income level.
"Fashion". You are driven by the desire to increase your prestige, thirst
self-affirmation. You are very skeptical about public
morals, values, you are characterized by freedom, radicalism in external
kind of concern about these issues.
"Career". You are driven by the desire to achieve a high position,
with which you seek to compensate for the feeling of inner
dissatisfaction. You are ambitious.
"Family troubles." Do you strive to create such a family
well-being that matches your vision. You need
pay special attention to overcoming psychological barriers in
relationships with people.
"Mediocrity in art." You strive for beauty and harmony. You
sensitive, attentive to the nuances of relationships, responsive.
"Human stupidity." You strive for truth, self-affirmation and
possession of true knowledge. There are no barriers or conditions for you in
communication. You have a positive attitude towards working with people. At the same time
It won’t hurt you to increase your interest in your own inner world,
and to the nuances of other people’s experiences.
Test of humorous phrases (TUF)- an original compact diagnosis of the motivational sphere of the individual, which to a certain extent combines the advantages of a standardized measurement express test and an individualized projective technique. The authors of the method are V. S. Babina and A. G. Shmelev.
The methodology is based on the principle of thematic classification of ambiguous stimuli (humorous phrases or witticisms). Subjects classify ambiguous stimuli in accordance with their own apperception (discretion), assigning identical phrases to different topics - thematic constructs.
The increased motivational significance (dominance) of a topic leads to the fact that the subject apperceives this particular topic in ambiguous stimuli, ignoring all other topics (recognizing their secondary importance).
The stimulus material is a set of 100 humorous phrases printed on cards. 40 phrases clearly relate to one of 10 topics (4 phrases per topic), and 60 phrases are ambiguous (subjects see in them one or another topic from the same 10 main ones). All phrases used were published in domestic modern satirical and humorous publications (the largest contribution was the “Phrases” section from the 16th page of the Literaturnaya Gazeta). Based on normative experiments, ambiguous phrases were selected in such a way that the average value of 10 classes (for 10 given topics) were equal to each other. Stimulus material is easily multiplied, duplicated and, if necessary, refreshed with new jokes and new topics (which does not change the diagnostic principle underlying the technique).
The proposed version of TYUF used themes (their everyday names are given: 1) aggression-self-defense, 2) gender relations, 3) addictions (drunkenness), 4) money, 5) fashion, 6) career, 7) family troubles, 8) social troubles, 9) mediocrity in art, 10) human stupidity.
These themes were not the result of the application of any theoretical system for classifying motives, but were identified empirically using cluster analysis of expert assessments of several hundred published jokes, i.e., they reflect the most stable and widespread constructs of everyday consciousness.
The test procedure is simple and quick. The experimental psychodiagnostician offers the subject a deck of cards with humorous phrases and in the instructions disguises the personal orientation of the test, orienting the subject to the study of wit.
Processing the results. When moving on to processing and interpreting the results, it is necessary to translate the description of thematic constructs into the language of motivational themes: the appearance of a strong thematic construct (a large class of jokes) means increased tension (significance) of the corresponding motivational theme.
Calculating a test score does not require the use of keys: the diagnostician only needs to count the number of cards in the corresponding class in order to assign a certain score to the motivational topic. The ten indicators calculated in this way can be depicted as a profile. Unlike quantitative tests (MMIL, 16 LF), in which indicators on scales are associated with population norms, in this case the indicators are compared within an individual profile: the ordinal structure of motivational themes, dominant themes, secondary themes, etc. are revealed. The use of norms with an internal criterion in the test does not eliminate the possibility of obtaining population norms (it is known that classes such as 1st, 8th, 9th, 10th are common for most people).
When analyzing the motivational profiles of the test, it should be taken into account that the intensity of the motivational theme can reflect not only the strength of the currently satisfied motive, but also the strength of the obstacle blocking its satisfaction.
The test authors offer the following theoretical psychological interpretation of the topics used:
1. Aggression - self-defense: motive - self-preservation; barrier - various “aggressive” factors that threaten the physical integrity of the body.
2. Relationships between the sexes: motive - entering into intimate-sexual relationships, relieving tension from sexual dissatisfaction; the barrier is internal difficulties (lack of attractiveness, modesty) and social prohibitions internalized by the subject on the expression of sexuality outside of special situations of marital intimacy.
3. Addictions (drunkenness): motive - drinking alcoholic beverages, relieving tension with the help of psychopharmacological agents; barrier - social prohibitions internalized by the subject, manifested in feelings of guilt and shame; external difficulties (administrative persecution, high cost of alcoholic beverages, etc.)
4. Money: motive - personal material well-being; obstacle - lack of money, high prices, etc.
5. Fashion: motive - dedication, prestige, self-affirmation due to the possession of external attributes of social success; The obstacle is fashion races, shortages and high prices of prestigious goods.
6. Career: motive - achieving a high position in society, gaining wide recognition through advancement through the ranks; The obstacle is competition, the need for compromise, humiliation, and disguise as an ordinary worker.
7. Family troubles: motive - family well-being; barrier - behavior of family members (spouse, children) that does not meet the subject’s expectations or objective difficulties (low family income, lack of living space).
8. Social troubles: motive - social well-being; the barrier is asociality, the “unconsciousness” of those around them who violate the norms of social justice and civil property.
9. Mediocrity in art: motive - the search for beauty, harmony, aesthetic sensitivity; The obstacle is the aesthetic unprincipledness of the so-called “people of art”, the abundance of mediocre works.
10. Human stupidity: motive - knowledge, the desire for truth as an independent value, self-affirmation in the possession of true knowledge; the barrier is ignorance, the limitations of others.
To distinguish between the objective and barrier levels of the content of actual motivation in each specific case, additional diagnostic information is needed. Therefore, TUF is recommended to be used in a battery with other techniques (primarily TAT), as well as in combination with a conversation and analysis of the subject’s biographical data.
Additional notes:
1. When interpreting the pronounced “peak” on the diagnostic profile, the psychologist must take into account (in the individual case) the possibility of inversion of the functions of motive and barrier. For example, a “peak” on the first topic can mean both excessive aggressiveness (active-defensive reaction to fear - frustration of the need for self-preservation), and excessive “masochistic” passive insecurity (depression, passive-defensive reaction). As in the construct test, the TYF indicates the significance of the thematic construct, rather than the individual's position on the construct-axis continuum.
2. A pronounced “failure” (low score on a topic) may mean “apperceptive” blindness in relation to a highly significant topic - a repressive mechanism of psychological defense (suppression under the influence of internal censorship, etc.).
3. When interpreting data, you should, as in other multidimensional tests, analyze not only isolated topics, but also take into account their combinations, expressed in the simultaneous increase or decrease in the tension of certain pairs or triplets of topics. In addition, analysis of the inclusion of items from a “foreign” topic in a class makes it possible to identify the gluing of thematic constructs.
4. Unlike ordinary test questionnaires, where the profile can be simultaneously “raised” or “lowered” on all scales, in this case ipsative norms are used - the “area under the curve” of the profile remains constant, equal to 100 (the number of phrases in the test) : some topics “attract” (apperceive) phrases from other topics.
5. Various topics have a heterogeneous theoretical and psychological status:
- body needs - topics 1, 2, possibly 3;
- individual needs - topics 4, 5, 6, possibly 3, 7, 8;
- Personal needs - topics 9, 10, possibly 7, 8.
Psychometric indicators of the test
Reliability-consistency (simultaneous reliability) was achieved during the construction of the test by selecting phrases based on the results of cluster analysis. Validity testing was carried out in three different experiments. In the first series, the TUF profile was compared with the profile of motivational themes of the same name, reconstructed using Group Personality Assessment (a survey of group mates). The overall correlation of profiles based on the results of 32 tested students gave a significant but low value (0.34). For only one topic - “money” - there is a fairly high agreement between group assessments and test results (0.45). This is quite natural when applied to students, for whom the tension of this topic indicates, rather, not a special greed (consumerism), but an increased strength of the barrier - the shortage of money itself. As a result, in this sample, this topic turned out to be “socially positive” and accessible to an external observer. The sensitivity of TYuF to latent motives was shown by the second experiment, in which convergent validation of TYuF and TAT was undertaken. TAT protocols were coded for three sample themes (1, 2, 6) by three independent experts. The correlation of the TAT and TYuF profiles (on three topics) reached a high value of 0.85 (results of 28 subjects). This result proves that a simple and economical TUT for certain tasks can be close in effectiveness to the cumbersome TAT technique.
The third experimental validity criterion was constructed according to the logic of “known groups”. The test authors received a statistically significant increase in the theme “sadism” (at the p level< 0,001) у 24 больных с депрессивным синдромом по сравнению с нормой.
As mentioned above, TUF is recommended for use in diagnostic situations where test data can be supplemented by parallel sources of biographical and clinical information about the subject. But as part of diagnostic batteries, TUF acquires special significance, which is due to the fact that express diagnostics of intense motivational “foci” allows the psychologist to orient the direction of further diagnostic work with the client. Therefore, conducting TUF at the beginning of a psychodiagnostic study can play a certain role in the correction or selection of the composition of methods.
Below is a list of humorous phrases and a key - topic numbers corresponding to single-valued and polysemantic phrases.
Key to the test
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Instructions.
"This is a test for understanding humorous phrases. Each humorous phrase or joke has a specific content. You need to understand this content and relate the phrase to the appropriate topic." The names of the topics, printed on separate cards, are laid out in front of the subject."
List of humorous phrases
1. The writer had feathers. He was missing wings.
2. The further you want to jump, the lower you need to bend.
3. Happiness is not in money, but in its quantity.
4. The cry of fashion is clearest in a foreign language.
5. It is impossible to live without women in the world, much less in the dark.
6. To better understand a person's soul, it is best to take it out.
7. A fool, improving, becomes round.
8. Whoever you get along with, you'll get along with.
9. Tell me what you are rich in, and I will tell you who you serve.
10. The initiative for the scandal belonged to the husband, and the sound design belonged to the wife.
11. “Patience and work will grind everything,” Evgeny Sazonov reminded his wife, grinding a mountain of dishes.
12. Everything in nature is interconnected, so it’s better not to live without connections.
13. Didn’t take anyone by the throat except a bottle.
14. The sea hulk was depicted by the artist with such similarity that just looking at the picture made you feel sick.
15. It was a quiet St. Bartholomew night...
16. And the fig leaf falls away.
17. Clothes! My compass is earthly, and luck is the reward for courage.
18. There wasn’t a penny, and there never will be!
19. The force of gravity is felt especially strongly when you begin to climb the corporate ladder.
20. A strange picture was revealed to the eyes of the respected classic: it was a film adaptation of his novel.
21. If you think that you have already made a career, then you are not a real careerist.
22. I dreamed of flight of thought, but never got the flying weather.
23. Became an alcoholic.
24. “Measure seven times - cut once,” the old executioner explained to the young.
25. I took from life everything that was fashionable.
26. The less money there is, the greater the evil.
27. I’m bored with you, I want to sleep with you!
28. A thought occurred to him, but not finding anyone, she left.
29. When choosing between two evils, take both: then even this will not happen.
30. She hissed at her husband like soda water.
31. I don’t drink more than a hundred grams, but after drinking a hundred grams, I become a different person, and this other person drinks a lot.
32. Don't be afraid of this grenade - it's hand-held.
33. Children are the flowers of life. Don't let them get away with it, though.
34. “Man does not live by bread alone!” - shouted excited customers in line for meat.
35. How many beautiful thoughts perish in the labyrinths of convolutions.
36. The only thing that was courageous in him, he could not discover because of decency.
37. “This writing work is not easy,” says Evgeny Sazonov, daily taking 20 kg of his colleagues’ works to the waste paper collection point.
38. Keeping up with fashion, make sure it doesn’t turn a corner.
39. Money is money! This phrase has deep meaning, but there is no comma.
40. A calling is good, but a title is better.
41. The poet walked up the mountain, but this mountain was not Parnassus.
42. Striptease fashion: masks, midi, mini, naked king.
43. Only a heavy wallet allows you to keep up with fashion.
44. “Strangling means loving” (Desdemona).
45. In a persistent search for brothers in mind, he ended up in a sobering station.
46. If you find a place in life, find it for your wife.
47. Wrote from a principled cash position.
48. The defense of a dissertation will be more successful if a banquet on this occasion is held two to three hours before it starts.
49. God created women stupid so that they would love men.
50. Why do limited people most often have unlimited opportunities?
51. When quarreling, they threw chairs at each other, but this did not harm either family life or furniture: the family was strong, and so was the furniture.
52. If a smart person goes uphill, it means he is financially interested.
53. “I have nothing left but you,” he admitted three days before payday.
54. Complete fools do not go out into public. They are being rolled out.
55. The butcher built his material well-being on other people’s bones.
56. His head was worth something... Along with his beaver hat.
57. “Drinking is harmful to health,” said Judith, cutting off the head of the Assyrian military leader Holofernes, as soon as he fell asleep, intoxicated with wine and Judith’s caresses.
58. And headless horsemen sometimes prance on Pegasi.
59. Only in a very good mood did she call her husband’s pay money.
60. Those who are given a tip drink cognac.
61. "Amazing - poison!" - said Salieri.
62. The violation of fashion by kings becomes fashion for their subjects.
63. A drunken look at things allows you to do without them.
64. The boss's wife is much better than the wife's boss.
65. If you have a smart wife, you will eat from the tree of knowledge; if you have a stupid wife, you will eat from the tree of life.
66. The vigilant store manager subjected vigilant probing to everything that the saleswomen had hidden behind the counter.
67. When she started talking about the silver fox, her husband looked at her like a wolf.
68. Not only did he pay his dues, but he also paid his friends.
69. It is easier for a woman to climb the career ladder in a short skirt.
70. When the muses are silent, the wives of the poets speak.
71. What costs us the most is what we cannot get for any money.
72. It’s good when a woman has a husband, but it’s even better when he’s a stranger.
73. They drank so much in the story that alcohol could have been distilled out of it.
74. Dreams of getting a lucrative front-line job.
75. At the sobering-up station, the mother and child room is reopened.
76. In this canteen you can kill more than just a worm.
77. Women made him drunk, especially when he drank vodka in their company.
78. The latest cry of fashion usually comes from under the counter.
79. If you think all the time, then what is there to exist on?
80. He quickly climbed the career ladder: one “hand” here, the other there.
81. The fashion for the shape of the skull cost her a lot.
82. The more productive creativity is, the more necessary a refrigerator is.
83. I racked my head and broke my neck.
84. “And here I work for posterity,” Evgeny Sazonov proudly hinted, pointing the visitors to the sofa.
85. The law of universal gravitation towards a pattern.
86. Othello preferred a neckline to all fashions.
87. Intellectuals die sitting.
88. Sheep know how to live: they have the blackest sheep in their karakul.
89. How many more Dantes vegetate in obscurity?
90. The forgotten writer sought oblivion in wine.
91. Many people marry for love because they do not have the opportunity to marry for convenience.
92. Fashion designers are called upon to dress women. They always try to undress them.
93. Don’t go without a bottle!
94. Even the role of Othello is played more truthfully if there is personal interest.
95. Curiosity towards women should not be idle.
96. Don’t spill the beans before abuse.
97. Not every group is powerful.
98. If your wife doesn’t follow fashion, you don’t have to follow her.
99. The more pleasant the forms, the more indifferent the content.
100. Is graphomania a need of the soul or the family budget?
