Basic Dutch verbs with pronunciation. Dutch grammar • Dutch grammar. Time vocabulary
Genus. On the basis of the male and female genders, a common gender was formed in the 17th century, which is now opposed to the middle one. Some dictionaries traditionally distinguish 3 genders, but in colloquial speech the distinction between masculine and feminine gender is lost: regardless of which of them the word belonged to previously, concrete nouns are replaced by the personal pronoun hij (literally “he”), and abstract nouns by the pronoun zij “she”, but this does not affect the declination in any way. So, there are now actually two grammatical genders: general (“male-female”), characterized by the definite article de, and neuter, marked by the definite article het. There are no external signs of the genus: for example, the word waard "drake" refers to the general genus, paard "horse" - to the neuter one. Sometimes grammatical gender does not match natural gender: the nouns wijf "woman" and meisje "girl" are neuter!Number. The main way of forming the plural is the ending -(e)n (in colloquial speech it is pronounced [-(e)]): boek “book” -> boeken, mens “man” -> mensen, linde “linden tree” -> linden. In this case, spelling alternations take place: oor “ear” -> oren, mol “mole” -> mollen, reus “giant” -> reuzen, duif “dove” -> duiven.
Using the ending -s, plural forms are formed. from two- or polysyllabic nouns, mainly ending in a sonant (l, m, n, r) or vowel: generaal "general" -> generaals, film "film" -> films, molen "mill" -> molens, leger "army" " -> legers, ra "rea" -> raas. This also includes derived nouns with the suffixes -aar, -aard, -el, -em, -en, -er, -erd, -eur, -ie, -je, -kje, -ler, -pje, -sel, - ster, -tje, for example: deksel "lid" -> deksels, brigadier "foreman" -> brigadiers, ingenieur "engineer" -> ingenieurs, bloempje "flower" -> bloempjes, zangster "singer" -> zangsters, balletje "ball " -> balletjes.
The most important exceptions: engel "angel" -> engelen; christen "Christian" -> christenen; lauwer "laurel" -> lauweren; middel "means" -> middelen; wonder "miracle" -> wonderen.
There are variations: amandel "almond" -> amandelen/amandels; eigenaar "owner" -> eigenaren/eigenaars; premie "premium" -> premien/premies; natie "nation" -> natien/naties.
Differentiation of meanings is possible: vaders “fathers”/vaderen “ancestors”, letters “letters”/letteren “literature”, redens “relationships”/redenen “reasons”.
A number of nouns s.r. form plural ending -eren: kind "child" - kinderen, ei "egg" - eieren, kalf "calf" -> kalveren, lam "lamb" -> lammeren, goed "goods" -> goederen.
There are irregular formations with vowel alternation: dag "day" -> dagen, pad "path" -> paden, stad "city" -> steden, schip "ship" -> schepen, lid "member" -> leden...
Case. The noun declension system is represented by nominative and possessive cases. The latter is formed by the ending -s: ("s) vaders huis "father's house" (literally "father's house").
In high style, it is possible to use genitive case forms for nouns that were historically feminine and/or used in the plural, for example de geschiedenis der Nederlandse taal "history of the Dutch language", where der is the book form of the gender. opr.art. w.r. and plural, along with the usual de geschiedenis van de Nederlandse taal; compare the so-called "biblical genitive" case in combination de dag der dagen (literally "day of days", i.e. "the most significant day"). The main way of expressing the relationship of a noun to other words is word order and prepositions: zij vertelde de leraar de hele geschiedenis “she told the teacher the whole story.”
Article
Indefinite article all genders (exists only in singular) - een. Definite article general gender - de, middle gender - het ("t").Book form of the genitive case of the definite article zh.r. and plural - der (see examples above). Archaic form of gender. definite article m. and sr.r. - des; it is presented in frozen combinations such as een steen des aanstoots "stumbling block".
Adjective
Adjectives in modern Dutch don't bow. The agreement in gender and number is preserved only in sr.r. The adjective comes in two main forms: short (hoog "high", nieuw "new") and full with the ending -e (hoge, nieuwe). The first is typical primarily for the predicative (de huizen zijn hoog “high houses”) or with a noun w.r. without an article (op hoog bevel "by order from above") or with an indefinite article (een hoog huis "high house"), the second - in other positions.There are, however, several types of deviations: ons telefonisch onderhoud “our conversation on the phone”, een Nederlands schrijver “Dutch writer”, het Nationaal Ballet “National Ballet”, etc. In some cases, these forms differentiate the meaning: een groot schilder “great artist " - een grote schilder "high artist", een goed leraar "good teacher" - een goede leraar "good teacher"; however, these differences are not absolute. Of the substantivized forms, we note the form with -s (partitive genitive in origin): daar is wat schoonste zien “you can see something beautiful there,” niets bijzonders “nothing special.”
Degrees of comparison. The comparative degree is formed, as a rule, by adding the suffix -er, the superlative - -st: groot "big" - groter - grootst. Adjectives starting with -r are given in comparative form. additional consonant -d-: duur “dear” - duurder. There are a number of irregular and suppletive forms: na “close” - nader - naast; goed "good" - beter - best... The superlative adjective is usually used with the definite article. When comparing different states or parts of the same object, a special construction is used: "te Antwerpen is de Schelde het breedst" in Antwerp the Scheldt is the widest. Elative is common: met het beste genoegen "with the greatest pleasure"; liefste moeder "dear mother" .
Verb
Dutch verbs have 2 simple and 6 complex tense forms, 2 voices (active and passive), 3 moods (indicative, imperative and subjunctive). Verbs are divided into strong, weak and various types of irregular.The main types of strong verbs (we give a series of infinitives - preterite - second participle): grijpen “grab” - greep - gegrepen; kiezen "to choose" - koos - gekozen; vinden "to find" - vond - gevonden; lezen "read" - las - gelezen; spreken "to speak" - sprak - gesproken; dragen "to carry" - droeg - gedragen; hangen "to hang" - hing - gehangen. In the course of historical development, the initial alternations of high-frequency verbs are obscured: gaan “to go” - ging - gegaan; zien "to see" - zag - gezien; slaan "to beat" - sloeg - geslagen.
Weak verbs have the suffix -t-, -d- or zero in the preterite and second participle, depending on the outcome of the stem: maken “to do” - maakte - gemaakt; wonen "to live" - woonde - gewoond; zetten "to plant" - zette - gezet; schudden "to shake" - schudde - geschud. There are a number of irregular weak verbs: brengen "to bring" - bracht - gebracht; denken "to think" - dacht - gedacht; kopen "buy" - kocht - gekocht; zoeken "to search" - zocht - gezocht...
Separable (always stressed) prefixes in the main clause are torn off from the verb and placed at the end of the sentence: opstaan “get up” - zij staat vroeg op “she gets up early”; in the imperative: sta op! In subordinate clauses the prefix does not come off: ...dat zij vroeg opstaat "...that she gets up early." In the second participle the prefix comes before ge-: opgestaan. The particle te comes between the prefix and the root: om op te staan "to stand up." Verbs with inseparable prefixes of the element ge- in the second participle do not have: vertalen “to translate” - vertaald.
The verb is conjugated by persons and numbers, although the inventory of personal endings is scarce: -(e)n, -(e)t and zero. Examples of present and preterite forms using the verb noemen “to call” as an example. Present tense (present): singular - I person noem, II l. noemt, III l. noemt; plural - I and III persons noemen, II l. noemt (noemen). Simple past (preterite): singular. - all persons noemde, plural - all faces are noemden.
The analytical forms of the verb are formed using the auxiliary verbs hebben (the main lexical meaning is “to have”), zijn (“to be”), zullen (“to have”) and worden (“to become”). Paradigms of these verbs. Present: singular - I person heb, ben, zal, word, II l. hebt, bent, zult, wordt, III l. heeft, is, zal, wordt; plural - I and III persons hebben, zijn, zullen, worden, II l. hebt, bent, zult, wordt. Preterite: singular - all faces had, was, zou, werd; I and III faces - all faces hadden, waren, zouden, werden, II l. had, was, zou, werd.
The analytical forms of the active voice are as follows. Perfect (present of hebben + II participle): ik heb genoemd. Plusquaperfect (preterite of hebben + II participle): ik had genoemd. The perfect and plusquaperfect of verbs of change of state and some others are formed using the verb zijn: het weer is veranderd “the weather has changed”, ik ben gebleven “I stayed”. Some verbs have different auxiliary verbs with different shades of meaning: hij heeft vergeten de briefte posten "he forgot to send the letter", but hij is het gedicht vergeten "he forgot (can't remember) the poem."
Future tense futurum I (present of zullen + infinitive I): ik zal noemen. Futurum II (present of zullen + infinitive II): ik zal genoemd hebben. Future I in the past (preterite of zullen + infinitive I): ik zou noemen. Future II in the past (preterite of zullen + infinitive II): ik zou genoemd hebben. The agreement of tenses is characteristic: hij zei, dat hij blij was “he said he was glad.”
In the use of verb tenses, we note a purely Dutch feature - the so-called. the historical perfect, used in a preterital context as a means of highlighting a particularly important event and as a way of enlivening the narrative.
The passive action is formed by the verb worden and the second participle: het boek werd gelezen “the book was read.” The passive state is formed by the verb zijn + II parable: het boek is gelezen “the book has been read.” The indefinite-personal construction coincides in form with the passive of action; it also uses intransitive verbs: es werd veel over hem gepraat “they talked a lot about him.”
The reflexive construction is formed in the 1st and 2nd persons singular. and plural using the objective case of the personal pronoun, and in III l. units and plural - through the reflexive pronoun: zich wassen “to wash” - je was je “you wash”, hij heeft zich gewassen “he washed”.
The imperative form coincides with the verb base and is the same for units. and plural: lees! "read (those)!". Polite encouragement to eat. and plural has the form: leest u! The verb zijn has the form wees in the imperative.
There is also an analytical procedural construction: hij is aan het lezen “he is reading” (at the moment).
Various shades of discrepancy between the statement and reality are expressed by forms homonymous to the forms of the indicative mood, or by various analytical constructions ik wil, dat hij komt “I want him to come”; hij doet het, opdat hi zijn vriend zou kunnen helpen "he does this in order to be able to help his friend"; had ik gelegenheid gehad, dan was ik stellig naar u toe gekomen "if I had the opportunity, I would certainly come to you." In the book style, present forms of the subjunctive mood are also used, mainly with the meaning of recommendation, encouragement, etc.: men bedenke, dat het niet zo eenvoudig js “it should be borne in mind that this is not so simple”; men neme een lepelvol boter... "take a spoonful of butter..."; a number of such forms are actually lexicalized: het ga je goed “good luck to you, all the best to you”; dat ware te wensen "it would be desirable" etc.
Pronoun
Personal pronouns have forms of the nominative and objective cases, abbreviated IP and OP (III literal plural has special forms for the dative and accusative), and many of them have stressed and unstressed forms (the latter are given below in parentheses).Forms of personal pronouns: singular. - I l. IP ik ("k), OP mij (me); II l. - IP jij (je), OP jou (je); polite form (you) - IP + OP u; III l. m.r. - IP hij , OP hem("m); III l. w.r. - IP zij (ze), OP haar ("r, d"r) (only about persons!) or ze (also about persons); III l. s.r. IP+OP het ("t); plural of all genders - I l. IP wij (we), OP ons, II l. IP+OP jullie, polite form IP+OP u, III l. IP zij (ze ), DP hun, VP hen (both last forms are only about persons) or OP ze (also about persons).
Reflexive pronoun: zich.
Possessive pronouns They all have the same form, with the exception of I l. plural (unstressed options are given in brackets): singular. - I l. mijn (m"n), II l. jouw (je), polite form uw, III l. m.+sr.r. zijn (z"n), f.r. haar("r, d"r); plural - I l. onze (with noun sr. ons), II l. jullie, polite form uw, III l. hun or haar ("r, d"r). They can be used substantively - with the definite article and -e, for example. elk het zijne “to each his own,” and about persons - with the article and indicator -en, for example de onzen heb ik niet gezien “I haven’t seen ours.”
Demonstrative pronouns. General gender (OR) deze, s.r. dit "this". OR die, s.r. dat "that one". OR zo"n, zulke, sr. zulk "such". OR Dezelfde, sr. hetzelfde "same". Instead of combining the preposition with dat, dit in substantive use, as well as with personal pronouns of the third letter, replacing noun - non-person or noun, pronominal adverbs with contact or distance elements hier- or daar- are used: hierdoor kwam hij te laat “because of this he was late”; daarover niet tevreden “I’m dissatisfied with this.” Some of these pronominal adverbs coincide in meaning with adverbs with the element er-, but they are always stressed, unlike the latter, which are always unstressed.
Interrogative pronouns. Wie "who". Wat "what"; with prepositions is replaced by pronominal adverbs: op wat -> waarop, met wat -> waarmee... Compare: waaraan dacht je?/waar dacht je aan? "What were you thinking about?" OR welke, sr. welk "what". Wat voor ("n) "what the".
Indefinite pronouns. Iemand "someone". Iets "something". Een of ander "some kind". Een, ene "one, certain".
Negative pronouns. Niemand "nobody", niets "nothing". Geen "no".
Relative pronouns. OR die, s.r. dat "which": de man, die ik ken "the person I know"; in the complement function, wie and wat are used respectively (the latter forms a pronominal adverb with the preposition): de man, met wie ik werk “the person with whom I work”; alles, wat hij zegt "everything he says"; de hond, waarmee het kind speelt "a dog with which a child plays"; de man, van wie hij de vriend is "a person whose friend he is", de mannen, wier vrienden... "people whose friends...". The pronoun welk(e) "which" is used in bookish style.
Indefinite personal pronoun. Men: men zegt "they speak".
Impersonal pronoun. Het: het wordt donker "it gets dark"; het is tijd "it's time". Er is used in an indefinite-personal construction as an imaginary subject: er stond een huis op de hoek van de straat “there was a house on the corner of the street.”
Determinative pronouns. Elk, ieder "each", iedereen "each (as a noun)", alle "all", enkele, enige "some", zelf "himself" (used postpositively, without inflection).
Reciprocal pronoun. Elkaar (elkander and other book variants).
Not only is the Dutch language, but also Frisian, and the majority of the country’s residents speak English quite fluently, additionally speaking one or two more foreign languages (mainly German and French), as I have already told you. It is for this reason that a trip to the city does not require additional effort to study, since you can easily communicate with local residents without knowing a single thing.
But, oh, these ubiquitous “buts”, on the other hand, in order to avoid getting into an awkward situation, like, say, breaking into the closed doors of a store or restaurant when “Closed” is written on them in black and white, I also don’t seem to want to.
Today I have for you a small educational program of useful words, the knowledge of which can be useful when traveling.
Useful Dutch words:
Closed - Gesloten
Open – Open or Geopend
Opens to self - Trekken
Opens up from oneself - Duwen
Outside - Buiten
Inside – Binnen
Busy – Bezet
Available – Vrij
Login - Ingang
Exit - Uitgang
Ticket - Kaart
On the cabin monitor the inscription “buiten dienst” means our Russian “to the park” and, therefore, it will not be possible to get inside. The same inscription on the ATM monitor means that it is out of order or has temporarily run out of bills.
Doesn't work - Werk niet
No smoking – Verboden te roken
No entry - Verboden doorgang
Private territory – Prive gebied
For those travelers who prefer to go on their travels having learned a few words or phrases to communicate with the people of a country in their own language, you will find below a small dictionary of useful phrases.
Useful Dutch phrases:
Hello - Hallo [halo′],
Goodbye - Dag [dah],
Do you speak English? - Spreek u Engels? [spray yu enels],
Sorry - Pardon [pardo′n],
Please - Alstublieft [alstublieft],
Yes - Ja [i]
No – Nee [ney],
Delicious - Lekker [lekker],
Beautiful - Mooi [my]
[heze′lh] is a rather important word for, which they use everywhere, giving different meanings, which can be translated as cool, cozy, great.
, you need to remember words that are pleasing to the eye and wallet:
Discount - Korting,
Free - Gratis
It is advisable to use the formal version of the word “Thank you” with people you do not know, while the informal version is more suitable for friends and acquaintances.
Thank you! (formal version) - Dank u! [dank yu′],
Thank you! (informal version) - Dank je! [dank yo],
If you add the word “wel”, then the expression of gratitude will sound like “Thank you very much.” In , the words “thank you” and “please” are used regularly in everyday conversations and interactions, in different forms. As a polite visitor, you can follow this example (in any language, by the way ;)).
Dutch language (Dutch)(in Dutch) Netherlands) belongs to the West Germanic languages and has about 20 million speakers, mainly in the Netherlands and Belgium. Small communities of Dutch speakers are found in northern France near Dunkirk, as well as on the island. Aruba, Netherlands Antilles, Suriname and Indonesia.
The official or standardized version of Dutch is called Algemeen Beschaafd Nederlands (ABN), "universal Dutch". It is taught in schools and used in government agencies in the Netherlands, Flanders (Belgium), Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles. An association called Taalunie (Language Union), organized by the government of the Netherlands and Flanders, regulates the spelling and spelling of the universal Dutch language. Alternative names for Common Dutch are Algemeen Nederlands (AN), Common Dutch, and Standaardnederlands, Standard Dutch.
The Dutch dialects in Belgium are collectively known as Flemish (Vlaams). To some extent, they differ from the Dutch language used in the Netherlands in their intonation and pronunciation, as well as minor differences in vocabulary, including loanwords from French and English that are not found in standard Dutch.
Standard Dutch evolved from the Low Frankish dialect (Niederfränkisch) of Low German. The earliest mention of the Old Frankish language is found in a Latin manuscript of the 9th century. under the title "Laws of the Salic Franks", as well as in translations of the psalms. Some poetic works written in Middle Dutch between the 12th and 13th centuries have also survived. Translation of the Bible into Dutch, the Staten-Bijbel, dating from 1619-1637. became the first major work in modern Dutch.
Dutch alphabet (Nederlands alphabet)
| A a | B b | C c | D d | E e | F f | G g | H h | I i |
| a | be | ce | de | e | ef | ge | ha | i |
| Jj | K k | Ll | Mm | Nn | O o | P p | Q q | R r |
| je | ka | el | em | en | o | pe | ku | er |
| Ss | T t | U u | V v | W w | X x | Y y | Z z | |
| es | te | u | ve | we | ix | y | zet |
Note:
The digraph, IJ ij (lange ij) was originally written in the form of the letter Y y, which is now used mainly in borrowed words of foreign origin.
Phonetic transcription of the Dutch language (Nederlandse uitspraak)
Vowels and diphthongs
Consonants
Notes:
- b = [p] at the end of the word, [b] in other positions
- d = [t] at the end of a word, [d] in other positions
- e = [ǝ] in unstressed syllables
- g = [x] at the beginning of a word, [ʁ] in other positions (in some regions of the Netherlands). In some dialects g = [ɣ]
- r is not usually pronounced before q. In other positions = [r]. In some dialects r = [ʁ] or [ʀ]
Dutch is the mother tongue of about 23 million people in the Netherlands and Belgium, making it the seventh most spoken language in the world. The variety of Dutch spoken in Flanders (part of Belgium) is often called "Flemish", although the extent to which Flemish and Dutch are distinct from each other and whether they can be called separate languages is controversial. Dutch is also the official language of the Republic of Suriname.
The Dutch language, which belongs to the Germanic language group, has much in common with languages such as German, English, Danish and Swedish.
Learning Dutch
Compared to many other languages, Dutch is quite simple because it is based on a few principles. The same can be said about regular conjugations [temporarily, only in English]. Once you learn the conjugation rules, you can conjugate any Dutch verb. Irregular verbs and their conjugations should, however, be memorized.
You also need to learn three: the indefinite article “een” (similar to the English “a”) and the definite articles “de” and “het” (the English “the”). Those who have studied German, Russian or Latin may be happy to learn that Dutch has no cases. This means that you do not need to use different articles or adjectives for subjects and objects. [temporary, English only] are conjugated only depending on the type of noun (nouns "de" or "het") they precede.
The most difficult part of Dutch grammar can be called [temporary, English only]. There are general guidelines for constructing correct and natural-sounding Dutch phrases and sentences, but the easiest way is to read more Dutch.
Dutch is also challenging for Dutch language learners. How difficult this will be for you depends on which language is your native language. The throaty "g" is less of a problem for Spanish or Arabic speakers than it is for English or Japanese speakers. But all Dutch learners are almost unanimous that the most difficult sounds to perfect are the diphthongs.
You will spend 30 minutes on this lesson. To listen to the word, please click on the Audio icon . If you have any questions regarding this course, please contact me by email: Learn Dutch.
Below is a list of the most commonly used words, the scope of which is: Verbs. The table below has 3 columns (Russian, Dutch and pronunciation). Try to repeat the words after listening. This will help you improve your pronunciation and also remember the word better.
List of adjectives
| Russian language | Verbs | Audio |
|---|---|---|
| drive a car | Rijden | |
| find | Vinden | |
| give | Geven | |
| have | Hebben | |
| know | Weten | |
| study | Leren | |
| love | Beminnen | |
| play | Spelen | |
| read | Lezen | |
| see | Zien | |
| smile | Lachen | |
| speak | Spreken | |
| -think-- | Denken | |
| understand | Begrijpen | |
| work | Werken | |
| write | Shrijven |
Here is a list of sentences containing several vocabulary items shown above topic about: Verbs. Sentences are added to help you understand how the structure of an entire sentence can affect the function and meaning of individual words.
Verbs with examples
Time vocabulary
This is a list of time vocabulary. If you learn the following words by heart, it will make your conversations with the natives much easier and more enjoyable.
Time vocabulary
| Russian language | Time | Audio |
|---|---|---|
| days | (none are capitalized) | |
| Monday | maandag | |
| Tuesday | dinsdag | |
| Wednesday | Woensdag | |
| Thursday | donderdag | |
| Friday | vrijdag | |
| Saturday | zaterdag | |
| Sunday | zondag | |
| January | January | |
| February | February | |
| March | Maart | |
| April | April | |
| May | Mei | |
| June | Juni | |
| July | Julie | |
| August | Augustus | |
| September | September | |
| October | October | |
| november | November | |
| December | December | |
| autumn | herfst | |
| winter | winter | |
| spring | voorjaar/lente | |
| summer | zomer | |
| seasons | Seizoenen | |
| months | Maanden | |
| time | tijd | |
| hour | uur | |
| minute | minuut | |
| second | seconde |
Daily Talk
Dutch phrases
| Russian language | Dutch | Audio |
|---|---|---|
| I was born in July | Ik ben in Juli geboren | |
| I will come to you in August | Ik kom in Augustus bij jou op bezoek | |
| See you tomorrow! | Zie je morgen | |
| Today is Monday | Vandaag is het Maandag | |
| Winter here is very cold | Winter is hier erg koud | |
| Yesterday was Sunday | Gisteren was het Zondag | |
| Are you married? /Are you married? | Ben je getrouwd? | |
| I am unmarried / I am unmarried. | Ik ben vrijgezel | |
| Will you marry me? Will you marry me? | Wil je met mij trouwen? | |
| Give me your phone number. | Mag ik jouw telefoonnummer hebben? | |
| Give me your email. | Mag ik jouw e-mail hebben? |
Benefits of learning a language
The ability to communicate in a new language opens the door to a new culture. It is important to have a vocabulary and know grammar in your arsenal, but the culture of the country is also part of the learning. We recommend that you get acquainted with the traditions, history, way of thinking and life principles of native speakers.
