Megrelian dictionary into Russian. The meaning of Mingrelian language in the linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. Language situation and writing

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Mingrelian language map

Mingrelian language(self-name მარგალურ ნინა, margalur nina listen)) is the language of Mingrelians, one of the Kartvelian languages ​​of northwestern Georgia. The approximate number of speakers is 650 thousand people.

About the name

Name options: Mingrelian, Iversian, Egerian. Georgian names: მეგრული ენა (megruli ena), outdated. odišuri, iveriuli ena. In Abkhazian it is called agyrshaa.

Range and numbers

Traditionally distributed in 7 regions of Western Georgia (Zugdidi, Tsalenjikha, Khobi, Chkhorotsk, Martvili, Senaki, Abash) and the city of Poti, united in the historical region of Megrelia; as well as in the border regions of Abkhazia (Gal and part of Tkuarchal districts, Ochamchira). In addition, the majority of the adult Abkhaz population of the Ochamchira region speaks Mingrelian to one degree or another. In the extreme east of Megrelia between the Tskhenistskali and Nogela rivers (east of the Abash and Martvili regions), the Mingrelian language was completely replaced by the Georgian language by the beginning of the 20th century.

It is quite difficult to determine the exact number of speakers. About 400 thousand speak Megrelian in the Megrelian region (estimate based on 2002 census data). A large number of migrants from Megrelia (up to 300-400 thousand) live in other regions of Georgia (especially in the cities of Tbilisi, Kutaisi, Batumi), but not all of them speak Megrelian.

Previously, the Zan languages ​​occupied a continuous strip of land along the eastern shore of the Black Sea. But then (it’s difficult to say exactly when, but no later than the beginning of the 2nd millennium AD) the middle of this territory was settled by Georgian-speaking immigrants from more eastern regions (possibly Imereti), who assimilated the local population and gave rise to modern Gurians and Adjarians.

Sometimes, especially in Georgia, you can hear the opinion that Mingrelian and Laz are dialects of the same language. However, this point of view is not confirmed by either structural or sociolinguistic criteria (speakers of these languages ​​lack mutual understanding, a common literary language, and a common ethnic identity).

Dialects

There are two close dialects:

• Senaki(Odisha, eastern; self-name. senak'iš) - distributed in the east of Megrelia (northern basin of the Rioni River) with a center in Senaki;
• Zugdidi-Samurzakan(Western; self-named. zugidiš-murzaqaniš) - in the west of Megrelia (with a center in Zugdidi) and in the Gali region of Abkhazia (historical Samurzakan). It includes the Dzhvar dialect in the north of Megrelia, along the Inguri River.

The criteria for their identification are mainly phonetic and lexical; there is no clear boundary between dialects; There is good mutual understanding between dialect speakers.

The inhabitants of Samurzakan come from a mixture of Mingrelians and Samurzakans who switched to Mingrelian - an ethnic group of Abkhazians, back in the middle. XIX century who spoke Abkhazian (in 1926, 10% of the population of Samurzakan still spoke Abkhazian).

Language situation and writing

Functions primarily as an oral means of communication. Georgian is used as the main literary and written language, which is spoken by the vast majority of native speakers.

The first attempts to introduce writing were made in the 1860s (Cyrillic alphabet). The compiler of the first Mingrelian grammar was the Russian teacher Mikhail Zavadsky. Since the 1920s The Georgian alphabet (with several additional letters) began to be regularly used, and several newspapers were published (Kazaxiši Gazeti, Komuna, Samargaloš Čai, Narazeniš Čai, Samargaloš Tutuni). All this was stopped in 1938.

Since then, writing has been used in private correspondence. Only in the 1990s. Several books appeared in Megrelian (mainly dictionaries and poetry collections). But in Georgia, Mingrelian continues to be considered a dialect of Georgian (and Mingrelians as part of the Georgians) and the development of writing in it is not encouraged.

In Abkhazia, the newspaper “Gal” (“გალი”) is currently published in the Abkhaz, Russian and Mingrelian languages.

History of the language

As a result of centuries-old influence from the Georgian language, the structural changes caused by it affect all levels of the linguistic structure. In phonetics, this is strengthening the position of the phoneme Q; in morphology - the appearance of a number of allomorphs of affixal morphemes (for example, e- for the passive); in syntax - the development of a complex sentence; in vocabulary - a significant increase in the vocabulary.

Grammatical characteristics

There are 9 cases (in Georgian - 7). The syntax has stronger signs of the nominative system compared to Georgian.

Phonetics and phonology

The phonemic inventory is characterized by a comparative richness of consonantism with moderate development of vocalism. There are a total of 28 consonant phonemes with 5 vowels. There are no true long vowels or true diphthongs.

In cells with three consonants, they are arranged in the following order: voiceless / voiced / aberrant.

Links

• Megrelian project at Lund University (Sweden)
• Kartvelian languages ​​(Zurab Sarjveladze)
• Two sons of one mother’: Georgian, Mingrelian and the challenge of nested primordialisms (chapter 7 of book by L. Broers above).

Literature

• Beridze Sh. Megrelian (Iversian) language. Introduction and materials. Tbilisi, 1920 (in Georgian).
• Gudava T. E. (comp.) Georgian folk literature. Mingrelian texts. Poetry. Tbilisi, 1975 (in Georgian).
• Zhgenti S. M. Phonetics of the Chan-Mingrelian language. Tbilisi, 1953 (in Georgian).
• Kipshidze I. Grammar of the Mingrelian (Iversian) language with a reader and dictionary. // Materials on Japhetic linguistics. VII. St. Petersburg, 1914.
• Klimov G. A. Megrelian language // Languages ​​of the world: Caucasian languages. M., 2001.
• Khubua M. Megrelian texts. Tbilisi, 1937 (in Georgian).
• Tsagareli A. Mingrelian sketches. Vol. I. Mingrelian texts with translations and explanations. Vol. P. Experience in phonetics of the Mingrelian language. St. Petersburg, 1880.
• Chikobava A. S. Grammatical analysis of the Chan (Laz) dialect with texts. Tbilisi, 1936 (in Georgian).
• Chikobava A. S. Chan-Mingrelian-Georgian comparative dictionary. Tbilisi, 1938 (in Georgian).
• Kluge Th. Beiträge zur Mingrelischen Grrmmatik. Memnon (Zeitschrift für die Kunst- und Kultur-geschichte des Alten Orients). T. VII, H. 1-2. 1913.
• Laurence Broers (2004), Containing the Nation, Building the State - Coping with Nationalism, Minorities, and Conflict in Post-Soviet Georgia.

In recent months, residents of Georgia, natives of the western Georgian province of Mingrelia (Samegrelo - Georgian), have become more active in Georgian-language social networks, expressing concern about the fate of the Mingrelian language. For example, a group called “People's Movement – ​​Samegrelo” has been created on the social network Facebook, which currently has about 800 members. There are quite lively discussions going on here about the fate of the Mingrelian language. The same discussions are taking place in some other groups of the same network, as well as on Georgian forums on the Internet.

Of course, activity on the Internet is often marginal in nature and is considered by many analysts as a “storm in a teacup,” or activity that does not have a serious impact on current reality. However, as the population “internetizes,” this segment becomes increasingly closer to current socio-political processes and the corresponding activity on the World Wide Web cannot always be ignored.

Moreover, in the case of the Mingrelian language, the problem is really on the agenda. The official media, especially the electronic ones, pay almost no attention to this problem and keep it ignored. This may indicate that the course of all the governments of Georgia imputing to each other is the gradual “Georgianization” of the Mingrelian population, that is, the displacement of the Mingrelian language even from family life.

In Georgian society and in scientific and public circles, there are two points of view on the Mingrelian language itself (as well as Svan). Most linguists agree that the Mingrelian language is an independent language of the Kartvelian group, which also includes Georgian, Svan, and Laz languages. However, there are some scientists and social activists who defend the opinion that the Mingrelian language is a dialect of the unified Georgian language. The same opinion was once expressed by Catholicos-Patriarch of Georgia Ilya II. In general, we can assume that this point of view is determined by the desire to prevent the growth of “separatist” sentiments among the Mingrelians, if their language is declared a separate language and allowed into certain areas, for example, education, media, etc.

At the moment, there are no precise sociological studies on the state of the Mingrelian language or the dynamics of its spread. In Mingrelia, almost until the 19th century, the local language was practically the only means of communication. Only the top of the feudal lords and representatives of the clergy spoke the Georgian language, and it had not yet been formed as the literary language of the new industrial era. Most peasants did not speak Georgian and could not read or write in it.

In the 19th century, when the territory of Georgia became part of the Russian Empire, the issue of the Mingrelian language in the Samegrelo region became quite acute, as schools and other educational institutions that were absent in the feudal era were created. Steps were taken to create an alphabet for the Mingrelian language based on the Cyrillic alphabet and to translate church books into Mingrelian. However, these events caused a sharp reaction from the Georgian intelligentsia and clergy. A significant part of the Mingrelian aristocracy also generally adhered to a pro-Georgian orientation. The authorities did not dare to support the development of the Mingrelian language as an independent language, and it was left on the sidelines of socio-political and cultural processes.

The situation almost repeated itself in the 1920s and 30s in the Soviet Union. This time, a significant part of the Mingrelian party and state apparatus advocated not only the introduction of the Mingrelian language into the sphere of education, newspapers and book printing, but even supported the idea of ​​​​creating an autonomous region in Samegrelo. Accordingly, they had opponents, both locally and in the center, in Tbilisi, including among people from Mingrelia. Stalin was aware of the unfolding struggle and at first favored the “autonomist” group led by I. Zhvania, but L. Beria took a different position, and in 1937 Zhvania was shot, and his projects were curtailed.

After Georgia gained independence, relations between the Mingrelia region and the center developed quite interestingly, i.e. Tbilisi. At the first stage, the so-called During the national liberation struggle, the regions of Western Georgia, including Mingrelia, actively participated in it. Many leaders of the “informals” came from these regions. In 1990, Z. Gamsakhurdia, the son of the writer K. Gamsakhurdia (who at one time actively opposed the development of the Mingrelian language), came to power. However, the situation developed in such a way that Z. Gamsakhurdia began to be considered a president who relies mainly on the western Georgian provinces and especially Mingrelia. Accordingly, the overthrow of Gamsakhurdia was perceived by a significant part of the Mingrelians as an “anti-Mingrelian” act, which was carried out by privileged layers in Tbilisi who did not want to see the dominance of the “upstarts”.

The trauma suffered by the residents of Mingrelia during the civil war has not yet been completely healed. Therefore, Z. Gamsakhurdia is still considered something of a semi-mythical “folk hero” in the minds of many Mingrelians. Partly due to the hostility of the region’s residents towards the figure of E. Shevardnadze, whose supporters defeated the “Zviadists” in the civil war, Mingrelia in 2003 actively supported M. Saakashvili, whose mother bears a Mingrelian surname. And this support remained almost until 2014, and the nationalists even now claim that Mingrelia is on their side.

At the same time, rarely in any era has the Mingrelian language been subjected to such pressure from the Georgian language as during the reign of Saakashvili. As noted above, there are no accurate sociological measurements yet of the extent to which the Mingrelian language is or is not being squeezed out of family life by the Georgian language, but according to the subjective observations of many residents of this region who speak out on social networks, such a process is taking place in some municipalities, especially in the eastern ones. which are adjacent to Imereti and Guria.

The overthrow of Saakashvili, although it did not take place in a bloody form, as under Gamsakhurdia, was somehow reminiscent of that era to many Mingrelians who supported the nationals. After the arrival of the new government, the number of immigrants from Mingrelia in the highest echelons of power immediately decreased sharply. True, a politician of Mingrelian origin was recently elected mayor of Tbilisi, which clearly indicates the desire of the authorities to prevent further alienation of the residents of Mingrelia from the all-Georgian political and legal space.

Mingrelians live not only in Mingrelia itself, but also in Tbilisi and in the eastern regions of Abkhazia. In Tbilisi, their number is not known exactly, since such a count is not carried out, but a rough estimate shows that it could be up to 10-12% of the population, including refugees from Abkhazia. At the same time, a significant part of the Tbilisi Mingrelians, especially those whose ancestors moved to the capital decades ago, have lost or almost lost their Mingrelian identity - some of them do not know the language, while others speak from “Great Georgian” positions, as if ashamed of their Mingrelian identity and trying to appear “ "greater Georgians" than the Kartlians - residents of the central region of Georgia, which gave its name to the entire country (in Georgian).

Some Mingrelians, even in Tbilisi, retain full knowledge of their native language and Mingrelian identity, especially for recent migrants and some refugees from Abkhazia. As for the Mingrelians in Abkhazia, this issue has caused and continues to cause fierce debate among scientists and historians from different countries.

Many Georgian historians have argued that a significant part of modern Abkhazians are Mingrelians by origin, as they are descendants of Mingrelian peasants who moved to Abkhazia in the 16th - 18th centuries. The reason for the resettlement, in their opinion, was that in Abkhazia at that time early feudal relations prevailed, with mountain specifics, where feudal oppression was comparatively less pronounced, while in Mingrelia by that time late feudal relations had developed, with heavier duties for peasants . Abkhaz scientists, on the contrary, argue that in the Gali and Ochamchira regions the assimilation of Abkhazians by Mingrelians and Georgians took place, especially in the 19th-20th centuries. One way or another, the fact remains that many Mingrelians and Abkhazians have the same surnames (and quite similar external characteristics), which indicates that mutual assimilation took place in the past.

At the moment, the Mingrelian population in Abkhazia lives mainly in the territory of the Gali region (within the old borders), where it constitutes the majority (several tens of thousands of people). In the past, especially in the 1990s, there was a so-called border zone. a partisan movement encouraged from Tbilisi, but it gradually faded away - especially after the deployment of Russian border guards on the border between Abkhazia and Georgia. The central governments of Georgia made efforts to preserve pro-Georgian sentiments among the population of the Gali region, supported education in schools in the Georgian language, etc.

In turn, the Abkhaz authorities tried and are trying to help the growth of Mingrelian identity among the local Georgian population, hoping that this will lead to an end to their orientation towards Tbilisi. Attempts were made to organize the production of newspapers and television programs in the Mingrelian language. According to the latest information, a television studio is again going to be opened in Gali, which will broadcast programs in the Mingrelian language. Many Mingrelian activists welcomed this fact and called on the Georgian government not to see the “machinations of enemies” in this, but to also join the process of protecting and saving the Mingrelian language.

This issue did not go unnoticed by Western embassies and various organizations in Georgia. One of the events of Mingrelian activists in Zugdidi last year was held under the auspices of an American non-governmental organization. They are probably studying the mood in society and calculating further options for the development of events. The West has its own answer to the requests of regional and linguistic minorities - the so-called. European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Also, as is known, processes of regionalization of many large states (for example, Great Britain, Spain, Italy, etc.) are taking place in the European Union itself. Therefore, the West will try to make promises to Mingrelian activists about the prospects for the future regionalization of Georgia and the protection of the Mingrelian language within the framework of the European Charter, if Georgia becomes part of a united Europe, and thereby attract these activists to its side. At the same time, Georgian governments, both current and future, will apparently continue their assimilationist policy towards Mingrelia and other linguistic and national minorities and will delay taking any effective steps in this direction until the last moment.

MEGREL LANGUAGE

(Mingrelian language) is one of the Kartvelian languages. Distributed in the West. Georgia: to 3. from the river. Tskhenistskali and in the adjacent strip of Abkhazia (toponymy indicates a much wider area of ​​​​M. Ya. in the past). Number of speakers approx. 400 thousand people M. I. is divided into 2 close dialects - Senaki and Samurzakans-Zug-Dida (main mode with lexical differences). Close to the Laz yachyk. There is a dialect in the vocalism. alternation of i/e and u/e, as well as an abundance of assimilation processes. In consonantism, metatheses in complexes of consonants, the accumulation of ligas, process, q > ", as well as strong palatalization 1. The distribution of vowels and consonants in the text is more uniform than in the Georgian language. In the declension paradigm there are 9 cases, from MINGRELIAN 289 3 are based on gechitpve. 2 cases of the subject -i and -k are peculiar, not determined by the transitivity of the verb-predicate. The egalitarian degree of the adjective is specific. There are about 90 preverbs of locative semantics, certify, prefix, and also a prefix of the category of reciprocity. In the syntax, both composition and subordination of sentences are common. In word formation, there are both affixes of derivation and models of composition. There is a large proportion of lexemes borrowed from the language. cargo, lit. unwritten language. # Tsagareli A., Mingrelian etudes, v. 2 - Experience in phonetics of the Mingrelian language, St. Petersburg, 1880; Kipshidze I., Grammar of the Mingrelian (Iversian) language with a reader and dictionary, St. Petersburg. 1914; Zh gen t and SM., Phonetics of the Chan-Megrelian language, Tb., 1953 (in Georgian). G. A. Klimov.

Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. 2012

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what the MEGRELian LANGUAGE is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

• MEGREL LANGUAGE in the Literary Encyclopedia:
  (Mingrelian) - belongs to the so-called. "Kartvelian" group of Japhetic languages. (see) Caucasus. Both phonetically and...
• MEGREL LANGUAGE
  (Mingrelian) belongs to the Caucasian (Iberian-Caucasian) languages ​​(Kartvelian languages). Divides into 2 dialects: Zugdidi-Samurzakan and ...
• MEGREL LANGUAGE in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  language, Mingrelian, Iversian language, unwritten language of the Kartvelian group of languages ​​(see Kartvelian languages). Represented in the west of the Georgian SSR by two...
• MEGREL LANGUAGE
  (Mingrelian), belongs to the Caucasian (Iberian-Caucasian) languages ​​(Kartvelian languages). Divides into 2 dialects: Zugdidi-Samurzakan and ...
• LANGUAGE in Wiki Quotebook:
  Data: 2008-10-12 Time: 10:20:50 * Language is also of great importance because with its help we can hide our...
• LANGUAGE in the Dictionary of Thieves' Slang:
  - investigator, operative...
• LANGUAGE in Miller's Dream Book, dream book and interpretation of dreams:
  If in a dream you see your own tongue, it means that soon your friends will turn away from you. If in a dream you see...
• LANGUAGE in the Newest Philosophical Dictionary:
  a complex developing semiotic system, which is a specific and universal means of objectifying the content of both individual consciousness and cultural tradition, providing the opportunity...
• LANGUAGE in the Dictionary of Postmodernism:
  - a complex developing semiotic system, which is a specific and universal means of objectifying the content of both individual consciousness and cultural tradition, providing...
• LANGUAGE
  OFFICIAL - see OFFICIAL LANGUAGE...
• LANGUAGE in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  STATE - see STATE LANGUAGE...
• LANGUAGE in the Encyclopedia Biology:
  , an organ in the oral cavity of vertebrates that performs the functions of transportation and taste analysis of food. The structure of the tongue reflects the specific nutrition of animals. U...
• LANGUAGE in the Brief Church Slavonic Dictionary:
  , pagans 1) people, tribe; 2) language, ...
• LANGUAGE in the Bible Encyclopedia of Nikephoros:
  like speech or adverb. “The whole earth had one language and one dialect,” says the writer of everyday life (Gen. 11:1-9). A legend about one...
• LANGUAGE in the Lexicon of Sex:
  multifunctional organ located in the oral cavity; pronounced erogenous zone of both sexes. With the help of Ya, orogenital contacts of various kinds are carried out...
• LANGUAGE in Medical terms:
  (lingua, pna, bna, jna) a muscular organ covered with a mucous membrane located in the oral cavity; participates in chewing, articulation, contains taste buds; ...
• LANGUAGE in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  ..1) natural language, the most important means of human communication. Language is inextricably linked with thinking; is a social means of storing and transmitting information, one...
• LANGUAGE in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  
• LANGUAGE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  1) natural language, the most important means of human communication. Language is inextricably linked with thinking; it is a social means of storing and transmitting information, one...
• LANGUAGE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  2, -a, pl. -i, -ov, m. 1. Historically developed system of sound, vocabulary and grammatical means, objectifying the work of thinking and being ...
• MEGRELIAN in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  , -aya, -oe and MINGREL-SKY, -aya, -oe. 1. see Mingrelians and Mingrelians. 2. Relating to the Mingrelians (Mingrelians), to their language, ...
• LANGUAGE
  MACHINE LANGUAGE, see Machine language...
• LANGUAGE in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  LANGUAGE, natural language, the most important means of human communication. Self is inextricably linked with thinking; is a social means of storing and transmitting information, one...
• LANGUAGE in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  TONGUE (anat.), in terrestrial vertebrates and humans, a muscular outgrowth (in fish, a fold of the mucous membrane) at the bottom of the oral cavity. Participates in…
• MEGRELIAN in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  MEGREL LANGUAGE (Mingrelian), belongs to the Caucasus. (Iberian-Caucasian) languages ​​(Kartvelian languages). It has 2 dialects: Samurzakan-Zugdidi and ...
• LANGUAGE
  languages"to, languages", languages", language"in, language", language"m, languages", language"in, language"m, languages"mi, language", ...
• LANGUAGE in the Complete Accented Paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
  languages" to, languages", languages", language" in, language", languages"m, languages"to, languages", language"m, languages"mi, language", ...
• MEGRELIAN in the Complete Accented Paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
  Megrelian, Megrelian, Megrelian, Megrelian, Megrelian, Megrelian, Megrelian, Megrelian, Megrelian, Megrelian, Megrelian, Megrelian, Megrelian lysky, Megrelsky, Megrelsky, Megrelsky, Megrelsky, Megrelsky, Megrelsky, Megrelsky, ...
• LANGUAGE in the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  - the main object of study of linguistics. By Ya, first of all, we mean natural. human self (in opposition to artificial languages ​​and ...
• LANGUAGE in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms:
  1) A system of phonetic, lexical and grammatical means, which is a tool for expressing thoughts, feelings, expressions of will and serves as the most important means of communication between people. Being...
• LANGUAGE in the Popular Explanatory Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Language.
• LANGUAGE
  "My Enemy" in...
• LANGUAGE in the Dictionary for solving and composing scanwords:
  Weapon …
• LANGUAGE in Abramov's Dictionary of Synonyms:
  dialect, dialect, dialect; syllable, style; people. See people || the talk of the town See spy || master the tongue, restrain the tongue, ...
• MEGRELIAN in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language.
• MEGRELIAN in the New Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
  adj. 1) Related to the Mingrelians, associated with them. 2) Characteristic of Mingrelians, characteristic of them. 3) Belonging...
• MEGRELIAN in Lopatin's Dictionary of the Russian Language.
• MEGRELIAN in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language.
• MEGRELIAN in the Spelling Dictionary.
• LANGUAGE in Ozhegov’s Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  1 movable muscular organ in the oral cavity that perceives taste sensations; in humans, it is also involved in articulation. Licking with the tongue. Try on...
• LANGUAGE in Dahl's Dictionary:
  husband. a fleshy projectile in the mouth that serves to line the teeth with food, to recognize its taste, as well as for verbal speech, or, ...
• LANGUAGE in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
  ,..1) natural language, the most important means of human communication. Language is inextricably linked with thinking; is a social means of storing and transmitting information, one...
• LANGUAGE
  language (book language, obsolete, only in 3, 4, 7 and 8 characters), m. 1. An organ in the oral cavity in the form of ...
• MEGRELIAN in Ushakov’s Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  and Mingrelian, Mingrelian, Mingrelian. Adj. to Mingrelians and...
• MEGRELIAN in Ephraim's Explanatory Dictionary:
  Mingrelian adj. 1) Related to the Mingrelians, associated with them. 2) Characteristic of Mingrelians, characteristic of them. 3) Belonging...
• MEGRELIAN in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
  
• MEGRELIAN in the Large Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  adj. 1. Related to Mingrelians, associated with them. 2. Characteristic of Mingrelians, characteristic of them. 3. Belonging...