Read the Laurentian Chronicle online. The Tale of Bygone Years according to the Laurentian List - Alphabetical catalog - Runiverse Electronic Library. Features of the publication of the Laurentian Chronicle as part of the “Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles”

On June 20, 2012, employees of the Pskov library system (5 people), as part of a cultural delegation from the Pskov region, visited the Presidential Library. B.N. Yeltsin in St. Petersburg (Senate Square, 3). The reason for the visit to the library was the holding of a historical and educational conference “The Laurentian Chronicle. Historical memory and continuity of generations."

You can get acquainted with the conference program.

During the conference, reports were made on the 1150th anniversary of statehood, the significance of the Laurentian Chronicle for the history of Russia and the formation of our historical memory, and current issues of preserving the historical and cultural heritage of our country as a whole were discussed.

The conference participants were leading specialists from the State Hermitage Museum, the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow State University and St. Petersburg State University, managers and specialists of Russian national libraries, representatives of government bodies and public organizations, scientists and artists.

The central event of the conference was the presentation of the electronic version of the Laurentian Chronicle. A documentary was shown on the plasma panel about how the digitization of the manuscript took place.

As noted by Deputy General Director for Information Resources of the Presidential Library E. D. Zhabko, the electronic version of the Laurentian Chronicle took its rightful place in the collection “At the Origins of Russian Statehood,” prepared for the 1150th anniversary of the birth of Russian statehood. She emphasized that in the future this document could be included in the complete electronic collection of original Russian chronicles, which will be created by the Presidential Library together with partners.

The result of the meetings that lasted throughout the day was the conclusion that there was a unanimous understanding of the importance of creating (more precisely, recreating in electronic form) not just a historical document, but a document that contains the moral foundations of the ancestors, without which the existence and further future development of Russian society is impossible.

We express our deep gratitude to the State Committee for Culture of the Pskov Region for the opportunity for the employees of the Central Library to visit the Presidential Library of St. Petersburg and participate in the historical and educational conference.

The rest of the photos, which give a more complete picture of the trip to the Presidential Library, can be viewed in the album of our group in contact: http://vk.com/album-12518403_158881017.

Laurentian Chronicle. Information note

The Laurentian Chronicle, stored in the collections of the Russian National Library in St. Petersburg, is one of the most valuable and most famous monuments of the cultural and historical heritage of Russia. This handwritten book, created by the monk Lawrence in 1377, is the oldest dated Russian chronicle.

It contains the oldest list of the “Tale of Bygone Years” - the earliest ancient Russian chronicle work dedicated to the first centuries of the history of Rus' and which became the basis for the historiographic concept of the origin of Russian statehood. It is here that the ancient history of the Slavs is outlined and the story placed under the year 862 is read about the calling of the Varangians and the arrival of Rurik in Rus' in 862. This year is considered to be the year of the birth of Russian statehood

The Laurentian Chronicle got its name from the scribe, the monk Laurentius, who did the bulk of the work of copying the text. On the last pages of the manuscript, Lawrence left a note in which he said that the chronicle was created in 1377 with the blessing of the Bishop of Suzdal, Nizhny Novgorod and Gorodets Dionysius for the Nizhny Novgorod prince Dmitry Konstantinovich, and that it was copied “from an old chronicler.”

The manuscript contains 173 parchment leaves. Parchment - animal skin treated in a special way - served as the main writing material in Rus' until the beginning of the 15th century, when parchment was replaced by paper. The material of the letter itself testifies to the venerable antiquity of the monument. Only three parchment Russian chronicles have survived to modern times. In addition to the Laurentian Chronicle, the only one precisely dated, this is the Synodal copy of the First Novgorod Chronicle, stored in the State Historical Museum in Moscow, which has significant losses of text, and the Trinity Chronicle, which burned in Moscow in 1812.

The narration of historical events in the Laurentian Chronicle extends up to 1305, reflecting the South Russian, Vladimir, Rostov and Tver chronicles in its various parts. The monument is the main source on the history of North-Eastern Rus'. The Laurentian Chronicle preserves unique works of ancient Russian literature. Only in the Laurentian Chronicle is read (under the year 1096) the famous Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh, which came down only in this single list.

Over its long life, the Laurentian Chronicle changed owners several times. The book was kept in the Nizhny Novgorod Annunciation Monastery, then belonged to the Nativity Monastery in Vladimir. In the 18th century the manuscript ended up in the library of the St. Sophia Cathedral of Veliky Novgorod, from where in 1791, among other manuscripts, it was sent to Moscow and came to the Chief Prosecutor of the Synod, Count Alexei Ivanovich Musin-Pushkin (1744-1817). From that time on, the Laurentian Chronicle was introduced into scientific circulation and soon became one of the main sources of all Russian historiography. N. M. Karamzin actively used the monument in his work on “The History of the Russian State.” It is the Laurentian Chronicle that opens the publication of the Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles (the first edition of the First Volume of the series was published in 1846). D.S. Likhachev chose the Laurentian Chronicle as the main source when preparing the academic publication “The Tale of Bygone Years” (in the series “Literary Monuments”, M.-L., 1950).

The fate of the Laurentian Chronicle is truly unique. In 1811 A.I. Musin-Pushkin presented the most valuable manuscript as a gift to Emperor Alexander I, and this gift saved the monument from destruction in the Moscow fire of 1812. Alexander I transferred the Laurentian Chronicle to the Imperial Public Library (now the Russian National Library) for eternal storage on August 27, 1811. Since then, the Laurentian Chronicle has been kept in the Library's Manuscripts Department for the storage of especially valuable monuments.

Despite everything, the Laurentian Chronicle did not burn and reached us, and this is also its uniqueness. The monument continues to live, influencing the modern life of society and each of us.

In 2012, in the year of celebration of the 1150th anniversary of the birth of Russian statehood, on the initiative of the Center of National Glory and the Russian National Library, a digital copy of the Laurentian Chronicle was made and a project was carried out to present the monument on the Internet. After all, it is very important to “touch”, to see the original source, the manuscript itself - and now everyone can do this. Access to the Laurentian Chronicle has been ensured by modern technologies for every citizen of Russia.

On June 20, 2012, a new and truly worthy Internet resource was opened, allowing everyone to familiarize themselves with and study the most valuable manuscript, which has preserved on its pages the centuries-old historical memory of the people.

The digital version of the Laurentian Chronicle is posted on the portals of two libraries.

Access mode to the Laurentian Chronicle of 1377:

Russian National Library (RNL) - http://expositions.nlr.ru/LaurentianCodex

You need to click the VIEW option at the bottom, install the viewing program Silverlight.exe, return to the viewing page and directly familiarize yourself with the Laurentian Chronicle. The necessary set of options allows you to study the document as comfortably and usefully as possible.

Laurentian Chronicle" is a parchment manuscript containing a copy of the chronicle code 1305, made in 1377 by a group of scribes under the leadership of the monk Laurentius on the instructions of the Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod prince Dmitry Konstantinovich from a copy of the early 14th century. The text begins with the “Tale of Bygone Years” and ends with 1305. The manuscript contains no news for 898?922, 1263?1283, 1288?94. The code of 1305 was the grand-ducal “Vladimir Code”, compiled during the period when the Tver Prince Mikhail Yaroslavich was the Grand Duke of Vladimir. It was based on the code of 1281, supplemented (. with 1282) Tver chronicle news. Lawrence's manuscript was written in the Annunciation Monastery in Nizhny Novgorod or in the Vladimir Nativity Monastery. In 1792 it was acquired by A.I. Musin-Pushkin and subsequently presented to Alexander I, who gave the manuscript to the Public Library (now named after M. E. Saltykova-Shchedrin), where it is stored.

The Laurentian Chronicle is one of the oldest Russian chronicles, which is an important historical and literary monument of the Eastern Slavs. It received its name from the name of the monk Lawrence, who, by order of the Suzdal and Nizhny Novgorod Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich, rewrote it from the old one in 1377. chronicler who recounted events before 1305.

The Laurentian Chronicle also includes entries from other chronicle sources, thanks to which the events of Russian history are described up to 1377. The publication of the chronicle began in 1804, but only in 1846 it was published in full in the 1st volume of PSRL (2nd reprint. 1872; 3rd edition 1897). Historians of the 19th century made a great contribution to the study of the complex text of the Laurentian Chronicle, and later? A.A. Shakhmatov, M.D. Priselkov, D.S. Likhachev.

"The Laurentian Chronicle" is a valuable source for studying the events associated with the campaign against the Polovtsians of Novgorod-Seversky Prince Igor Svyatslavich. In the entry for 1186 (erroneously, instead of 1185), there is a story here that begins as follows: “That same summer, Olgovi decided to go to the Polovtsi, but byahu did not go that summer with all the princes, but talking about themselves, saying: “We are not princes, but will we gain praise for ourselves?”

The story of the "Laurentian Chronicle" is much shorter than the story of the "Ipatiev Chronicle" about the same campaign of Igor Svyatoslavich, nevertheless, in a number of places it provides details that are not in the Tale of Igor's Campaign.

The text of the chronicle, containing the story of the campaign of Igor Svyatoslavich in 1185, was again published in the 1st volume of PSRL (M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1962, stb. 397?398).

Sources:

1804, 1824 -- partial publication of the chronicle [not completed];
"Laurentian Chronicle", 1st ed., St. Petersburg, 1846 (?Complete collection of Russian chronicles?, vol. 1);
"Laurentian Chronicle", 2nd ed., vol. 1?3, L., 1926?28;
"Laurentian Chronicle", 2nd ed. (phototype reproduction), M., Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1962.

Literature:

Komarovich V.L., “Laurentian Chronicle” // “History of Russian Literature”, vol. 2, part 1, M. ? L., 1945;
Nasonov A.N., “History of Russian chronicles of the 11th - early 18th centuries,” M., 1969, ch. 4;
Franchuk V.Yu., “On the creator of the version of Prince Igor’s campaign against the Polovtsians in 1185 in the Laurentian Chronicle” // “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign and Its Time”, M., “Science”, 1985, p. 154? 168;
Shakhmatov A.A., “Review of Russian chronicles of the 14th–16th centuries,” M., Leningrad, 1938, pp. 9–37;
Priselkov M.D., “History of Russian chronicles of the 11th-15th centuries,” M., 1996, pp. 57?113.

Topic tags:
Old Russian chronicles

Laurentian Chronicle- a chronicle of the 14th century, preserved in the only parchment copy (GPB, F.p.IV.2), rewritten in 1377 by the monk Lawrence by order of the Grand Duke of Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod Dmitry Konstantinovich. The text of L. was brought up to 6813 (1305). In six places, text gaps are found: 1) 6406 (898) - 6430 (922); 2) con. 6596 (1088) - beginning. 6597 (1089) years; 3) beginning 6705 (1197) g.; 4) 6711 (1203) - 6713 (1205) years; 5) 6771 (1263) - 6791 (1283) years; 6) 6795 (1283) - 6802 (1294) years. The first and fifth omissions are a consequence of the loss of leaves in the manuscript; the second, third and fourth apparently belong to the scribe of the manuscript himself (Laurentius) or his immediate predecessor; the origin of the sixth omission is controversial: it could be a reflection of a defect in the immediate original or in the manuscript itself. Obviously out of place (even if it belonged to the chronicle text), in the middle of article 6604 (1096), placed in L. Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh, not read in any other manuscripts. The initial 40 sheets of the book are written in statutory handwriting, the subsequent ones are written in half-character, but three sheets of the manuscript (fol. 157, 161 and 167) are not written completely (although their text continues sequentially on the following sheets), other than before them (statutory), in handwriting, on parchment with a different line layout. L. belonged until the beginning of the 18th century. Vladimir Nativity Monastery, then was brought to St. Petersburg, and in 1792 acquired by A.I. Musin-Pushkin, who then presented it to Alexander I (the manuscript was placed in the Public Library). Already in 1804, the first attempt to publish L. was made, but it was not completed; the second edition (1824) was also not completed; The first complete edition of L. (in PSRL) was published in 1846.

Since its discovery for science, L. has constantly attracted the attention of historians. It was widely used (along with two other “charatean” chronicles - the First Chronicle of Novgorod according to the Synodal List and the Trinity Chronicle) by N. M. Karamzin in the “History of the Russian State” (referring to it as “Pushkin” - after the name of the owner). Until the end of the 19th century. L.'s researchers were especially attracted by its initial part - the Tale of Bygone Years contained in it as revised by Sylvester. The first work devoted to L. as a whole was a study by I. A. Tikhomirov, who tried to identify individual sources of L. - “legends” and “camping notes”; he came to the conclusion that L., “in addition to the Tale of Bygone Years and South Russian Chronicles, included news that was recorded primarily in Vladimir (before the death of Vsevolod III), and then in Rostov, Suzdal and Tver; there are also several news from Kostroma and Yaroslavl, Pereyaslavl and Ryazan.”

The question of the origin of L. was raised on new grounds by A. A. Shakhmatov in his review of the work of I. A. Tikhomirov. A. A. Shakhmatov pointed out that L. not only represented a vault itself (I. A. Tikhomirov also understood this), but was also based on earlier vaults. To determine these protograph vaults, it was therefore necessary to compare L. with other early chronicles, and above all with the Radzivilov Chronicle and the Trinity Chronicle. Such a comparison revealed that L. is especially close to Trinity, Radzivilovskaya is also similar to L. (up to 6711 (1203),), however, unlike Trinity, Radzivilovskaya has editorial differences throughout its entire length from L. A. A. Shakhmatov from this he concluded that the basis of L. - Trinity and Radzivilovskaya (and similar chronicles) was the Vladimir chronicle code. XII - beginning XIII century, but in different editions. The difference in the presentation of events after the death of Andrei Yuryevich Bogolyubsky (1175) gives reason to assume that the L. was based on an earlier edition of the Vladimir Code (1185 - according to A. A. Shakhmatov, 1177 and 1193 - according to M. D. Priselkova), which has not yet reflected the tendentious additions associated with the policy of Vsevolod Yurievich the Big Nest (adding Vsevolod’s name to the news about his brother Mikhalka), and the Radzivilovskaya is based on a later one (the Vladimir arch of the early 13th century, which came through the Pereyaslav arch 1216). A comparison of L. with the Ipatiev Chronicle also revealed coincidences between them, but much rarer. A. A. Shakhmatov explained them partly by the mutual influences of northern Russian and southern Russian (reflected in the Ipatiev Chronicle) chronicles of the 12th-13th centuries, and partly by the fact that the source of L. and Ipatiev (not reflected in the Radzivilovskaya) was the all-Russian chronicle - Polychron beginning of the 14th century The influence of Polychron at the beginning of the 14th century. A. A. Shakhmatov also explained the coincidence of two news (6725 and 6731 - the beginning of the battle on Kalka) from L. and NIL.

The work of M. D. Priselkov occupies an important place in L. research. Having analyzed the final part of the L., M.D. Priselkov came to the conclusion that the vault of 1305, which underlies it, was not the metropolitan vault of the early 14th century. (Polychron), and the grand-ducal chronicle of the Vladimir-Tver prince Mikhail Yaroslavich - a number of news from the family chronicler of the Tver prince are contained at the end of the L. He also rejected the explanation of the similarity of L. with the Ipatievskaya reflection of the Polychron in them. The text of the Ipatiev Chronicle reached the end of the 14th century; the presence of similar news in both chronicles (almost all of them are also read in the Radzivilovskaya) can most naturally be explained by the mutual influences of the northern and southern chronicles in the 12th-13th centuries. His reconstruction of the Trinity Chronicle allowed M.D. Priselkov to compare L. and Trinity throughout their entire length and establish that they were similar until 6813 (1305) - that is, until the end of L. He came to the conclusion that in both chronicles reflected the Vladimir Grand Ducal Code of 1305; The Laurentian copy of 1377 can be regarded as a “simple copy,” a careful but not always successful reproduction of “a very dilapidated copy of the 1305 code.” The same code of 1305 was used as the basis for the code of 1408 - the Trinity Chronicle.

The conclusions of M.D. Priselkov were mainly accepted in the scientific literature of subsequent times. The code of 1305, which came down as part of L., reflected the Vladimir chronicle tradition, but it was quite complex. L. was based on several Vladimir vaults of the 12th–13th centuries, based on various sources. Southern news of the 12th century. ascended in the Vladimir vault of the 12th century. to the chronicle of Pereyaslavl South, where close relatives of the Vladimir Monomashichs reigned, and, possibly, also to its Kyiv revision. Northern chronicles in Latvia were also heterogeneous - already from the beginning of the 13th century. L.'s news merges the Vladimir chronicle itself (associated with his son Yuri and Yaroslav Vsevolodovich) and the chronicle of Rostov (where Vsevolod's eldest son Konstantin the Big Nest reigned, initially deprived during the division of his father's heritage). N. M. Berezhkov drew attention to the change in calendar styles in Leningrad, which is important for understanding the relationship of this chronicle with others. Until 6678 (1170) the March style prevailed in L. (as in the Tale of Bygone Years), from 6679 it was replaced by the ultra-Martov style (when, starting from March, the difference between the date from S.M. and the date AD . equals 5509 years), from the second annual article of 6714 and until 6793 (1285), the March period again follows, again changing throughout 6802-6813. (until the end of L.) ultra-Martovsky. N.M. Berezhkov explained the presence in L. of two articles for 6714 (describing the events of two different successive years) by the fact that there was a change in styles, and the first article of 6714 was Ultra-Martov, and the second was March. But the text from 6711 to 6713 is missing in L., and comparison with the Trinity Chronicle, which is close to L. (the text of which is preserved in the Simeonovskaya Chronicle) allows us to fill this gap; Meanwhile, in Troitskaya (Simeonovskaya) the March style has been used since 6708 (1200). Obviously, this was explained by the fact that the arch of 1305 from the beginning of the 13th century. reflected a new source - the Rostov chronicle, where the calendar style was March. The first article, dated in L. 6714, corresponds in Troitskaya 6713, the second - 6714 (according to the March style). One can therefore think that in the code of 1305 the first of these articles was dated 6713, and the date “6714” represents an amendment by Lawrence (or his immediate predecessor), who used a defective text, where the years 6711-6713 were missing, and added annual date by guess. In Radzivilov's dates, starting from 6711, they retain the ultra-Martian style (in the Chronicler of Pereyaslavl of Suzdal until 6721). ), established in the Vladimir chronicle from 6679 (1170), and it is this calendar difference that indicates a change in the source in L. from the beginning of the 13th century.

The dual - Vladimir and Rostov - origin of L. also affected the Tale of Batu’s invasion of 1237-1239. This story consists of various elements - Vladimir and Rostov records (the dual origin led to the fact that some events are told here twice), literary “commonplaces”, a special story about the death of the Rostov prince Vasilko Konstantinovich, etc. The combination of these various elements into a single story could have happened at different times: shortly after the conquest, when Vladimir was defeated and the center of the chronicle was moved to Rostov, in the 80s of the 13th century, when, apparently, the Vladimir vaults of the late 12th century were combined into a common chronicle . and the beginning of the 13th century. (reflected in the Radzivilov Chronicle), or in 1305 when the original L. was created. Attempts to date this story to the end of the 14th century seem unconvincing. - the time of writing the list of Lawrence. Reconstruction of the text of the Trinity Chronicle allows us to assert with sufficient confidence that the story of Batu’s invasion coincided with L. If we assumed that Batu’s story was created in 1377, when writing the list of Lawrence, then it would be necessary to elevate the Trinity Chronicle to the list of 1377 g. or to its subsequent reflections. But in a number of cases, the Troitskaya conveys the general text up to 1305 better than Lawrence’s list (there were no omissions from L. for the years 6406-6430, 6596, 6705, 6711-6713, 6771-6791, 6795-6802, it includes names omitted from L.L., in particular, the names of figures of the 13th century) - therefore, it goes back not to the list of 1377, but to the code of 1305.

The study of L. still requires a number of further studies. The question of the origin of several pieces of information from L., coinciding with the NIL (it was assumed that they were of Ryazan origin, but it is possible that their source was the Novgorod chronicle), about the time of the connection of the Vladimir and Rostov chronicle traditions, has not been resolved. The codicological features of the list of 1377 also deserve attention (several sheets in the L. were clearly pasted in retroactively, but this could be explained by accidental circumstances - damage to the sheets during correspondence).

In general, L. was undoubtedly an outstanding monument of ancient Russian literature and social thought. The original L. was created under the Vladimir-Tver prince Mikhail Yaroslavich, the first Russian prince who, after Batu’s invasion, decided to directly resist the khan (1317) and was executed for this in the Golden Horde. The code of 1305 could not openly oppose the Tatar yoke, but a number of stories from this code (the story about the invasion of Batu, about the massacre of Prince Roman of Ryazan, which was not preserved in Leningrad due to a defect in the text, but survived in Troitskaya; about the massacre committed Baskak Akhmat in the Kursk principality in 1283-84) vividly depicted the cruelty of the conquerors and made a strong impression on readers. Through the code of 1408 (Trinity Chronicle), the code of 1448 (Chronicles of Sophia I and Novgorod IV) and the Moscow Grand Ducal chronicle of the end of the 15th century. L. had a profound influence on subsequent chronicles.

Ed.: PSRL, vol. 1, 1846; 2nd ed.: Leningrad, 1926-1928, issue. 1-3 (phototype reproduction: M., 1961); Chronicle of the Laurentian List / Ed. Archaeogr. com. St. Petersburg, 1872; 2nd ed.: St. Petersburg, 1897.

Lit.: Belyaev I. D. Russian chronicles according to the Laurentian list from 1111 to 1169 - VOIDR, 1849, book. 2, dept. 1, p. 1—26; Yanish N. N. Novgorod Chronicle and its Moscow alterations. M., 1876; Tikhomirov I. A. About the Laurentian Chronicle. - ZhMNP, 1884, October, dept. 2, p. 240—270; Shakhmatov A. A. 1) Analysis of Tikhomirov’s essay “Review of the chronicle codes of North-Eastern Rus'.” St. Petersburg, 1899, p. 6—20; 2) All-Russian chronicles of the 14th and 15th centuries. - ZhMNP, 1900, November, dept. 2, p. 149-151; 3) Investigations, p. 245-246; 4) Review, p. 9-37, 365; Priselkov M. D. 1) Chronicle of the 14th century. — In the book: Collection of articles on Russian history dedicated to S. F. Platonov. Pg., 1922, p. 28-39; 2) “Chronicle” 1305 - Century. Pg., 1924, vol. 1, p. 30-35; 3) History of the manuscript of the Laurentian Chronicle and its editions. — Scientist. zap. LGPI, 1939, vol. 19, p. 175-197; 4) History of Russian chronicles of the 11th-15th centuries. L., 1940, p. 60—113; Komarovich V. 1) Laurentian Chronicle. - East. rus. lit., 1945, vol. 2, p. 90-96; 2) From observations of the Laurentian Chronicle - TODRL, 1976, v. 30, p. 27-57; Berezhkov N. G. Chronology of Russian chronicles. M., 1963, p. 41-123; Nasonov A. N. 1) Laurentian Chronicle and Vladimir Grand Duke’s Chronicle of the first half of the 13th century. - PI, 1963, vol. 11, p. 429-480; 2) History of chronicle XI - beginning. XVIII century M., 1969, p. 80—225; Prokhorov G. M. 1) Codicological analysis of the Laurentian Chronicle. — In the book: Auxiliary. ist. disciplines. L., 1972, vol. 4, p. 83-104; 2) The story of Batu’s invasion in the Laurentian Chronicle. - TODRL, 1974, vol. 28, p. 77-98; Lurie Ya. S. 1) Laurentian Chronicle - a collection of the early 14th century. - TODRL, 1974, vol. 29, p. 50-67; 2) All-Russian chronicles of the XIV-XV centuries. L., 1976, p. 17-36; Fennell J.L.I. 1) The Tale of Baty’s Invasion of North-East Rus’ and its Reflexion in the Chronicles of the XIII-th - XV-th Centuries. - Russia Mediaevalis, Munich, 1977, t. 3, p. 41-60; 2) The Tale of the Death of Vasil’ko Konstantinovič: A Study of the Sources. — In: Osteuropa in Geschichte und Gegenwart. Festschrift für G. Stökl zum 60. Geburtstag. Cologne; Wien, 1977, p. 34-46.

I. WITH. Lurie